Jembatan Golden Gate: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Sebaris

Revisi per 2 Desember 2007 06.05

Jembatan Golden Gate adalah sebuah jembatan gantung di sepanjang Golden Gate, sebuah bukaan dari Samudra Pasifik ke Teluk San Francisco. Dia menghubungkan kota San Francisco, California di Semenanjung San Francisco dan Kabupaten Marin, California, dan terletak di 37°49′N 122°29′W / 37.817°N 122.483°W / 37.817; -122.483Argumen-argumen yang tidak sah telah diberikan kepada fungsi {{#coordinates:}}. Panjang jembatan keseluruhan 2.727 m, jarak antara menara adalah 1.280 m, dan ketinggiannya adalah 230 m di atas permukaan air.

Menghubungkan Jazirah San Francisco Utara dengan wilayah Kabupaten Marin selatan.

Sejarah

Jembatan ini adalah hasil dari Joseph Strauss, seorang teknisi yang bertanggung jawab atas lebih dari 400 gambar jembatan, meskipun jauh lebih kecil dari Jembatan Golden Gate ini, dan kebanyakan di dalam benua. Strauss menghabiskan lebih dari satu dekadi untuk mengumpulkan dukungan di Utara California. Usulan awal Strauss untuk lokasi ini tidak benar-benar bagus [1], terdiri dari sebuah cantilever besar di setiap sisi yang dihubungkan dengan bagian suspensi terpusat. Orang penting lainnya dari proyek ini termasuk arsitek Irving Morrow, bertanggung jawab atas sentuhan Art Deco dan pilihan warna, dan teknisi Charles Alton Ellis dan perancang jembatan Leon Moisseiff, yang bekerja sama dalam matematik kompleks yang terlibat.

Berkas:Golden Gate Bridge 2003.jpg

Golden Gate Bridge, with its approach arch over Fort Point at the San Francisco terminus (right). Behind the arch is Angel Island, and to the left of that, Tiburon, California, mostly obscuring the East Bay hills.

Pranala luar

Referensi

Tad Friend: Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge, The New Yorker, Oct 13, 2003 v79 i30 page 48

Artikel bertopik bangunan dan struktur ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

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-{{terjemah|inggris}}
 '''Jembatan Golden Gate''' adalah sebuah [[jembatan gantung]] di sepanjang [[Golden Gate]], sebuah bukaan dari [[Samudra Pasifik]] ke [[Teluk San Francisco]]. Dia menghubungkan kota [[San Francisco, California]] di [[Semenanjung San Francisco]] dan [[Kabupaten Marin, California]], dan terletak di {{coor dm|37|49|N|122|29|W|300000}}. Panjang jembatan keseluruhan 2.727 m, jarak antara menara adalah 1.280 m, dan ketinggiannya adalah 230 m di atas permukaan air.
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 == Sejarah ==
 Jembatan ini adalah hasil dari [[Joseph Strauss]], seorang teknisi yang bertanggung jawab atas lebih dari 400 gambar jembatan, meskipun jauh lebih kecil dari Jembatan Golden Gate ini, dan kebanyakan di dalam benua. Strauss menghabiskan lebih dari satu dekadi untuk mengumpulkan dukungan di Utara California. Usulan awal Strauss untuk lokasi ini tidak benar-benar bagus [http://www.lib.berkeley.edu/news_events/exhibits/bridge/up028.html], terdiri dari sebuah [[cantilever]] besar di setiap sisi yang dihubungkan dengan bagian suspensi terpusat. Orang penting lainnya dari proyek ini termasuk arsitek [[Irving Morrow]], bertanggung jawab atas sentuhan [[Art Deco]] dan pilihan warna, dan teknisi [[Charles Alton Ellis]] dan perancang jembatan [[Leon Moisseiff]], yang bekerja sama dalam matematik kompleks yang terlibat.
-<!--
-Construction began on [[January 5]], [[1933]]. Voters within the District funded the project through a special bond issue that put their homes, farms and business properties up as collateral. This bond issue raised the initial $35 million to finance the building of the Bridge.  The last of the construction bonds were retired in [[1971]], with $35 million in principal and nearly $39 million in interest being financed entirely from tolls. Strauss, a graduate of the [[University of Cincinnati]], placed a brick from his alma mater's demolished McMicken Hall in the south anchorage before the concrete was poured.  The bridge was completed in April [[1937]] and opened to pedestrians on [[May 27]] of that year. The next day, President Roosevelt pushed a button in [[Washington, DC]] signaling the start of vehicle traffic over the Bridge. A unique aspect of the bridge's construction was the safety net set up beneath it, significantly reducing the expected number of deaths for such a project. 11 men were killed from falls during construction, and approximately 19 men were saved by the safety net. 10 of the deaths occurred near completion, when the net itself failed under the stress of a scaffold fall. The 19 workers whose lives were saved by the safety nets became proud members of the (informal) ''Halfway to Hell Club''.
-The center span was the [[List of largest suspension bridges|longest among suspension bridges]] until [[1964]] when the [[Verrazano Narrows Bridge]] was erected between the boroughs of [[Staten Island]] and [[Brooklyn]] in [[New York City]]. The Golden Gate Bridge also had the world's tallest suspension towers at the time of construction, and retained that record until more recently. In [[1957]], [[Michigan]]'s [[Mackinac Bridge]] surpassed the Golden Gate Bridge's length between anchorages to become the world's longest suspension bridge in total length. The longest center suspension span in the world is currently the [[Akashi-Kaikyo Bridge]] in [[Japan]].
-As the only road to exit San Francisco to the north, the bridge is part of both [[United States Highway 101]] and [[California State Route 1]]. The bridge has six total lanes of vehicle traffic, and walkways on both sides of the bridge. The median markers between the lanes are moved to conform to traffic patterns. On weekday mornings, traffic flows mostly southbound into the city, so  four of the six lanes run southbound. Conversely, on weekday afternoons, three lanes run northbound. While there has been discussion concerning the installation of a movable barrier since the 1980s, the Bridge Board of Directors, in March 2005, committed to finding funding to complete the $2 million study required prior to the installation of a moveable median barrier. The eastern walkway is for pedestrians and bicycles during the weekdays and during daylight hours only, and the western walkway is open to bicycles on weekends.
-On [[September 1]], [[2002]], the toll for Southbound [[motor vehicle]]s was raised from $3.00 to $5.00.  Northbound motor vehicle traffic, cycling, and pedestrian traffic remain toll free.
-== Aesthetics ==
-The color of the bridge is orange vermilion, deemed ''[[safety orange|International Orange]]''. The color was selected by consulting architect Irving Morrow because it blends well with the natural surroundings yet enhances the bridge's visibility in fog.
-[[Image:Ggb by night rotated.jpg|250px|thumb|The Golden Gate Bridge by night, with downtown San Francisco in the background at far left.]]
-The bridge is widely considered one of the most beautiful examples of bridge engineering, both as a structural design challenge and for its aesthetic appeal. It was declared one of the modern [[Wonders of the World#Modern candidates|Wonders of the World]] by the [[American Society of Civil Engineers]]. According to Frommer's travel guide, the Golden Gate Bridge is "possibly the most beautiful, certainly the most photographed, bridge in the world." [http://www.frommers.com/destinations/sanfrancisco/A25170.html] (although Frommers also bestows the "most photographed" honor on [[Tower Bridge]] [http://www.frommers.com/destinations/london/A29870.html])
-[[Image:Golden_Gate_Bridge_and_fog.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Bridge in morning fog, viewed from the Marin County (northern) side.  [[Sutro Tower]] is barely visible through the haze above the fog.]]
-== Suicides ==
-In each of the last five years, on average, there has been one suicide jump every two weeks, with a total of over 1,300 suicides.  The official count ended in 1995 when the number approached 1,000. The 220-foot (67 m) fall takes four seconds and jumpers hit the water at 75 miles per hour (120 km/h). [[As of 2003]], only 26 people have survived the jump. The survivors, many of whom report that they regretted the decision in mid-air, all struck the water feet first at a small angle and suffered multiple internal injuries and broken bones. In January 2005, an excerpt from the script of Jenni Olson's film, [[The Joy of Life (2005)]], in part a history of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge, appeared in the [[San Francisco Chronicle]]. The following week Phil Matier of the [[San Francisco Chronicle]] revealed that documentarian [[Eric Steel]] had misrepresented the intent of his film to the Golden Gate National Recreation Area when he filed his film permit application with them. He stated that he was making a film about the wonders and beauty of the Bridge as a famous landmark, but instead captured 19 suicides on tape. On January 27th, Bridge District staff re-introduced the topic of a suicide barrier to the Bridge’s Building and Operations committee, citing “the high profile of this issue in recent press and community conversations.” On March 11, 2005, the Board of Directors of the Golden Gate Bridge voted 15-1 to approve a two-year, $2 million plan to explore the feasibility of a barrier.
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 [[Image:Golden Gate Bridge 2003.jpg|thumb|center|600px|Golden Gate Bridge, with its approach arch over [[Fort Point]] at the San Francisco terminus (right).  Behind the arch is [[Angel Island (California)|Angel Island]], and to the left of that, [[Tiburon, California]], mostly obscuring the [[East Bay (California)|East Bay]] hills.]]
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 * Tad Friend: ''Jumpers: The fatal grandeur of the Golden Gate Bridge'', [[The New Yorker]], Oct 13, 2003 v79 i30 page 48
+{{bangunan-stub}}
+[[Kategori:Markah tanah]]
 [[Kategori:Jembatan di Amerika Serikat|Golden Gate]]
 [[Kategori:Landmark San Francisco]]