Senjata kimia: Perbedaan antara revisi
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k →Bacaan lanjutan: minor cosmetic change |
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k →Bacaan lanjutan: minor cosmetic change |
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* Chomsky, Noam (Mar. 4, 2001). ''[http://www.countercurrents.org/chomsky1.htm Prospects for Peace in the Middle East]'', page 2. Lecture. |
* Chomsky, Noam (Mar. 4, 2001). ''[http://www.countercurrents.org/chomsky1.htm Prospects for Peace in the Middle East]'', page 2. Lecture. |
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* Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). [http://www.want2race.net/hper/Chemical_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction.ppt Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2004. |
* Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). [http://www.want2race.net/hper/Chemical_Weapons_of_Mass_Destruction.ppt Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction]. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2004. |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|author=Croddy, Eric|title=Chemical and Biological Warfare|publisher=Copernicus|year=2001|id=ISBN 0-387-95076-1}} |
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* E-Medicine. (Jun. 30, 2004). [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/8733-2.asp eMedicine Health – Types of Chemical Weapon Agents]. Retrieved Oct. 23, 2004. |
* E-Medicine. (Jun. 30, 2004). [http://www.emedicinehealth.com/articles/8733-2.asp eMedicine Health – Types of Chemical Weapon Agents]. Retrieved Oct. 23, 2004. |
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* Heller, MAJ(P) Charles E., U.S. Army. (September 1984). [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917 - 1918]. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004 |
* Heller, MAJ(P) Charles E., U.S. Army. (September 1984). [http://www-cgsc.army.mil/carl/resources/csi/Heller/HELLER.asp Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917 - 1918]. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004 |
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* Robertson, Nic (Aug. 19, 2002). [http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/18/terror.tape.main/ Tapes shed new light on bin Laden's network]. ''CNN''. |
* Robertson, Nic (Aug. 19, 2002). [http://archives.cnn.com/2002/US/08/18/terror.tape.main/ Tapes shed new light on bin Laden's network]. ''CNN''. |
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* Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). [http://www.usuhs.mil/cbw/history.htm History of Biological and Chemical Warfare]. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004. |
* Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). [http://www.usuhs.mil/cbw/history.htm History of Biological and Chemical Warfare]. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004. |
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* {{cite book |
* {{cite book|author=Timmerman, Kenneth R.|title=Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq |publisher=Houghton Mifflin|year= November, 1991|id=ISBN 0-395-59305-0}} |
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* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3070093 T Is for Terror] (July 9, 2003). ''MSNBC News''. |
* [http://msnbc.msn.com/id/3070093 T Is for Terror] (July 9, 2003). ''MSNBC News''. |
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* U.S. National Library of Medicine. (Sep. 30, 2004). [http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ChemWar.html Classes of Chemical Agents]. Retrieved Nov. 6, 2004. |
* U.S. National Library of Medicine. (Sep. 30, 2004). [http://www.sis.nlm.nih.gov/Tox/ChemWar.html Classes of Chemical Agents]. Retrieved Nov. 6, 2004. |
Revisi per 15 Maret 2016 20.15
Senjata kimia adalah senjata yang memanfaatkan sifat racun senyawa kimia untuk membunuh, melukai, atau melumpuhkan musuh. Penggunaan senjata kimia berbeda dengan senjata konvensional dan senjata nuklir karena efek merusak senjata kimia terutama bukan disebabkan daya ledaknya. Penggunaan organisme hidup (seperti antraks) juga bukan dianggap senjata kimia, melainkan senjata biologis. Menurut Konvensi Senjata Kimia (Chemical Weapons Convention), yang dianggap sebagai senjata kimia adalah penggunaan produk toksik yang dihasilkan oleh organisme hidup (misalnya botulinum, risin, atau saksitoksin). Menurut konvensi ini pula, segala zat kimia beracun, tanpa memedulikan asalnya, dianggap sebagai senjata kimia, kecuali jika digunakan untuk tujuan yang tidak dilarang (suatu definisi hukum yang penting, yang dikenal sebagai Kriteria Penggunaan Umum, General Purpose Criteron).
Bacaan lanjutan
- CBWInfo.com (2001). A Brief History of Chemical and Biological Weapons: Ancient Times to the 19th Century. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004.
- Chomsky, Noam (Mar. 4, 2001). Prospects for Peace in the Middle East, page 2. Lecture.
- Cordette, Jessica, MPH(c) (2003). Chemical Weapons of Mass Destruction. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2004.
- Croddy, Eric (2001). Chemical and Biological Warfare. Copernicus. ISBN 0-387-95076-1.
- E-Medicine. (Jun. 30, 2004). eMedicine Health – Types of Chemical Weapon Agents. Retrieved Oct. 23, 2004.
- Heller, MAJ(P) Charles E., U.S. Army. (September 1984). Chemical Warfare in World War I: The American Experience, 1917 - 1918. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004
- Informationwar.org. (Mar. 9, 2003). State Terrorism: Documents. Retrieved Nov. 29, 2004.
- Korn, Benyamin (Mar. 2003). Arab Chemical Warfare Against Jews – in 1944. The David S. Wyman Institute for Holocaust Studies.
- Robertson, Nic (Aug. 19, 2002). Disturbing scenes of death show capability with chemical gas. CNN.
- Robertson, Nic (Aug. 19, 2002). Tapes shed new light on bin Laden's network. CNN.
- Smart, Jeffery K., M.A. (1997). History of Biological and Chemical Warfare. Retrieved Nov. 24, 2004.
- Timmerman, Kenneth R. (November, 1991). Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-59305-0.
- T Is for Terror (July 9, 2003). MSNBC News.
- U.S. National Library of Medicine. (Sep. 30, 2004). Classes of Chemical Agents. Retrieved Nov. 6, 2004.
- United States Senate, 103d Congress, 2d Session. (May 25, 1994). The Riegle Report. Retrieved Nov. 6, 2004.