Peningkatan keasaman air laut: Perbedaan antara revisi
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* {{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Rakhyun E.|title=Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|year=2012|volume=21|issue=3|pages=243–258|doi=10.1111/reel.12000.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/reel.12000.x/asset/reel12000.pdf?v=1&t=hje8up3l&s=acfe7a98dabdf9fd728223ed0266031e9c9b1d83|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Rakhyun E.|title=Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?|journal=Review of European Community & International Environmental Law|year=2012|volume=21|issue=3|pages=243–258|doi=10.1111/reel.12000.x|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/store/10.1111/reel.12000.x/asset/reel12000.pdf?v=1&t=hje8up3l&s=acfe7a98dabdf9fd728223ed0266031e9c9b1d83|ref=harv}} |
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* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research], report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88pp. |
* Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). [http://www.ucar.edu/communications/Final_acidification.pdf Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research], report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by [[National Science Foundation]], NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88pp. |
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* {{Cite news| |
* {{Cite news|last=[[Elizabeth Kolbert|Kolbert]] |first=E. |title=The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean |publisher=[[The New Yorker]] |date=2006-11-20 |url=http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/20/061120fa_fact_kolbert }} |
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* Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. |
* Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). [http://www.epoca-project.eu/index.php/Home/Guide-to-OA-Research/ Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting], 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union. |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Sabine|first=C. L.|coauthors=Feely, Richard A.; Gruber, Nicolas; Key, Robert M.; Lee, Kitack; Bullister, John L. ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}} |
* {{Cite journal|last=Sabine|first=C. L.|coauthors=Feely, Richard A.; Gruber, Nicolas; Key, Robert M.; Lee, Kitack; Bullister, John L. ''et al.''|year=2004|title=The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic {{chem|CO|2}} |
Revisi per 16 Maret 2016 08.38
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png/300px-WOA05_GLODAP_del_pH_AYool.png)
Peningkatan keasaman air laut adalah peristiwa berkurangnya pH lautan yang berada di bumi, yang disebabkan oleh penyerapan karbon dioksida dari atmosfer (pH berkurang = keasaman meningkat).[1] Diperkirakan 30-40% karbon dioksida yang dilepaskan oleh manusia ke atmosfer larut ke perairan.[2][3] Untuk mempertahankan kesetimbangan kimia, beberapa akan bereaksi dengan air membentuk asam karbonat. Beberapa dari molekul asam karbonat akan beraksi dengan molekul air membentuk ion bikarbonat dan ion hydronium, sehingga meningkatkan keasaman laut. Antara tahun 1751 hingga 1994, pH permukaan laut diperkirakan menurun dari 8.25 menjadi 8.14,[4] yang merupakan peningkatan konsentrasi ion hydronium sebanyak 30% di lautan.[5][6]
Peningkatan keasaman air aut diperkirakan memiliki beragam konsekuensi, seperti penurunan laju metabolisme cumi-cumi jumbo(Dosidicus gigas),[7] penurunan sistem imunitas kerang biru,[8] dan pemutihan koral.
Reaksi kimia lain juga terjadi sehingga kadar ion karbonat di lautan yang tersedia akan berkurang. Hal ini akan menyulitkan bagi hewan laut yang membutuhkan ion karbonat bagi pertumbuhan hidupnya seperti koral untuk proses kalsifikasi tubuhnya, dan beberapa jenis plankton. Struktur yang mengandung ion karbonat pun akan cepat rapuh karena larut oleh asam.[9] Peningkatan keasaman lautan akan memicu gangguan pada rantai makanan yang ada pada dan terhubung dengan lautan.[10][11] Sebanyak 105 akademi ilmu pengetahuan telah mengeluarkan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi emisi karbon dioksida global sebanyak setidaknya 50% dari tingkat emisi tahun 1990.[12]
Peningkatan keasaman air laut telah terjadi sebelumnya dalam sejarah bumi, seperti peristiwa Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM),[13] yang terjadi setidaknya 56 juta tahun yang lalu dan menyebabkan pelarutan struktur karbonat hewan laut hingga membentuk sedimen di basin lautan di seluruh dunia.
Lihat pula
- Pompa biologis
- Gas rumah kaca
- Global Ocean Data Analysis Project
- Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum
- Dampak lingkungan dari industri batu bara
Referensi
- ^ Caldeira, K. (2003). "Anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH" (PDF). Nature. 425 (6956): 365–365. Bibcode:2001AGUFMOS11C0385C. doi:10.1038/425365a. PMID 14508477.
- ^ Millero, Frank J. (1995). "Thermodynamics of the carbon dioxide system in the oceans". Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 59 (4): 661–677. Bibcode:1995GeCoA..59..661M. doi:10.1016/0016-7037(94)00354-O.
- ^ Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
- ^ Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
- ^ Hall-Spencer, J. M. (2008). "Volcanic carbon dioxide vents show ecosystem effects of ocean acidification". Nature. 454 (7200): 96–9. Bibcode:2008Natur.454...96H. doi:10.1038/nature07051. PMID 18536730.
- ^ Report of the Ocean Acidification and Oxygen Working Group, International Council for Science's Scientific Committee on Ocean Research (SCOR) Biological Observatories Workshop
- ^ Rosa, R.; Seibel, B. (2008). "Synergistic effects of climate-related variables suggest future physiological impairment in a top oceanic predator". P.n.a.s. 105 (52): 20776–20780. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10520776R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0806886105.
- ^ Bibby, R. (2008). "Effects of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis". Aquatic Biology. 2: 67–74. doi:10.3354/ab00037.
- ^ Orr, James C. (2005). "Anthropogenic ocean acidification over the twenty-first century and its impact on calcifying organisms" (PDF). Nature. 437 (7059): 681–686. Bibcode:2005Natur.437..681O. doi:10.1038/nature04095. PMID 16193043. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2008-06-25.
- ^ Cornelia Dean (January 30, 2009). "Rising Acidity Is Threatening Food Web of Oceans, Science Panel Says". New York Times.
- ^ Robert E. Service (13 July 2012). "Rising Acidity Brings and Ocean Of Trouble". Science. 337 (6091): 146–148. Bibcode:2012Sci...337..146S. doi:10.1126/science.337.6091.146. PMID 22798578.
- ^ IAP (June 2009). "Interacademy Panel (IAP) Member Academies Statement on Ocean Acidification", Secretariat: TWAS (the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World), Trieste, Italy.
- ^ Zachos, J.C. (2005). "Rapid acidification of the ocean during the Paleocene-Eocene thermal maximum". Science. 308 (5728): 1611–1615. doi:10.1126/science.1109004. PMID 15947184.
- Clarke, L.; et al. (July 2007). "Scenarios of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Atmospheric Concentrations. Sub-report 2.1A of Synthesis and Assessment Product 2.1 by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research". Washington, DC., USA: Department of Energy, Office of Biological & Environmental Research
- Good, P.; et al. (2010). "An updated review of developments in climate science research since IPCC AR4. A report by the AVOID consortium" (PDF). London, UK: Committee on Climate Change . Report website.
- UK Royal Society (September 2009). "Geoengineering the climate: science, governance and uncertainty" (PDF). London: UK Royal Society. ISBN 978-0-85403-773-5, RS Policy document 10/09. Report website.
- UNEP (November 2010). "The Emissions Gap Report: Are the Copenhagen Accord pledges sufficient to limit global warming to 2°C or 1.5°C? A preliminary assessment". Nairobi, Kenya: United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). ISBN 978-92-807-3134-7
- US NRC (2011). America's Climate Choices. A report by the Committee on America's Climate Choices, US National Research Council (US NRC). Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-14585-5
- WBGU (2006). Special Report: The Future Oceans – Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour (PDF). Berlin, Germany: WBGU. ISBN 3-936191-14-X.
- Report website.
Bahan bacaan terkait
- Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC) (2008). Position analysis: CO2 emissions and climate change: Ocean impacts and adaptation issues. ISSN: 1835–7911. Hobart, Tasmania.
- Cicerone, R. (2004). "The Ocean in a High CO2 World" (PDF). Eos, Transactions, American Geophysical Union. American Geophysical Union. 85 (37): 351–353. Bibcode:2004EOSTr..85R.351C. doi:10.1029/2004EO370007.
- Doney, S. C. (2006). "The Dangers of Ocean Acidification". Scientific American. 294 (3): 58–65. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0306-58. ISSN 0036-8733. PMID 16502612., (Article preview only).
- Feely, R. A. (2004). "Impact of Anthropogenic CO2 on the CaCO3 System in the Oceans". Science. 305 (5682): 362–366. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..362F. doi:10.1126/science.1097329. PMID 15256664.
- Harrould-Kolieb, E.; Savitz, J. (2008). "Acid Test: Can We Save Our Oceans From CO2?". Oceana.
- Henderson, Caspar (2006-08-05). "Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem". NewScientist.com news service.
- Jacobson, M. Z. (2005). "Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry". Journal of Geophysical Research – Atmospheres. 110: D07302. Bibcode:2005JGRD..11007302J. doi:10.1029/2004JD005220.
- Kim, Rakhyun E. (2012). "Is a New Multilateral Environmental Agreement on Ocean Acidification Necessary?" (PDF). Review of European Community & International Environmental Law. 21 (3): 243–258. doi:10.1111/reel.12000.x.
- Kleypas, J. A., R. A. Feely, V. J. Fabry, C. Langdon, C. L. Sabine, and L. L. Robbins. (2006). Impacts of Ocean Acidification on Coral Reefs and Other Marine Calcifiers: A Guide for Further Research, report of a workshop held 18–20 April 2005, St. Petersburg, FL, sponsored by National Science Foundation, NOAA and the U.S. Geological Survey, 88pp.
- Kolbert, E. (2006-11-20). "The Darkening Sea: Carbon emissions and the ocean". The New Yorker.
- Riebesell, U., V. J. Fabry, L. Hansson and J.-P. Gattuso (Eds.). (2010). Guide to best practices for ocean acidification research and data reporting, 260 p. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- Sabine, C. L. (2004). "The Oceanic Sink for Anthropogenic CO2". Science. 305 (5682): 367–371. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..367S. doi:10.1126/science.1097403. PMID 15256665.
- Stone, R. (2007). "A World Without Corals?". Science. 316 (5825): 678–681. doi:10.1126/science.316.5825.678. PMID 17478692.
Pranala luar
- How Acidification Threatens Oceans from the Inside Out Scientific American August 9, 2010 by Marah J. Hardt and Carl Safina
- Ocean acidification due to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide, report by the Royal Society (UK)
- AR4 WG1 Chapter 5: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level, IPCC
- State of the Science FACT SHEET: Ocean acidification, NOAA
- Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), the primary data analysis center of the U.S. Department of Energy (located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory)
- Ocean acidification introduction, USGS
- Climate change threatening the Southern Ocean, report by CSIRO
- The Ocean in a High CO2 World, an international science symposium series
- The Acid Ocean – the Other Problem with CO2 Emission, David Archer (scientist), a RealClimate discussion
- Regularly updated "blog" of ocean acidification publications and news, Jean-Pierre Gattuso
- Task Force on Ocean Acidification in the Pacific, including recent presentations on ocean acidification, Pacific Science Association
- Ocean Acidification, a multimedia, interactive site from The World Ocean Observatory
- Acidic Oceans: Why should we care? Perspectives in ocean science, Andrew Dickson, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
- Climate Change: Coral Reefs on the Edge A video presentation by Prof. Ove Hoegh-Guldberg on impact of ocean acidification on coral reefs
- Life in the Sea Found Its Fate in a Paroxysm of Extinction April 30, 2012
- Ocean acidification virtual lab
- Ocean Acidification: Starting with the Science, a booklet from the Division on Earth & Life Studies of the United States National Research Council (released April 2011)
- Ocean Acidification, a United States National Academy of Sciences/ National Research Council website that includes downloadable figures and interviews with ocean scientists
- Ancient Ocean Acidification Intimates Long Recovery from Climate Change, July 22, 2010
- Acidification alters fish behavior: higher carbon dioxide in oceans may affect brain chemistry February 25, 2012 Science News
- Coordination of international research efforts and synthesis activities in ocean acidification. IMBER/SOLAS
- Understanding Ocean Acidification -- Educational Site from Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary -- Education Team
- Dr. Francisco Chavez on Ocean Acidification – Smithsonian Ocean Portal
- European Project of Ocean Acidification (EPOCA), a 4-year-long EU initiative to investigate ocean acidification (initiated June 2008)
- Biological Impacts of Ocean Acidification (BIOACID), a German initiative funded by BMBF
- Ocean Acidification Research Programme (UKOARP), a 5-year-long UK initiative funded by NERC, Defra and DECC
- Research Program on Ocean Acidification at the Cluster of Excellence "Future Ocean", Kiel
- Ocean Acidification Research Center at University of Alaska Fairbanks
- Effects of Climate Change and Ocean Acidification on Living Marine Organisms: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, May 10, 2007
- The Environmental and Economic Impacts of Ocean Acidification: Hearing before the Subcommittee on Oceans, Atmosphere, Fisheries, and Coast Guard of the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, United States Senate, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session, April 22, 2010
- Ocean Acidification Congressional Research Service
- Threatening Oceans from the Inside Out: How Acidification Affects Marine Life, Scientific American
- "The Darkening Sea, article in The New Yorker magazine, Nov. 20, 2006 (requires registration)
- "Growing Acidity of Oceans May Kill Corals", Washington Post
- "Scientists Grapple with Ocean Acidification", ABC News
- "Ocean Acidification & Climate", by Clayton Sandell ABC News
- A World Without Whales? by Philippe Cousteau, The Huffington Post
- Acid Test: Can we save our oceans from CO2?, Oceana
- The Acid Ocean, Stanford University
- Sea Change (Parts One, Two, and Three), The Seattle Times
- The Other CO2 Problem, an EPOCA-commissioned educational animation created by students from Ridgeway School, Plymouth
- Acid Test: The Global Challenge of Ocean Acidification, by Natural Resources Defense Council
- A Sea Change: Imagine a world without fish, an award-winning documentary and related blog about ocean acidification
- Ocean Acidification in a Nutshell, by Greenpeace Aotearoa New Zealand
- Ocean Acidification: An Ecosystem Facing Dissolution by GEOMAR I Helmholtz-Centre for Ocean Research Kiel
- CO2SYS, a stand-alone executable (also available in a version for Microsoft Excel/VBA)
- seacarb, a R package for Windows, Mac OS X and Linux (also available here)
- CSYS, a Matlab script