Gamal Abdul Nasir: Perbedaan antara revisi

Gamal Abdul Nasir
جمال عبد الناصر
Gamal Abdul Nasir ; جمال عبد الناصر
Presiden Republik Arab Bersatu
	Masa jabatan; 22 Februari 1958 – 28 September 1970
	Pendahulu; Kantor didirikan Pengganti; Anwar Sadat
Presiden Mesir ke-2
	Masa jabatan; 23 Juni 1956 – 28 September 1970
	Pendahulu; Muhammad Naguib Pengganti; Anwar Sadat
Perdana Menteri Mesir
	Masa jabatan; 19 Juni 1967 – 28 September 1970
	Pendahulu; Muhammad Sedki Sulayman Pengganti; Mahmoud Fawzi
	Masa jabatan; 18 April 1954 – 29 September 1962
	Pendahulu; Muhammad Naguib Pengganti; Ali Sabri
	Masa jabatan; 25 Februari 1954 – 8 Maret 1954
	Pendahulu; Muhammad Naguib Pengganti; Muhammad Naguib
Sekretaris Jenderal Gerakan Non-Blok
	Masa jabatan; 5 Oktober 1964 – 8 September 1970
	Pendahulu; Josip Broz Tito Pengganti; Kenneth Kaunda
Ketua Organisasi Kesatuan Afrika
	Masa jabatan; 17 Juli 1964 – 21 Oktober 1965
	Pendahulu; Haile Selassie I Pengganti; Kwame Nkrumah
Informasi pribadi
Lahir	Gamal Abdul Nasir Hussein; 15 Januari 1918; Iskandariyah, Kesultanan Mesir
Meninggal	28 September 1970 (umur 52); Kairo, Mesir
Kebangsaan	Mesir
Partai politik	Arab Sosialis Uni
Suami/istri	Tahia Kazem
Anak	Hoda Abdul Nasir; Mona Abdul Nasir; Khalid Abdul Nasir (mendiang); Abdul Hamid Abdul Nasir; Abdul Hakim Abdul Nasir
Pekerjaan	Instruktur Militer
Tanda tangan
Karier militer
Pihak	Mesir
Dinas/cabang	Angkatan Darat Mesir
Masa dinas	1938–1952
Pangkat	Kolonel
Pertempuran/perang	Perang Arab-Israel pada tahun 1948
	Sunting kotak info • L • B

Jelajahi riwayat secara interaktif

← Revisi sebelumnya Revisi selanjutnya →

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

VisualTeks wiki

Sebaris

Revisi per 26 Mei 2017 05.43

Gamal Abdul Nasser (bahasa Arab: جمال عبد الناصر; 15 Januari 1918 – 8 September 1970)) merupakan presiden kedua Mesir, dan mungkin merupakan salah seorang negarawan Arab yang paling terkemuka dalam sejarah.

Gamal Abdul Nasser dilahirkan di Iskandariah (Alexandria) dan aktif dalam gerakan Mesir menentang penjajahan dan kekuasaan asing ketika di Akademi Militer. Gamal Abdul Nasser berpangkat Mayor ketika terlibat dalam Perang Kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948.

Selama beberapa bulan pada akhir perperangan, Gamal Abdel Nasser dan pasukannya terperangkap dalam kawasan yang dikenal sebagai "Poket Faluja". Ketika perdamaian tercapai, Gamal Abdel Nasir kembali ke Mesir. Pada tahun 1952, Gamal Abdel Nasser memimpin Angkatan Bersenjata Mesir dalam kudeta yang menggulingkan Raja Farouk I.

Pada awal 1954, Gamal Abdul Nasser menangkap dan menahan presiden Mesir ketika itu, jendral Muhammad Naguib, dan pada 25 Februari 1954 Gamal Abdul Nasser menjadi Kepala Negara Mesir. Dua tahun kemudian, Gamal Abdul Nasser menjadi calon tunggal dalam pemilu presiden dan dilantik menjadi presiden Mesir kedua. Pada masa pemerintahannya, Gamal Abdul Nasser membangkitkan Nasionalisme Arab dan Pan Arabisme, menasionalisasi terusan Suez yang mengakibatkan krisis Suez yang membuat Mesir berhadapan dengan Perancis, Inggris dan Israel yang memilii kepentingan terhadap terusan itu. Krisis ini berakhir dengan keputusan dunia Internasional yang menguntungkan Mesir serta terusan Suez resmi berada dalam kedaulatan Mesir. Kemudian mengadakan proyek infrastruktur besar-besaran diantaranya adalah proyek Bendungan Aswan dengan bantuan pemerintah Uni Soviet.

Setelah kalah dalam Perang Enam Hari dengan Israel pada tahun 1967, Gamal Abdul Nasser ingin menarik diri dari dunia politik tetapi rakyat Mesir menolaknya. Gamal Abdul Nasser sekali lagi memimpin Mesir dalam Peperangan 1969-1970 (War of Atrition).

Gamal Abdul Nasser meninggal akibat penyakit jantung dua minggu setelah peperangan usai pada 28 September 1970. Gamal Abdul Nasir digantikan oleh Anwar Sadat sebagai presiden Mesir.

Kehidupan awal

Gamal Abdel Nasser lahir pada 15 Januari 1918 di Bakos, Iskandariyah, sebagai putra pertama dari Fahima dan Abdel Nasser Hussein.^[1]Ayah Nasser adalah tukang pos^[2] yang lahir di Beni Mur, Mesir Hulu dan dibesarkan di Iskandariyah,^[1] dan keluarga ibunya berasal dari Mallawi, el-Minya.^[3] Orangtuanya menikah pada 1917,^[3] dan kemudian memiliki dua putra lebih, Izz al-Arab dan al-Leithi.^[1] Biografer Nasser Robert Stephens dan Said Aburish menyatakan bahwa keluarga Nassersangat meyakini "pencapaian kejayaan Arab", karena nama saudara Nasser, Izz al-Arab, artinya "Kejayaan bangsa Arab"—sebuah nama langka di Mesir.^[4]

Keluarga Nasser kemudian berpindah-pindah karena pekerjaan ayahnya. Pada 1921, mereka pindah ke Asyut dan, pada 1923, ke Khatatba, dimana ayah Nasser menjalankan sebuah kantor pos. Nasser masuk sebuah SD khusus anak-anak para karyawan perkeretaapian sampai 1924, saat ia dikirim untuk tinggal dengan paman pihak ayahnya di Kairo, dan masuk SD Nahhasin.^[5]

Nasser surat menyurat dengan ibunya dan mengunjunginya pada hari-hari libur. Ia berhenti meraih pesan pada akhir April 1926. Setelah kembali Khatatba, ia mengetahui bahwa ibunya telah wafat setelah melahirkan adik ketiganya, Shawki, dan bahwa keluarganya telah menyembunyikan kabar tersebut darinya.^[6]^[7] Nasser kemudian menyatakan bahwa "kehilangannya dengan cara ini sangat mengejutkan pada waktu itu sehingga sulit untuk dipulihkan".^[8] Ia kehilangan ibunya dan luka kematiannya makin mendalam saat ayahnya menikah lagi sebelum akhir tahun tersebut.^[6]^[9]^[10]

Pada 1928, Nasser datang ke Iskandariyah untuk tinggal dengan kakek pihak ibunya dan masuk SD Attarin di kota tersebut.^[7]^[8] Pada 1929, ia pindah ke sekolah asrama swasta di Helwan, dan kemudian kembali ke Iskandariyah untuk masuk SMP Ras el-Tin dan bergabung dengan ayahnya, yang bekerjanpada layanan pos di kota tersebut.^[7]^[8] Di Iskandariyah, Nasser ikut dalam kegiatan politik.^[7]^[11] Setekahbmenyaksikan pertikaian antara para pengunjuk rasa dan polisi di Lapangan Manshia,^[8] ia bergabung dengan unjuk rasa tersebut tanpa menyadari tujuannya.^[12] Unjuk rasa tersebut, yang diadakan oleh ultranasionalis Serikat Mesir Muda, menyerukan akhir kolonialisme di Mesir dalam rangka menanggapi Konstitusi Mesir 1923 oleh Perdana Menteri Isma'il Sidqi.^[8] Nasser ditangkap dan ditahan selama semalam^[13] sebelum ayahnya membebaskannya.^[7]

Referensi

Catatan

^ ^a ^b ^c Vatikiotis 1978, hlm. 23–24
^ Joesten 1974, hlm. 14
^ ^a ^b Stephens 1972, hlm. 23
^ Aburish 2004, hlm. 12–13
^ Stephens 1972, hlm. 26
^ ^a ^b Stephens 1972, hlm. 28–32
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Alexander 2005, hlm. 14
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Abdel Nasser, Hoda. "A Historical Sketch of Gamal Abdel Nasser". Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2013.
^ Aburish 2004, hlm. 8–9
^ Vatikiotis 1978, hlm. 24
^ Stephens 1972, hlm. 33–34
^ Joesten 1974, hlm. 19
^ Litvin 2011, hlm. 39

Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Wistrich1985p188" yang didefinisikan di <references> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.

Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> dengan nama "Parker1993p79" yang didefinisikan di <references> tidak digunakan pada teks sebelumnya.

Daftar pustaka

Abdelmalek, Anwar (1968), Egypt: Military Society, New York City: Random House, OCLC 314333504
Aburish, Said K. (2004), Nasser, the Last Arab, New York City: St. Martin's Press, ISBN 978-0-312-28683-5
Adi, Hakim; Sherwood, Marika (2003), Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-17352-3
Alexander, Anne (2005), Nasser Life and Times (edisi ke-illustrated), London: Haus Publishing, ISBN 978-1-904341-83-3
Akram-Lodhi, Haroon; Borras, Saturnino M.; Kay, Cristóbal (2007), Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries, New York City: Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-41449-4
Ansari, Hamied (1986), Egypt: The Stalled Society, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-9499-8
Asterjian, Henry D. (2007), The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil, and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq, Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-275-99589-5
Atiyeh, George Nicholas; Oweis, Ibrahim M. (1988), Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses, New York City: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-9541-4
Beinin, Joel (2005), The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 977-424-890-2
Bernard-Maugiron, Nathalie (2008), Judges and Political Reform in Egypt, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, ISBN 978-977-416-201-5
Bidwell, Robin Leonard (1998), Dictionary Of Modern Arab History, Abingdon: Routledge, ISBN 0-7103-0505-2
Bird, Kai (2010), Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age Between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956–1978, New York City: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-1-4165-4440-1
Botman, Selma (1988), The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970, New York City: Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-2443-1
Brightman, Carol (2004), Total Insecurity: The Myth Of American Omnipotence, London: Verso Books, ISBN 1-84467-010-4
Brooks, Risa (2008), Shaping Strategy: The Civil-military Politics of Strategic Assessment, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-12980-8
Brown, Leon Carl (2000), Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics, New York City: Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-12038-9
Brownlee, Jason (2007), Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization, New York City: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86951-5
Brynen, Yaacov; Korany, Bahgat; Noble, Paul (1995), Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, 1, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 1-55587-559-9
Byman, Daniel; Waxman, Matthew (2002), The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might, New York City: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-00780-1
Cook, Steven A. (2011), The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-979526-0
Cooper, Mark N. (1982), The Transformation of Egypt, Hoboken: Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-7099-0721-4
Cubert, Harold M. (1997), The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East, London: Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-7146-4772-2
Daigle, Craig (2012), The Limits of Detente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16713-9
Dann, Uriel (1989), King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-536121-6
Darling, Linda T. (2013), A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice From Mesopotamia to Globalization, New York: Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-22018-0
Dawisha, Adeed (2009), Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-10273-2
Dekmejian, Richard Hrair (1971), Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics, Albany: State University of New York Press, ISBN 978-0-87395-080-0
Dokos, Thanos P. (2007), Security Sector Transformation in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East, Washington, D.C.: IOS Press, ISBN 978-1-58603-757-4
Fahmy, Ismail (13 September 2013), Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (Routledge Revivals), Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-09415-7
Farid, Abdel Magid (1996), Nasser: The Final Years, Reading: Garnet & Ithaca Press, ISBN 0-86372-211-3
Ferris, Jesse (2013), Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-15514-3
Ginat, Rami (2010), Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence, Portland: Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-84519-396-6
Goldschmidt, Arthur (2008), A Brief History of Egypt, New York: Infobase Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8160-6672-8
Gordon, Joel (2000), "Nasser 56/Cairo 96: Reimaging Egypt's Lost Community", dalam Walter Armbrust, Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-21925-2
Hamad, Mahmoud (2008), When the Gavel Speaks: Judicial Politics in Modern Egypt, ProQuest, ISBN 978-1-243-97653-6
Haydock, Nickolas; Risden, Edward L. (2009), Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim Clashes, Jefferson: McFarland and Company, ISBN 0-7864-4156-9
Heikal, Mohamed Hassanein (1973), The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen, New York City: Doubleday, ISBN 978-0-385-06447-7
Hourani, Albert (2002), A History of the Arab Peoples, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01017-5
Hourani, Albert; Khoury, Phillip Shukry (2004), The Modern Middle East: A Reader, London: I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-86064-963-7
James, Laura M. (2008), "When Did Nasser Expect War? The Suez Nationalization and its Aftermath in Egypt", dalam Simon C. Smith, Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, ISBN 978-0-7546-6170-2
Jankowski, James P. (2001), Nasser's Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic, Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers, ISBN 1-58826-034-8
Joesten, Joachim (1974), Nasser: The Rise to Power, Long Acre, London: Odhams Press Limited, OCLC 317256563
Kandil, Hazem (2012), Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt, Brooklyn: Verso Books, ISBN 978-1-84467-962-1
Kimmerling, Baruch; Migdal, Joel S. (2003), The Palestinian People: A History, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-01129-5
Kyle, Keith (2001), "Britain's Slow March to Suez", dalam David Tal, The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East, London: Psychology Press, ISBN 0-7146-4840-X
Kyle, Keith (2011), Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East, London: I.B. Tauris, ISBN 978-1-84885-533-5
Litvin, Margaret (2011), Hamlet's Arab Journey: Shakespeare's Prince and Nasser's Ghost, Princeton: Princeton University Press, ISBN 978-0-691-13780-3
Makdissi, Usama (2011), Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820–2001, New York: PublicAffairs, ISBN 978-1-58648-680-8
Mehrotra, Raja R. (1990), Nehru: Man Among Men, New Delhi: Mittal Publications, ISBN 978-81-7099-196-0
Mutawi, Samir A. (18 July 2002), Jordan in the 1967 War, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-52858-0
Nelson, Cynthia (2000), Situating Globalization: Views from Egypt, Bielefeld: Transcript, ISBN 978-3-933127-61-7
Nutting, Anthony (1972), Nasser, New York City: E.P. Dutton, ISBN 978-0-525-16415-9
Osman, Tarek (2011), Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to Mubarak, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-16275-2
Parker, Richard Bordeaux (1996), The Six-Day War: A Retrospective, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, ISBN 978-0-8130-1383-1
Peretz, Don (1994), The Middle East Today (edisi ke-6th), Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-94576-3
Podeh, Elie (1999), The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic, Portland: Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 1-902210-20-4
Podeh, Elie (2004), Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt, Gainesville: University Press of Florida, ISBN 0-8130-2704-7
Pollack, Kenneth M. (2002), Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 0-8032-3733-2
Rasler, Karen; Thompson, William R.; Ganguly, Sumit (2013), How Rivalries End, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-4498-4
Reich, Bernard (1990), Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary, Santa Barbara: Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-313-26213-5
Reid, Donald Malcolm (1981), Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World: 1880–1960, Minneapolis: Bibliotheca Islamica, Inc., ISBN 978-0-88297-028-8
Rogan, Eugene (2011), The Arabs: A History, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-02822-1
Rubin, Barry (2010), Guide to Islamist Movements, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 978-0-7656-1747-7
Seale, Patrick (1990), Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-06976-3
Salam, Nawaf A. (2004), Options for Lebanon, Location: I.B. Tauris, ISBN 1-85043-928-1
Stephens, Robert Henry (1972), Nasser: A Political Biography, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 978-0-671-21224-7
Shemesh, Moshe; Troen, Selwyn Illan (1990), The Suez-Sinai Crisis: A Retrospective and Reappraisal, New York: Psychology Press, ISBN 0-7146-3356-9
Shlaim, Avi; Louis, William Roger (2012), The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1-107-00236-4 Hapus pranala luar di parameter |title= (bantuan)
Stork, Joe (2001), "Egypt", dalam Joel Krieger, The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World, New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-511739-5
Sullivan, Earl L. (1986), Women in Egyptian Public Life, Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, ISBN 978-0-8156-2354-0
Talhami, Ghada Hashem (2007), Palestine in the Egyptian Press: From al-Ahram to al-Ahali, Lanham: Lexington Books, ISBN 978-0-7391-1784-2
Tan, See Seng; Acharya, Amitav (2008), Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order, Singapore: NUS Press, ISBN 978-9971-69-393-0
Tsourapas, Gerasimos (2016), "Nasser's Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-'Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952-1967" (PDF), British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 43 (3): 324–341, doi:10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708
Yaqub, Salim (2004), Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0-8078-5508-1
Vatikiotis, Panayiotis J. (1978), Nasser and His Generation, London: Croom Helm, ISBN 978-0-85664-433-7
Viorst, Milton (1987), Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence, London: I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-1-85043-064-3
Weston, Mark (2008), Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present, New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-470-18257-4
Wilford, Hugh (2013). America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East. Basic Books. ISBN 9780465019656.

Pranala luar

(Arab) Gamal Abdel Nasser (berbahasa Arab)
(Inggris) Gamal Abdel Nasser di The Internet Name Database

Jabatan politik
Didahului oleh: Muhammad Naguib	Presiden Mesir 1954-1970	Diteruskan oleh: Anwar Sadat
Jabatan diplomatik
Didahului oleh: Haile Selassie	Ketua Uni Afrika 1964-1965	Diteruskan oleh: Kwame Nkrumah

Templat:Tokoh Perang Dingin

Artikel bertopik biografi Mesir ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.

[V23-1] Vatikiotis 1978, hlm. 23–24

[2] Joesten 1974, hlm. 14

[Stephens_23-3] Stephens 1972, hlm. 23

[Aburish12-13-4] Aburish 2004, hlm. 12–13

[5] Stephens 1972, hlm. 26

[Stephens_28-32-6] Stephens 1972, hlm. 28–32

[Alexander14-7] Alexander 2005, hlm. 14

[BibliothecaHoda-8] Abdel Nasser, Hoda. "A Historical Sketch of Gamal Abdel Nasser". Bibliotheca Alexandrina. Diakses tanggal 23 July 2013.

[Aburish8-9-9] Aburish 2004, hlm. 8–9

[V24-10] Vatikiotis 1978, hlm. 24

[11] Stephens 1972, hlm. 33–34

[12] Joesten 1974, hlm. 19

[Litvin39-13] Litvin 2011, hlm. 39

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

@@ Baris 66: / Baris 66: @@
 Gamal Abdul Nasser meninggal akibat penyakit [[jantung]] dua minggu setelah peperangan usai pada [[28 September]] [[1970]]. Gamal Abdul Nasir digantikan oleh [[Anwar Sadat]] sebagai presiden Mesir.
-==Kehidupan awal==
+== Kehidupan awal ==
 [[Berkas:Gamal Abdel Nasser.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Nasser, 1931]]
@@ Baris 77: / Baris 77: @@
 Pada 1928, Nasser datang ke Iskandariyah untuk tinggal dengan kakek pihak ibunya dan masuk SD Attarin di kota tersebut.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Pada 1929, ia pindah ke sekolah asrama swasta di [[Helwan]], dan kemudian kembali ke Iskandariyah untuk masuk SMP Ras el-Tin dan bergabung dengan ayahnya, yang bekerjanpada layanan pos di kota tersebut.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Di Iskandariyah, Nasser ikut dalam kegiatan politik.<ref name="Alexander14"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Stephens|1972|pp=33–34}}</ref> Setekahbmenyaksikan pertikaian antara para pengunjuk rasa dan polisi di Lapangan Manshia,<ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> ia bergabung dengan unjuk rasa tersebut tanpa menyadari tujuannya.<ref>{{Harvnb|Joesten|1974|p=19}}</ref> Unjuk rasa tersebut, yang diadakan oleh [[ultranasionalis]] [[Partai Mesir Muda (1933)|Serikat Mesir Muda]], menyerukan akhir kolonialisme di Mesir dalam rangka menanggapi [[Konstitusi Mesir 1923]] oleh Perdana Menteri [[Isma'il Sidqi]].<ref name="BibliothecaHoda"/> Nasser ditangkap dan ditahan selama semalam<ref name="Litvin39">{{Harvnb|Litvin|2011|p=39}}</ref> sebelum ayahnya membebaskannya.<ref name="Alexander14"/>
-==Referensi==
+== Referensi ==
-===Catatan===
+=== Catatan ===
 {{Reflist|30em| refs=
@@ Baris 87: / Baris 87: @@
 }}
-===Daftar pustaka===
+=== Daftar pustaka ===
 {{Refbegin}}
-*{{Citation |last=Abdelmalek |first=Anwar |authorlink=Anouar Abdel-Malek |title=Egypt: Military Society |location=New York City |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1968 |oclc=314333504}}
+* {{Citation |last=Abdelmalek |first=Anwar |authorlink=Anouar Abdel-Malek |title=Egypt: Military Society |location=New York City |publisher=[[Random House]] |year=1968 |oclc=314333504}}
-*{{Citation |last=Aburish |first=Said K. |authorlink=Said Aburish |title=Nasser, the Last Arab |year=2004 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-312-28683-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Aburish |first=Said K. |authorlink=Said Aburish |title=Nasser, the Last Arab |year=2004 |publisher=[[St. Martin's Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-312-28683-5}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Adi |first1=Hakim |authorlink1=Hakim Adi |last2=Sherwood |first2=Marika |authorlink2=Marika Sherwood |title=Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York City |isbn=0-415-17352-3}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Adi |first1=Hakim |authorlink1=Hakim Adi |last2=Sherwood |first2=Marika |authorlink2=Marika Sherwood |title=Pan-African History: Political Figures from Africa and the Diaspora since 1787 |year=2003 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York City |isbn=0-415-17352-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Alexander |first=Anne |title=Nasser Life and Times |publisher=[[Haus Publishing]] |location=London |year=2005 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-1-904341-83-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Alexander |first=Anne |title=Nasser Life and Times |publisher=[[Haus Publishing]] |location=London |year=2005 |edition=illustrated |isbn=978-1-904341-83-3}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Akram-Lodhi |first1=Haroon |last2=Borras |first2=Saturnino M. |last3=Kay |first3=Cristóbal |title=Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-415-41449-4}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Akram-Lodhi |first1=Haroon |last2=Borras |first2=Saturnino M. |last3=Kay |first3=Cristóbal |title=Land, Poverty and Livelihoods in an Era of Globalization: Perspectives from Developing and Transition Countries |year=2007 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-415-41449-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Ansari|first=Hamied |title=Egypt: The Stalled Society |year=1986 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-9499-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Ansari|first=Hamied |title=Egypt: The Stalled Society |year=1986 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=Albany |isbn=978-0-7914-9499-8}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Asterjian |first1=Henry D. |title=The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil, and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq |year=2007 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport |isbn=0-275-99589-5}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Asterjian |first1=Henry D. |title=The Struggle for Kirkuk: The Rise of Hussein, Oil, and the Death of Tolerance in Iraq |year=2007 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]] |location=Westport |isbn=0-275-99589-5}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Atiyeh |first1=George Nicholas |last2=Oweis |first2=Ibrahim M. |title=Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses |year=1988 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-7914-9541-4}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Atiyeh |first1=George Nicholas |last2=Oweis |first2=Ibrahim M. |title=Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses |year=1988 |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |location=New York City |isbn=978-0-7914-9541-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Beinin |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Beinin |title=The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora |year=2005 |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-890-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Beinin |first=Joel |authorlink=Joel Beinin |title=The Dispersion of Egyptian Jewry: Culture, Politics, and the Formation of a Modern Diaspora |year=2005 |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |location=Cairo |isbn=977-424-890-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Bernard-Maugiron |first=Nathalie |title=Judges and Political Reform in Egypt |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |location=Cairo |year=2008 |isbn=978-977-416-201-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Bernard-Maugiron |first=Nathalie |title=Judges and Political Reform in Egypt |publisher=[[American University in Cairo Press]] |location=Cairo |year=2008 |isbn=978-977-416-201-5}}
-*{{Citation |last=Bidwell |first=Robin Leonard |authorlink=Robin Leonard Bidwell |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon |isbn=0-7103-0505-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Bidwell |first=Robin Leonard |authorlink=Robin Leonard Bidwell |title=Dictionary Of Modern Arab History |year=1998 |publisher=[[Routledge]] |location=Abingdon |isbn=0-7103-0505-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Bird |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird |title=Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age Between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956–1978 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York City |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4165-4440-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Bird |first=Kai |authorlink=Kai Bird |title=Crossing Mandelbaum Gate: Coming of Age Between the Arabs and Israelis, 1956–1978 |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |location=New York City |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-4165-4440-1}}
-*{{Citation |first=Selma |last=Botman |title=The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=New York City |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8156-2443-1}}
+* {{Citation |first=Selma |last=Botman |title=The Rise of Egyptian Communism, 1939–1970 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |location=New York City |year=1988 |isbn=978-0-8156-2443-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Brightman |first=Carol |title=Total Insecurity: The Myth Of American Omnipotence |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=1-84467-010-4}}
+* {{Citation |last=Brightman |first=Carol |title=Total Insecurity: The Myth Of American Omnipotence |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |location=London |year=2004 |isbn=1-84467-010-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Brooks |first=Risa |title=Shaping Strategy: The Civil-military Politics of Strategic Assessment |year=2008 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-12980-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Brooks |first=Risa |title=Shaping Strategy: The Civil-military Politics of Strategic Assessment |year=2008 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |location=Princeton |isbn=978-0-691-12980-8}}
-*{{Citation |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-12038-9}}
+* {{Citation |last=Brown |first=Leon Carl |title=Religion and State: The Muslim Approach to Politics |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2000 |isbn=0-231-12038-9}}
-*{{Citation |last=Brownlee |first=Jason |title=Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86951-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Brownlee |first=Jason |title=Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-86951-5}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Brynen |first1=Yaacov |last2=Korany |first2=Bahgat |last3=Noble |first3=Paul |title=Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World |volume=1 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] |location=Boulder |isbn=1-55587-559-9}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Brynen |first1=Yaacov |last2=Korany |first2=Bahgat |last3=Noble |first3=Paul |title=Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World |volume=1 |year=1995 |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]] |location=Boulder |isbn=1-55587-559-9}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel |last2=Waxman |first2=Matthew |title=The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-00780-1}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Byman |first1=Daniel |last2=Waxman |first2=Matthew |title=The Dynamics of Coercion: American Foreign Policy and the Limits of Military Might |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=New York City |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-521-00780-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Cook |first=Steven A. |authorlink=Steven A. Cook |title=The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-979526-0}}
+* {{Citation |last=Cook |first=Steven A. |authorlink=Steven A. Cook |title=The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-19-979526-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Cooper |first=Mark N. |title=The Transformation of Egypt |publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken |year=1982 |isbn=0-7099-0721-4}}
+* {{Citation |last=Cooper |first=Mark N. |title=The Transformation of Egypt |publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=Hoboken |year=1982 |isbn=0-7099-0721-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Cubert |first=Harold M. |title=The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East |year=1997 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-4772-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Cubert |first=Harold M. |title=The PFLP's Changing Role in the Middle East |year=1997 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-4772-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Daigle |first=Craig |title=The Limits of Detente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-16713-9}}
+* {{Citation |last=Daigle |first=Craig |title=The Limits of Detente: The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Arab–Israeli Conflict, 1969–1973 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-300-16713-9}}
-*{{Citation |last=Dann |first=Uriel |title=King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn= 978-0-19-536121-6}}
+* {{Citation |last=Dann |first=Uriel |title=King Hussein and the Challenge of Arab Radicalism |year=1989 |publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York |isbn= 978-0-19-536121-6}}
-*{{Citation |last=Darling |first=Linda T. |title=A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice From Mesopotamia to Globalization |publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-22018-0}}
+* {{Citation |last=Darling |first=Linda T. |title=A History of Social Justice and Political Power in the Middle East: The Circle of Justice From Mesopotamia to Globalization |publisher=[[Routledge]]|location=New York |year=2013 |isbn=978-1-136-22018-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Dawisha |first=Adeed |title=Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton |year=2009 |isbn=0-691-10273-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Dawisha |first=Adeed |title=Arab Nationalism in the Twentieth Century: From Triumph to Despair |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton |year=2009 |isbn=0-691-10273-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Dekmejian |first=Richard Hrair |authorlink=Richard Dekmejian |title=Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics|location=Albany |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-87395-080-0}}
+* {{Citation |last=Dekmejian |first=Richard Hrair |authorlink=Richard Dekmejian |title=Egypt Under Nasir: A Study in Political Dynamics|location=Albany |publisher=[[State University of New York Press]] |year=1971 |isbn=978-0-87395-080-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Dokos |first=Thanos P. |title=Security Sector Transformation in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East |publisher=[[IOS Press]]|location=Washington, D.C. |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58603-757-4}}
+* {{Citation |last=Dokos |first=Thanos P. |title=Security Sector Transformation in Southeastern Europe and the Middle East |publisher=[[IOS Press]]|location=Washington, D.C. |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-58603-757-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Fahmy|first=Ismail|title=Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (Routledge Revivals)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-09415-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Fahmy|first=Ismail|title=Negotiating for Peace in the Middle East (Routledge Revivals)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZXcAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA20|date=13 September 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-09415-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Farid |first=Abdel Magid |title=Nasser: The Final Years |publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|location=Reading |year=1996 |isbn=0-86372-211-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Farid |first=Abdel Magid |title=Nasser: The Final Years |publisher=Garnet & Ithaca Press|location=Reading |year=1996 |isbn=0-86372-211-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Ferris|first=Jesse|title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-15514-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Ferris|first=Jesse|title=Nasser's Gamble: How Intervention in Yemen Caused the Six-Day War and the Decline of Egyptian Power|year=2013|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=0-691-15514-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Ginat |first=Rami |title=Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|location=Portland |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84519-396-6}}
+* {{Citation |last=Ginat |first=Rami |title=Syria and the Doctrine of Arab Neutralism: From Independence to Dependence |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|location=Portland |year=2010 |isbn=978-1-84519-396-6}}
-*{{Citation |last=Goldschmidt |first=Arthur |title=A Brief History of Egypt |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-6672-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Goldschmidt |first=Arthur |title=A Brief History of Egypt |publisher=[[Infobase Publishing]]|location=New York |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-6672-8}}
-*{{Citation |first=Joel |last=Gordon |editor=Walter Armbrust |title=Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond |chapter=Nasser 56/Cairo 96: Reimaging Egypt's Lost Community |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-21925-2}}
+* {{Citation |first=Joel |last=Gordon |editor=Walter Armbrust |title=Mass Mediations: New Approaches to Popular Culture in the Middle East and Beyond |chapter=Nasser 56/Cairo 96: Reimaging Egypt's Lost Community |year=2000 |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley |isbn=0-520-21925-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Hamad |first=Mahmoud |title=When the Gavel Speaks: Judicial Politics in Modern Egypt |publisher=[[ProQuest]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-243-97653-6}}
+* {{Citation |last=Hamad |first=Mahmoud |title=When the Gavel Speaks: Judicial Politics in Modern Egypt |publisher=[[ProQuest]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-1-243-97653-6}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Haydock |first1=Nickolas |last2=Risden |first2=Edward L. |title=Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim Clashes |year=2009 |publisher=[[McFarland and Company]]|location=Jefferson |isbn=0-7864-4156-9}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Haydock |first1=Nickolas |last2=Risden |first2=Edward L. |title=Hollywood in the Holy Land: Essays on Film Depictions of the Crusades and Christian-Muslim Clashes |year=2009 |publisher=[[McFarland and Company]]|location=Jefferson |isbn=0-7864-4156-9}}
-*{{Citation |last=Heikal |first=Mohamed Hassanein |authorlink=Mohamed Hassanein Heikal |title=The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen |location=New York City |publisher=[[Doubleday (penerbit)|Doubleday]] |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-385-06447-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Heikal |first=Mohamed Hassanein |authorlink=Mohamed Hassanein Heikal |title=The Cairo Documents: The Inside Story of Nasser and His Relationship with World Leaders, Rebels, and Statesmen |location=New York City |publisher=[[Doubleday (penerbit)|Doubleday]] |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-385-06447-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Hourani |first=Albert |authorlink=Albert Hourani |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |year=2002 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge |isbn=0-674-01017-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Hourani |first=Albert |authorlink=Albert Hourani |title=A History of the Arab Peoples |year=2002 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location=Cambridge |isbn=0-674-01017-5}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |authorlink=Albert Hourani |last2=Khoury |first2=Phillip Shukry |title=The Modern Middle East: A Reader |year=2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London |isbn=1-86064-963-7}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Hourani |first1=Albert |authorlink=Albert Hourani |last2=Khoury |first2=Phillip Shukry |title=The Modern Middle East: A Reader |year=2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London |isbn=1-86064-963-7}}
-*{{Citation |first=Laura M. |last=James |editor=Simon C. Smith |chapter=When Did Nasser Expect War? The Suez Nationalization and its Aftermath in Egypt |title=Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath |year=2008 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|location=Aldershot |isbn=978-0-7546-6170-2}}
+* {{Citation |first=Laura M. |last=James |editor=Simon C. Smith |chapter=When Did Nasser Expect War? The Suez Nationalization and its Aftermath in Egypt |title=Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and Its Aftermath |year=2008 |publisher=[[Ashgate Publishing]]|location=Aldershot |isbn=978-0-7546-6170-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Jankowski |first=James P. |title=Nasser's Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|location=Boulder |year=2001 |isbn=1-58826-034-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Jankowski |first=James P. |title=Nasser's Egypt, Arab Nationalism, and the United Arab Republic |publisher=[[Lynne Rienner Publishers]]|location=Boulder |year=2001 |isbn=1-58826-034-8}}
-*{{Citation |last=Joesten |first=Joachim |title=Nasser: The Rise to Power |publisher=[[Odhams Press|Odhams Press Limited]] |location=Long Acre, London |year=1974 |oclc=317256563}}
+* {{Citation |last=Joesten |first=Joachim |title=Nasser: The Rise to Power |publisher=[[Odhams Press|Odhams Press Limited]] |location=Long Acre, London |year=1974 |oclc=317256563}}
-*{{Citation |last=Kandil |first=Hazem |title=Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt |year=2012 |publisher=[[Verso Books]]|location=Brooklyn |isbn=978-1-84467-962-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Kandil |first=Hazem |title=Soldiers, Spies and Statesmen: Egypt's Road to Revolt |year=2012 |publisher=[[Verso Books]]|location=Brooklyn |isbn=978-1-84467-962-1}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Kimmerling |first1=Baruch |first2=Joel S. |last2=Migdal |authorlink1=Baruch Kimmerling |authorlink2=Joel Beinin |title=The Palestinian People: A History |year=2003 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location= Cambridge |isbn=0-674-01129-5}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Kimmerling |first1=Baruch |first2=Joel S. |last2=Migdal |authorlink1=Baruch Kimmerling |authorlink2=Joel Beinin |title=The Palestinian People: A History |year=2003 |publisher=[[Harvard University Press]]|location= Cambridge |isbn=0-674-01129-5}}
-*{{Citation |last=Kyle |first=Keith |chapter=Britain's Slow March to Suez |title=The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East |editor=David Tal |year=2001 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=London |isbn=0-7146-4840-X}}
+* {{Citation |last=Kyle |first=Keith |chapter=Britain's Slow March to Suez |title=The 1956 War: Collusion and Rivalry in the Middle East |editor=David Tal |year=2001 |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=London |isbn=0-7146-4840-X}}
-*{{Citation |last=Kyle |first=Keith |title=Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East |year=2011 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London |isbn=978-1-84885-533-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Kyle |first=Keith |title=Suez: Britain's End of Empire in the Middle East |year=2011 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=London |isbn=978-1-84885-533-5}}
-*{{Citation |last=Litvin |first=Margaret |title=Hamlet's Arab Journey: Shakespeare's Prince and Nasser's Ghost |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-13780-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Litvin |first=Margaret |title=Hamlet's Arab Journey: Shakespeare's Prince and Nasser's Ghost |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]]|location=Princeton |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-691-13780-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Makdissi |first=Usama |title=Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820–2001 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-680-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Makdissi |first=Usama |title=Faith Misplaced: The Broken Promise of U.S.-Arab Relations: 1820–2001 |publisher=[[PublicAffairs]]|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-58648-680-8}}
-*{{Citation |last=Mehrotra |first=Raja R. |title=Nehru: Man Among Men |publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7099-196-0}}
+* {{Citation |last=Mehrotra |first=Raja R. |title=Nehru: Man Among Men |publisher=Mittal Publications|location=New Delhi |year=1990 |isbn=978-81-7099-196-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Mutawi |first=Samir A. |title=Jordan in the 1967 War | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94|date=18 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52858-0 }}
+* {{Citation |last=Mutawi |first=Samir A. |title=Jordan in the 1967 War | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g9bBJusRJIMC&pg=PA94|date=18 July 2002|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52858-0 }}
-*{{Citation |first=Cynthia |last=Nelson |title=Situating Globalization: Views from Egypt |publisher=Transcript|location=Bielefeld |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-933127-61-7}}
+* {{Citation |first=Cynthia |last=Nelson |title=Situating Globalization: Views from Egypt |publisher=Transcript|location=Bielefeld |year=2000 |isbn=978-3-933127-61-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Nutting |first=Anthony |authorlink=Anthony Nutting |title=Nasser |location=New York City |publisher=[[E.P. Dutton]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-525-16415-9}}
+* {{Citation |last=Nutting |first=Anthony |authorlink=Anthony Nutting |title=Nasser |location=New York City |publisher=[[E.P. Dutton]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-525-16415-9}}
-*{{Citation |last=Osman |first=Tarek |title=Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to Mubarak |year=2011 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-16275-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Osman |first=Tarek |title=Egypt on the Brink: From Nasser to Mubarak |year=2011 |publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-16275-2}}
-*{{Citation |last=Parker |first=Richard Bordeaux |title=The Six-Day War: A Retrospective |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]]|location=Gainesville |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8130-1383-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Parker |first=Richard Bordeaux |title=The Six-Day War: A Retrospective |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]]|location=Gainesville |year=1996 |isbn=978-0-8130-1383-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Peretz |first=Don |title=The Middle East Today |edition=6th |year=1994 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-0-275-94576-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Peretz |first=Don |title=The Middle East Today |edition=6th |year=1994 |publisher=[[Greenwood Publishing Group]]|location=Santa Barbara |isbn=978-0-275-94576-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Podeh |first=Elie |title=The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|location=Portland |year=1999 |isbn=1-902210-20-4}}
+* {{Citation |last=Podeh |first=Elie |title=The Decline of Arab Unity: The Rise and Fall of the United Arabic Republic |publisher=[[Sussex Academic Press]]|location=Portland |year=1999 |isbn=1-902210-20-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Podeh |first=Elie |title=Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]]|location=Gainesville |year=2004 |isbn=0-8130-2704-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Podeh |first=Elie |title=Rethinking Nasserism: Revolution and Historical Memory in Modern Egypt |publisher=[[University Press of Florida]]|location=Gainesville |year=2004 |isbn=0-8130-2704-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth M. |authorlink=Kenneth M. Pollack |title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 |year=2002 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|location=Lincoln |isbn=0-8032-3733-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Pollack |first=Kenneth M. |authorlink=Kenneth M. Pollack |title=Arabs at War: Military Effectiveness, 1948–1991 |year=2002 |publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|location=Lincoln |isbn=0-8032-3733-2}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Rasler |first1=Karen |first2=William R. |last2=Thompson |first3=Sumit |last3=Ganguly |title=How Rivalries End |year=2013 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-4498-4}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Rasler |first1=Karen |first2=William R. |last2=Thompson |first3=Sumit |last3=Ganguly |title=How Rivalries End |year=2013 |publisher=[[University of Pennsylvania Press]]|location=Philadelphia |isbn=978-0-8122-4498-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Reich |first=Bernard |title=Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location= Santa Barbara |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-313-26213-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Reich |first=Bernard |title=Political Leaders of the Contemporary Middle East and North Africa: A Biographical Dictionary |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location= Santa Barbara |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-313-26213-5}}
-*{{Citation |last=Reid |first=Donald Malcolm |title=Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World: 1880–1960 |publisher=Bibliotheca Islamica, Inc.|location=Minneapolis |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-88297-028-8}}
+* {{Citation |last=Reid |first=Donald Malcolm |title=Lawyers and Politics in the Arab World: 1880–1960 |publisher=Bibliotheca Islamica, Inc.|location=Minneapolis |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-88297-028-8}}
-*{{Citation |last=Rogan |first=Eugene |title=The Arabs: A History |publisher=Basic Books|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-465-02822-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Rogan |first=Eugene |title=The Arabs: A History |publisher=Basic Books|location=New York |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-465-02822-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Rubin |first=Barry |authorlink=Barry Rubin |title=Guide to Islamist Movements |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=Armonk |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7656-1747-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Rubin |first=Barry |authorlink=Barry Rubin |title=Guide to Islamist Movements |publisher=[[M.E. Sharpe]]|location=Armonk |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7656-1747-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Seale |first=Patrick |authorlink=Patrick Seale |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-06976-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Seale |first=Patrick |authorlink=Patrick Seale |title=Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East |publisher=[[University of California Press]]|location=Berkeley |year=1990 |isbn=978-0-520-06976-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Salam |first=Nawaf A. |title=Options for Lebanon |year=2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=Location |isbn=1-85043-928-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Salam |first=Nawaf A. |title=Options for Lebanon |year=2004 |publisher=[[I.B. Tauris]]|location=Location |isbn=1-85043-928-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Stephens |first=Robert Henry |title=Nasser: A Political Biography|location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-671-21224-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Stephens |first=Robert Henry |title=Nasser: A Political Biography|location=New York |publisher=[[Simon & Schuster]] |year=1972 |isbn=978-0-671-21224-7}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Shemesh |first1=Moshe |last2=Troen |first2=Selwyn Illan |title=The Suez-Sinai Crisis: A Retrospective and Reappraisal |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-7146-3356-9}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Shemesh |first1=Moshe |last2=Troen |first2=Selwyn Illan |title=The Suez-Sinai Crisis: A Retrospective and Reappraisal |publisher=[[Psychology Press]]|location=New York |year=1990 |isbn=0-7146-3356-9}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Shlaim |first1=Avi |last2=Louis |first2=William Roger |title=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YhNPNeBh8IC&pg=PA199 ''The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences'' ] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-00236-4}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Shlaim |first1=Avi |last2=Louis |first2=William Roger |title=[https://books.google.com/books?id=8YhNPNeBh8IC&pg=PA199 ''The 1967 Arab-Israeli War: Origins and Consequences'' ] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2012 |isbn=978-1-107-00236-4}}
-*{{Citation |last=Stork |first=Joe |chapter=Egypt |title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World |editor=Joel Krieger |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |isbn=0-19-511739-5}}
+* {{Citation |last=Stork |first=Joe |chapter=Egypt |title=The Oxford Companion to Politics of the World |editor=Joel Krieger |year=2001 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |isbn=0-19-511739-5}}
-*{{Citation |last=Sullivan |first=Earl L. |title=Women in Egyptian Public Life |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|location=Syracuse |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0}}
+* {{Citation |last=Sullivan |first=Earl L. |title=Women in Egyptian Public Life |publisher=[[Syracuse University Press]]|location=Syracuse |year=1986 |isbn=978-0-8156-2354-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Talhami |first=Ghada Hashem |title=Palestine in the Egyptian Press: From al-Ahram to al-Ahali |publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|location= Lanham |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7391-1784-2}}
+* {{Citation |last=Talhami |first=Ghada Hashem |title=Palestine in the Egyptian Press: From al-Ahram to al-Ahali |publisher=[[Lexington Books]]|location= Lanham |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7391-1784-2}}
-*{{Citation |last1=Tan |first1=See Seng |last2=Acharya |first2=Amitav |title=Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order |publisher=[[NUS Press]]|location=Singapore |year=2008 |isbn=978-9971-69-393-0}}
+* {{Citation |last1=Tan |first1=See Seng |last2=Acharya |first2=Amitav |title=Bandung Revisited: The Legacy of the 1955 Asian-African Conference for International Order |publisher=[[NUS Press]]|location=Singapore |year=2008 |isbn=978-9971-69-393-0}}
-*{{Citation |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2016 |title=Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952-1967 |url=http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages= 324–341|doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708}}
+* {{Citation |last=Tsourapas |first=Gerasimos |date=2016 |title=Nasser’s Educators and Agitators across al-Watan al-‘Arabi: Tracing the Foreign Policy Importance of Egyptian Regional Migration, 1952-1967 |url=http://www.gtsourapas.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/BJMES_Tsourapas.pdf |journal=British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages= 324–341|doi=10.1080/13530194.2015.1102708}}
-*{{Citation |last=Yaqub |first=Salim |title=Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|location=Chapel Hill |year=2004 |isbn=0-8078-5508-1}}
+* {{Citation |last=Yaqub |first=Salim |title=Containing Arab Nationalism: The Eisenhower Doctrine and the Middle East |publisher=[[University of North Carolina Press]]|location=Chapel Hill |year=2004 |isbn=0-8078-5508-1}}
-*{{Citation |last=Vatikiotis |first=Panayiotis J. |title=Nasser and His Generation |publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|location=London |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-85664-433-7}}
+* {{Citation |last=Vatikiotis |first=Panayiotis J. |title=Nasser and His Generation |publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|location=London |year=1978 |isbn=978-0-85664-433-7}}
-*{{Citation |last=Viorst |first=Milton |title=Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence |publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|location=London |year=1987 |isbn=978-1-85043-064-3}}
+* {{Citation |last=Viorst |first=Milton |title=Sands of Sorrow: Israel's Journey from Independence |publisher=[[I.B.Tauris]]|location=London |year=1987 |isbn=978-1-85043-064-3}}
-*{{Citation |last=Weston |first=Mark |title=Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-18257-4}}
+* {{Citation |last=Weston |first=Mark |title=Prophets and Princes: Saudi Arabia from Muhammad to the Present |location=New York |publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]] |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-470-18257-4}}
-*{{cite book|last=Wilford|first=Hugh|title=America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East|publisher=Basic Books|year=2013|isbn=9780465019656|ref=harv}}
+* {{cite book|last=Wilford|first=Hugh|title=America's Great Game: The CIA's Secret Arabists and the Making of the Modern Middle East|publisher=Basic Books|year=2013|isbn=9780465019656|ref=harv}}
 {{Refend}}

l b s Ketua Organisasi Kesatuan Afrika dan Uni Afrika
OKA	Selassie Nasser Nkrumah Ankrah Selassie Mobutu Boumédienne Ahidjo Kaunda Daddah Hassan II Gowon Barre Amin Ramgoolam Bongo Nimeiry Tolbert Senghor Stevens Moi Mengistu Nyerere Diouf Nguesso Kaunda Traoré Mubarak Museveni Babangida Diouf Mubarak Ben Ali Meles Biya Mugabe Compaoré Bouteflika Eyadéma Chiluba Mwanawasa
UA	Mbeki Chissano Obasanjo Nguesso Kufuor Kikwete Qaddafi Mutharika Nguema Boni Hailemariam Abdel Aziz Mugabe Déby Condé Kagame Sisi Ramaphosa Tshisekedi