Metabolisme: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
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'''Metabolisme''' merupakan modifikasi [[senyawa kimia]] secara [[biokimia]] di dalam [[organisme]] dan [[sel (biologi)|sel]]. Metabolisme mencakup sintesis ([[anabolisme]]) dan penguraian ([[katabolisme]]) [[molekul]] [[kimia organik|organik]] kompleks. Metabolisme biasanya terdiri atas tahapan-tahapan yang melibatkan [[enzim]], yang dikenal pula sebagai [[jalur metabolisme]]. [[Metabolism total]] merupakan semua proses biokimia di dalam organisme. [[Metabolisme sel]] mencakup semua proses kimia di dalam sel. Tanpa metabolisme, makhluk hidup tidak dapat bertahan hidup. |
'''Metabolisme''' merupakan modifikasi [[senyawa kimia]] secara [[biokimia]] di dalam [[organisme]] dan [[sel (biologi)|sel]]. Metabolisme mencakup sintesis ([[anabolisme]]) dan penguraian ([[katabolisme]]) [[molekul]] [[kimia organik|organik]] kompleks. Metabolisme biasanya terdiri atas tahapan-tahapan yang melibatkan [[enzim]], yang dikenal pula sebagai [[jalur metabolisme]]. [[Metabolism total]] merupakan semua proses biokimia di dalam organisme. [[Metabolisme sel]] mencakup semua proses kimia di dalam sel. Tanpa metabolisme, makhluk hidup tidak dapat bertahan hidup. |
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The term is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] (from μεταβολισμος ("metabolismos"))word for "change", or "overthrow" ([http://www.etymonline.com Etymonline])). |
The term is derived from the [[Greek language|Greek]] (from μεταβολισμος ("metabolismos"))word for "change", or "overthrow" ([http://www.etymonline.com Etymonline])). |
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== Jalur metabolisme == |
== Jalur metabolisme == |
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=== Jalur umum === |
=== Jalur umum === |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolisme karbohidrat]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolisme lemak]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolisme protein]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolisme asam nukleat]] |
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=== Katabolisme === |
=== Katabolisme === |
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[[Anabolism|Catabolic]] pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds: |
[[Anabolism|Catabolic]] pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds: |
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* [[ |
* [[Respirasi sel]], metabolic pathways that create energy ([[Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] and [[Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide|NADPH]]) from [[fuel molecule]]s. These pathways are also involved in the [[digestion]] of [[food]]. |
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** [[Carbohydrate catabolism]] |
** [[Carbohydrate catabolism]] |
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*** [[Glycogenolysis]], the conversion of [[glycogen]] into [[glucose]]. |
*** [[Glycogenolysis]], the conversion of [[glycogen]] into [[glucose]]. |
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** [[Ethanol fermentation]] |
** [[Ethanol fermentation]] |
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=== Anabolisme === |
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[[Anabolism|Anabolic]] pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simple precursors: |
[[Anabolism|Anabolic]] pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simple precursors: |
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* [[Carbon fixation]] |
* [[Carbon fixation]] |
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=== Metabolisme obat === |
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[[Drug metabolism]] pathways, the modification or degradation of [[Medication|drug]]s and other [[xenobiotic]] compounds through specialized enzyme systems: |
[[Drug metabolism]] pathways, the modification or degradation of [[Medication|drug]]s and other [[xenobiotic]] compounds through specialized enzyme systems: |
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* [[Blood alcohol content|Alcohol metabolism]] |
* [[Blood alcohol content|Alcohol metabolism]] |
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=== Metabolisme nitrogen === |
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[[Nitrogen]] metabolism includes the pathways for turnover and [[excretion]] of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the [[biogeochemical cycle|biogeochemical]] [[nitrogen cycle]]: |
[[Nitrogen]] metabolism includes the pathways for turnover and [[excretion]] of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the [[biogeochemical cycle|biogeochemical]] [[nitrogen cycle]]: |
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* [[Denitrification]] |
* [[Denitrification]] |
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=== Lain-lain === |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolisme besi]] |
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== Sejarah == |
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The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by [[Santorio Santorio]] in [[1614]] in his book ''Ars de statica medecina'' that made him famous throughout Europe. He describes his long series of experiments in which he weighed himself in a chair suspended from a steelyard balance (see image), before and after eating, sleeping, working, sex, fasting, depriving from drinking, and excreting. He found that by far the greatest part of the food he took in was lost from the body through ''perspiratio insensibilis'' (insensible perspiration). |
The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by [[Santorio Santorio]] in [[1614]] in his book ''Ars de statica medecina'' that made him famous throughout Europe. He describes his long series of experiments in which he weighed himself in a chair suspended from a steelyard balance (see image), before and after eating, sleeping, working, sex, fasting, depriving from drinking, and excreting. He found that by far the greatest part of the food he took in was lost from the body through ''perspiratio insensibilis'' (insensible perspiration). |
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== Lihat pula == |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolomika]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolom]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Metabolit]] |
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* [[ |
* [[Laju metabolisme basal]] |
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* [[Thermic effect of food]] |
* [[Thermic effect of food]] |
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* [[Iron-sulfur world theory]], a "metabolism first" theory of the [[origin of life]]. |
* [[Iron-sulfur world theory]], a "metabolism first" theory of the [[origin of life]]. |
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* [[ |
* [[Biodegradasi]] |
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[[ca:Metabolisme]] |
[[ca:Metabolisme]] |
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[[cs:Metabolismus]] |
[[cs:Metabolismus]] |
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Revisi per 5 Februari 2006 18.16
 | Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. |
Metabolisme merupakan modifikasi senyawa kimia secara biokimia di dalam organisme dan sel. Metabolisme mencakup sintesis (anabolisme) dan penguraian (katabolisme) molekul organik kompleks. Metabolisme biasanya terdiri atas tahapan-tahapan yang melibatkan enzim, yang dikenal pula sebagai jalur metabolisme. Metabolism total merupakan semua proses biokimia di dalam organisme. Metabolisme sel mencakup semua proses kimia di dalam sel. Tanpa metabolisme, makhluk hidup tidak dapat bertahan hidup.
Jalur metabolisme
Jalur-jalur metabolisme penting mencakup:
Jalur umum
Katabolisme
Catabolic pathways that breakdown complex molecules into simple compounds:
- Respirasi sel, metabolic pathways that create energy (ATP and NADPH) from fuel molecules. These pathways are also involved in the digestion of food.
- Carbohydrate catabolism
- Glycogenolysis, the conversion of glycogen into glucose.
- Glycolysis, the conversion of glucose into pyruvate and ATP, does not require oxygen.
- Embden-Meyerhof pathway, the common glycolysis pathway.
- Entner-Doudoroff Pathway, an alternative glycolysis pathway in few bacteria.
- Pentose phosphate pathway (hexose monophosphate shunt), generation of NADPH from glucose.
- Protein catabolism, the hydrolysis of proteins into amino acids.
- Carbohydrate catabolism
- Aerobic respiration
- Anaerobic respiration,
Anabolisme
Anabolic pathways that create building blocks and compounds from simple precursors:
- Glycogenesis
- Gluconeogenesis
- Porphyrin synthesis pathway
- HMG-CoA reductase pathway, leading to cholesterol and isoprenoids.
- Secondary metabolism, metabolic pathways that are not essential for growth, development or reproduction, but that usually have ecological function.
- Photosynthesis
- Light-dependent reaction (light reaction)
- Light-independent reaction (dark reaction)
- Calvin cycle
- Carbon fixation
Metabolisme obat
Drug metabolism pathways, the modification or degradation of drugs and other xenobiotic compounds through specialized enzyme systems:
Metabolisme nitrogen
Nitrogen metabolism includes the pathways for turnover and excretion of nitrogen in organisms as well as the biological processes of the biogeochemical nitrogen cycle:
- Urea cycle, important for excretion of nitrogen as urea.
- Biological nitrogen fixation
- Nitrogen assimilation
- Nitrification
- Denitrification
Lain-lain
Sejarah
The first controlled experiments in human metabolism were published by Santorio Santorio in 1614 in his book Ars de statica medecina that made him famous throughout Europe. He describes his long series of experiments in which he weighed himself in a chair suspended from a steelyard balance (see image), before and after eating, sleeping, working, sex, fasting, depriving from drinking, and excreting. He found that by far the greatest part of the food he took in was lost from the body through perspiratio insensibilis (insensible perspiration).
Lihat pula
- Metabolomika
- Metabolom
- Metabolit
- Laju metabolisme basal
- Thermic effect of food
- Iron-sulfur world theory, a "metabolism first" theory of the origin of life.
- Biodegradasi