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{{short description|Followers of the Communist Party of Kampuchea in Cambodia}}
'''Khmer Merah''' (sering kali disebut ''Khmer Rouge'', yang merupakan namanya dalam [[Bahasa Prancis]] {{IPA-fr|kmɛʁ ʁuʒ}}; {{lang-km|ខ្មែរក្រហម}} ''Khmer Kraham'') adalah sayap militer [[Partai Komunis Kamboja]] yang beraliran [[Maoisme|Maois]]. Partai Komunis Kamboja dibentuk pada tahun [[1968]] sebagai cabang dari Partai Rakyat Vietnam dari [[Vietnam Utara]]. Partai ini menjadi partai berkuasa di [[Kamboja]] (kemudian berganti nama menjadi [[Kamboja Demokratik]]) dari tahun 1975 hingga 1979, dipimpin oleh [[Pol Pot]], [[Nuon Chea]], [[Ieng Sary]], Son Sen, dan [[Khieu Samphan]]. Selama [[Perang Vietnam|Perang Vietnam Kedua]] ([[1955]]-[[1975]]) bersekutu dengan [[Vietnam Utara]], [[Viet Cong]], dan [[Pathet Lao]] melawan kekuatan anti-komunis yang terdiri dari [[Vietnam Selatan]] dan [[Amerika Serikat]].
{{use mdy dates|date=May 2012}}
{{Infobox war faction
|name=Khmer Rouge
|native_name=ខ្មែរក្រហម
|native_name_lang=km
|war=
|image=[[File:Flag of Democratic Kampuchea.svg|250px]]
|caption=The [[flag of Democratic Kampuchea]], whose design was used by Khmer guerrillas since the 1950s with the building design varying.
|active=1951–1999
|governing period=1975–1979
|ideology=[[Autarky]]<ref name=Kiernan2004>{{cite book|author-link=Ben Kiernan|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0300102628|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/howpolpotcametop00kier_0}}</ref>{{rp|xix-xx}}<br/>[[Khmer nationalism]]<ref name=Kiernan2004/>{{rp|xx}}<ref name=Cook>{{cite book|last1=Cook|first1=Susan|last2=Rowley|first2=Kelvin|title=Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives|publisher=Routledge|year=2017|url=https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/46657/GS24.pdf|isbn=9781351517775}}</ref>{{rp|}}<br/>[[Marxism–Leninism]] (until 1981)<ref>{{cite book|first=David P.|last=Chandler|author-link=David P. Chandler|title=Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot|isbn=978-0813335100|date=1999}}</ref><br />[[Communism]] (until 1981)<ref name=Kiernan2004/>{{rp|xix}}<ref name=Cook/>{{rp|}}
|leader=[[Pol Pot]]
|clans=
|headquarters=[[Phnom Penh]], [[Cambodia]]
|size=
|partof=
|predecessor=
|successor=
|allies={{flag|China}}<br>{{flag|North Korea}}<br>{{flagcountry|RSR}}<br>{{flag|Thailand}} (after 1979)<br>{{flagdeco|Cambodia}} [[FUNCINPEC]] (until 1989)<br>{{flagdeco|Khmer Republic}} [[Khmer People's National Liberation Front]]<br>{{flag|North Vietnam}} (until 1976)<br> {{flagdeco|South Vietnam|1975}} [[Viet Cong]] (until 1976)<br>{{flagdeco|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]] (until 1976)<br>{{flag|United Kingdom}} (1983-1989)
|opponents={{flag|Soviet Union}}<br>{{flag|Vietnam}} (after 1976)<br>{{flag|People's Republic of Kampuchea}}<br>{{flag|Laos}} (after 1976)<br>{{flag|Khmer Republic}} (until 1975)<br>{{GDR}}<br>{{flag|Cuba}}<br>{{flagcountry|PRB}}<br>{{flagcountry|CSR}}<br>{{flag|South Vietnam}} (until 1975)<br>{{flag|United States}} (1970-1975)
|battles=
|area=
|status=
|position='''Until 1981:'''<br/>[[Far-left politics|Far-left]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=Martin|first1=Gus|title=Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc.|date=2008|page=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-GiXqccL1IC|isbn=978-1412953139}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Hartman|first1=Tom|title=A World Atlas of Military History, 1945–1984|date=1985|publisher=Hippocrene Books|isbn=0870520008|page=81|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CwSn83AgqEYC}}</ref>
}}
{{Contains special characters|Khmer}}


The '''Khmer Rouge''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˌ|m|ɛər|_|ˈ|r|uː|ʒ}}, {{IPA-fr|kmɛʁ ʁuʒ|lang}}; {{lang-km|ខ្មែរក្រហម|Khmae Krɑ-hɑɑm}} {{IPA-km|kʰmae krɑˈhɑːm|}}; "[[Red (political adjective)|Red]] [[Khmer people|Khmers]]") is the name that was popularly given to members of the [[Communist Party of Kampuchea]] (CPK) and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled [[Cambodia]] between 1975 and 1979. The name had been coined in the 1960s by [[Norodom Sihanouk]] to describe his country's heterogeneous, [[Communism|communist]]-led dissidents, with whom he allied after his 1970 overthrow.<ref>https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/southeast-asia-history/khmer-rouge</ref>
Pada tahun [[1960-an]] dan [[1970-an]], Khmer Merah melaksanakan perang gerilya melawan rezim pimpinan Marsekal [[Lon Nol]]. Pada bulan [[April]] [[1975]], Khmer Merah yang dipimpin oleh [[Pol Pot]] berhasil menggulingkan kekuasaan dan mendirikan negara [[Kamboja Demokratik]]. Ia memerintah sampai tahun [[1979]] dan dalam masa pemerintahannya, terjadi pembunuhan massal terhadap kaum intelektual dan lain-lain. Setelah diusir oleh orang [[Vietnam]], Khmer Merah masih bercokol di daerah hutan di Kamboja.


The Khmer Rouge army was slowly built up in the jungles of eastern Cambodia during the late 1960s, supported by the [[People's Army of Vietnam|North Vietnamese army]], the [[Viet Cong]], the [[Pathet Lao]], and the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party of China]] (CPC).<ref name=Chandler2018>{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David P.|title=Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot|publisher=Routledge|year=2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mTlMDwAAQBAJ&q=Maha+lout+ploh&pg=PT77|isbn=978-0-429-98161-6}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|url=https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-aid-emboldens-cambodia |last=Strangio |first=Sebastian |title=China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia |website=Yale Global Online|access-date=2020-04-12}}</ref><ref name=":32">{{Cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/the-chinese-communist-partys-relationship-the-khmer-rouge-the-1970s-ideological-victory|title=The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure|date=2018-12-13|website=Wilson Center|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Hood|first=Steven J.|date=1990|title=Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?|journal=Asian Survey|volume=30|issue=10|pages=977–991|doi=10.2307/2644784|issn=0004-4687|jstor=2644784}}</ref> Although it originally fought against Sihanouk, on the advice of the CPC, the Khmer Rouge changed its position and supported Sihanouk after he was overthrown in a [[1970 Cambodian coup d'état|1970 coup]] by [[Lon Nol]] who established the pro-American [[Khmer Republic]].<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/chinacambodia/relation.html|title=China-Cambodia Relations|website=www.rfa.org|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref> Despite a [[Operation Freedom Deal|massive American bombing campaign]] against them, the Khmer Rouge won the [[Cambodian Civil War]] when they [[Fall of Phnom Penh|captured the Cambodian capital]] and overthrew the Khmer Republic in 1975. Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge who were led by [[Pol Pot]], [[Nuon Chea]], [[Ieng Sary]], [[Son Sen]], and [[Khieu Samphan]], immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities. In 1976 they renamed the country [[Democratic Kampuchea]].
Pada [[dasawarsa]] 1990-an, Khmer Merah mengundurkan diri ke pegunungan Dongrek.


The Khmer Rouge regime was highly [[Autocracy|autocratic]], [[Totalitarianism|totalitarian]], [[Xenophobia|xenophobic]], [[Paranoia|paranoid]], and [[Political repression|repressive]]. Many deaths resulted from the regime's [[Social engineering (political science)|social engineering]] policies and the "Maha Lout Ploh", an imitation of China's [[Great Leap Forward]] which caused the [[Great Chinese Famine]].<ref name=Chandler2018/>{{rp|}}<ref name="Janet McLellan">{{cite book|title=Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto|last=McLellan|first=Janet|date=April 1, 1999|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8225-1|edition=1st|page=137|chapter=5|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NMm024458s4C&q=Khmer+Roug+social+engineering&pg=PA137}}</ref><ref name=Chandler2007>{{Cite book|last=Chandler|first=David|title=A History of Cambodia|publisher=Routledge|year=2007|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xZSpDwAAQBAJ&q=Maha+lout+ploh&pg=PA334|isbn=978-1578566969}}</ref> The Khmer Rouge's attempts at agricultural reform through [[Collective farming|collectivisation]] similarly led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency even in the supply of medicine led to the death of many thousands from treatable diseases such as [[malaria]]. The Khmer Rouge regime murdered hundreds of thousands of their perceived political opponents, and its racist emphasis on national purity resulted in the genocide of Cambodian minorities. [[Summary execution|Arbitrary executions]] and torture were carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during genocidal purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978.<ref name="Steven R. Ratner">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4oEix673qakC&q=The+Khmer+Rouge&pg=PA268|title=Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy|last1=Ratner|first1=Steven R.|last2=Abrams|first2=Jason S.|date=2001|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-829871-7|edition=2nd|page=272}}</ref> Ultimately, the [[Cambodian genocide]] led to the death of 1.5 to 2&nbsp;million people, around 25% of Cambodia's population.
Sudah sekian lama [[PBB]] mencoba mendirikan sebuah tribunal untuk mengadili para anggota Khmer Merah. Tetapi upaya ini secara kontinu dijegali oleh banyak politisi Kamboja karena banyak yang memiliki hubungan dengan Khmer Merah. Akhirnya dicapai kompromi pada tanggal [[3 Oktober]] [[2004]] di mana akhirnya pemerintah mendukung didirikannya sebuah [[tribunal]].
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In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge were largely supported and funded by the CPC, receiving approval from [[Mao Zedong]]; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which was provided to the Khmer Rouge came from China.<ref name=Chandler2018/>{{rp|}}<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|url=https://sinosphere.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/03/30/cambodian-historians-call-for-china-to-confront-its-own-past/|title=China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History|last=Levin|first=Dan|date=2015-03-30|website=The New York Times|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.visiontimes.com/2018/01/28/how-red-china-supported-the-brutal-khmer-rouge.html|title=How Red China Supported the Brutal Khmer Rouge|date=2018-01-28|website=Vision Times|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-26}}</ref><ref name=Kiernan2008>{{Cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|title=The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79|publisher=Yale University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0300142990}}</ref>{{rp|}}<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54iUDwAAQBAJ&q=By+mid-september+China+was+prepared+to+extend+to+Cambodia+a+total+of+US$1+billion&pg=PA84|title=ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State|last=Laura|first=Southgate|date=2019-05-08|publisher=Policy Press|isbn=978-1-5292-0221-2}}</ref> The regime was removed from power in 1979 when [[Cambodian–Vietnamese War|Vietnam invaded Cambodia]] and quickly destroyed most of the Khmer Rouge's forces. The Khmer Rouge then fled to Thailand, whose government saw them as a buffer force against the [[Communist Party of Vietnam|communist Vietnamese]]. The Khmer Rouge continued to fight against the Vietnamese and the government of the new [[People's Republic of Kampuchea]] until the end of the war in 1989. The [[Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea|Cambodian governments-in-exile]] (including the Khmer Rouge) held onto Cambodia's [[United Nations]] seat (with considerable international support) until 1993, when the monarchy was restored and the name of the Cambodian state was changed to the Kingdom of Cambodia. A year later, thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty.
[[Kategori:Sejarah Kamboja]]

[[Kategori:Komunisme]]
In 1996, a new political party called the [[Democratic National Union Movement]] was formed by Ieng Sary, who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1244006.stm|title=Cambodia profile|work=BBC News|date=January 17, 2012|access-date=July 30, 2019}}</ref> The organisation was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s and finally surrendered completely in 1999.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.globalpolicy.org/component/content/article/163/28940.html|work=Harvard International Review|title=No Redemption – The Failing Khmer Rouge Trial By Allan Yang| date=2008}}</ref> In 2014, two Khmer Rouge leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, were jailed for life by a [[Khmer Rouge Tribunal|United Nations-backed court]] which found them guilty of [[crimes against humanity]] for their roles in the Khmer Rouge's genocidal campaign.

== Etymology ==
The term ''Khmers rouges'', French for [[Political colour#Red|red]] [[Khmer people|Khmers]], was coined by King Norodom Sihanouk<ref name="Becker">{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Elizabeth|title=When the War was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution|publisher=PublicAffairs|year=1998|isbn=978-1891620003}}</ref>{{rp|100}} and later adopted by English speakers (in the form of the corrupted version Khmer Rouge). It was used to refer to a succession of communist parties in Cambodia which evolved into the Communist Party of Kampuchea and later the [[Party of Democratic Kampuchea]]. Its military was known successively as the [[Kampuchean Revolutionary Army]] and the [[National Army of Democratic Kampuchea]].<ref name="DeRouen">{{cite book|title=Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nrN077AEgzMC&q=khmer+rouge+also+known+as+the+Khmer+Communist+Party+and+the+National+Army+of+Democratic+Kampuchea&pg=PA231|first=Karl R.|last=DeRouen|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|chapter=Cambodia (1970–1975 and 1979–1991)|page=231|isbn = 9781851099191}}</ref>

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

Revisi per 5 Desember 2020 05.43

Khmer Rouge
ខ្មែរក្រហម
PemimpinPol Pot
Waktu operasi1951–1999
MarkasPhnom Penh, Cambodia
IdeologiAutarky[1]:xix-xx
Khmer nationalism[1]:xx[2]:
Marxism–Leninism (until 1981)[3]
Communism (until 1981)[1]:xix[2]:
Posisi politikUntil 1981:
Far-left[4][5]
Sekutu China
 North Korea
 Rumania
 Thailand (after 1979)
FUNCINPEC (until 1989)
Templat:Country data Khmer Republic Khmer People's National Liberation Front
 North Vietnam (until 1976)
Viet Cong (until 1976)
Pathet Lao (until 1976)
 United Kingdom (1983-1989)
Lawan Soviet Union
 Vietnam (after 1976)
Templat:Country data People's Republic of Kampuchea
 Laos (after 1976)
Templat:Country data Khmer Republic (until 1975)
 Jerman Timur
 Cuba
 Bulgaria
 Cekoslowakia
 South Vietnam (until 1975)
 United States (1970-1975)
Artikel ini mengandung teks Khmer. Tanpa dukungan perenderan yang baik, Anda mungkin akan melihat tanda tanya, kotak, atau simbol lain, bukan aksara Khmer.

The Khmer Rouge (/kəˌmɛər ˈruːʒ/, bahasa Prancis: [kmɛʁ ʁuʒ]; bahasa Khmer: ខ្មែរក្រហម [kʰmae krɑˈhɑːm]; "Red Khmers") is the name that was popularly given to members of the Communist Party of Kampuchea (CPK) and by extension to the regime through which the CPK ruled Cambodia between 1975 and 1979. The name had been coined in the 1960s by Norodom Sihanouk to describe his country's heterogeneous, communist-led dissidents, with whom he allied after his 1970 overthrow.[6]

The Khmer Rouge army was slowly built up in the jungles of eastern Cambodia during the late 1960s, supported by the North Vietnamese army, the Viet Cong, the Pathet Lao, and the Communist Party of China (CPC).[7][8][9][10] Although it originally fought against Sihanouk, on the advice of the CPC, the Khmer Rouge changed its position and supported Sihanouk after he was overthrown in a 1970 coup by Lon Nol who established the pro-American Khmer Republic.[10][11] Despite a massive American bombing campaign against them, the Khmer Rouge won the Cambodian Civil War when they captured the Cambodian capital and overthrew the Khmer Republic in 1975. Following their victory, the Khmer Rouge who were led by Pol Pot, Nuon Chea, Ieng Sary, Son Sen, and Khieu Samphan, immediately set about forcibly evacuating the country's major cities. In 1976 they renamed the country Democratic Kampuchea.

The Khmer Rouge regime was highly autocratic, totalitarian, xenophobic, paranoid, and repressive. Many deaths resulted from the regime's social engineering policies and the "Maha Lout Ploh", an imitation of China's Great Leap Forward which caused the Great Chinese Famine.[7]:[12][13] The Khmer Rouge's attempts at agricultural reform through collectivisation similarly led to widespread famine, while its insistence on absolute self-sufficiency even in the supply of medicine led to the death of many thousands from treatable diseases such as malaria. The Khmer Rouge regime murdered hundreds of thousands of their perceived political opponents, and its racist emphasis on national purity resulted in the genocide of Cambodian minorities. Arbitrary executions and torture were carried out by its cadres against perceived subversive elements, or during genocidal purges of its own ranks between 1975 and 1978.[14] Ultimately, the Cambodian genocide led to the death of 1.5 to 2 million people, around 25% of Cambodia's population.

In the 1970s, the Khmer Rouge were largely supported and funded by the CPC, receiving approval from Mao Zedong; it is estimated that at least 90% of the foreign aid which was provided to the Khmer Rouge came from China.[7]:[8][11][15][16][17]:[18] The regime was removed from power in 1979 when Vietnam invaded Cambodia and quickly destroyed most of the Khmer Rouge's forces. The Khmer Rouge then fled to Thailand, whose government saw them as a buffer force against the communist Vietnamese. The Khmer Rouge continued to fight against the Vietnamese and the government of the new People's Republic of Kampuchea until the end of the war in 1989. The Cambodian governments-in-exile (including the Khmer Rouge) held onto Cambodia's United Nations seat (with considerable international support) until 1993, when the monarchy was restored and the name of the Cambodian state was changed to the Kingdom of Cambodia. A year later, thousands of Khmer Rouge guerrillas surrendered themselves in a government amnesty.

In 1996, a new political party called the Democratic National Union Movement was formed by Ieng Sary, who was granted amnesty for his role as the deputy leader of the Khmer Rouge.[19] The organisation was largely dissolved by the mid-1990s and finally surrendered completely in 1999.[20] In 2014, two Khmer Rouge leaders, Nuon Chea and Khieu Samphan, were jailed for life by a United Nations-backed court which found them guilty of crimes against humanity for their roles in the Khmer Rouge's genocidal campaign.

Etymology

The term Khmers rouges, French for red Khmers, was coined by King Norodom Sihanouk[21]:100 and later adopted by English speakers (in the form of the corrupted version Khmer Rouge). It was used to refer to a succession of communist parties in Cambodia which evolved into the Communist Party of Kampuchea and later the Party of Democratic Kampuchea. Its military was known successively as the Kampuchean Revolutionary Army and the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea.[22]

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c Kiernan, Ben (2004). How Pol Pot Came to Power: Colonialism, Nationalism, and Communism in Cambodia, 1930–1975Perlu mendaftar (gratis). Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300102628. 
  2. ^ a b Cook, Susan; Rowley, Kelvin (2017). Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda: New Perspectives (PDF). Routledge. ISBN 9781351517775. 
  3. ^ Chandler, David P. (1999). Brother Number One: A Political Biography of Pol Pot. ISBN 978-0813335100. 
  4. ^ Martin, Gus (2008). Essentials of Terrorism: Concepts and Controversies. SAGE Publications, Inc. hlm. 80. ISBN 978-1412953139. 
  5. ^ Hartman, Tom (1985). A World Atlas of Military History, 1945–1984. Hippocrene Books. hlm. 81. ISBN 0870520008. 
  6. ^ https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/asia-and-africa/southeast-asia-history/khmer-rouge
  7. ^ a b c Chandler, David P. (2018). Brother Number One: A Political Biography Of Pol Pot. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-98161-6. 
  8. ^ a b Strangio, Sebastian. "China's Aid Emboldens Cambodia". Yale Global Online. Diakses tanggal 2020-04-12. 
  9. ^ "The Chinese Communist Party's Relationship with the Khmer Rouge in the 1970s: An Ideological Victory and a Strategic Failure". Wilson Center. 2018-12-13. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  10. ^ a b Hood, Steven J. (1990). "Beijing's Cambodia Gamble and the Prospects for Peace in Indochina: The Khmer Rouge or Sihanouk?". Asian Survey. 30 (10): 977–991. doi:10.2307/2644784. ISSN 0004-4687. JSTOR 2644784. 
  11. ^ a b "China-Cambodia Relations". www.rfa.org. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  12. ^ McLellan, Janet (April 1, 1999). "5". Many Petals of the Lotus: Five Asian Buddhist Communities in Toronto (edisi ke-1st). University of Toronto Press. hlm. 137. ISBN 978-0-8020-8225-1. 
  13. ^ Chandler, David (2007). A History of Cambodia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1578566969. 
  14. ^ Ratner, Steven R.; Abrams, Jason S. (2001). Accountability for Human Rights Atrocities in International Law: Beyond the Nuremberg Legacy (edisi ke-2nd). OUP Oxford. hlm. 272. ISBN 978-0-19-829871-7. 
  15. ^ Levin, Dan (2015-03-30). "China Is Urged to Confront Its Own History". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  16. ^ "How Red China Supported the Brutal Khmer Rouge". Vision Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). 2018-01-28. Diakses tanggal 2019-11-26. 
  17. ^ Kiernan, Ben (2008). The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300142990. 
  18. ^ Laura, Southgate (2019-05-08). ASEAN Resistance to Sovereignty Violation: Interests, Balancing and the Role of the Vanguard State. Policy Press. ISBN 978-1-5292-0221-2. 
  19. ^ "Cambodia profile". BBC News. January 17, 2012. Diakses tanggal July 30, 2019. 
  20. ^ "No Redemption – The Failing Khmer Rouge Trial By Allan Yang". Harvard International Review. 2008. 
  21. ^ Becker, Elizabeth (1998). When the War was Over: Cambodia and the Khmer Rouge Revolution. PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1891620003. 
  22. ^ DeRouen, Karl R. (2007). "Cambodia (1970–1975 and 1979–1991)". Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts Since World War II, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO. hlm. 231. ISBN 9781851099191. 
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