Pembantaian ras Tulsa: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 12 Juli 2021 00.40

Pembantaian ras Tulsa terjadi pada 31 Mei dan 1 Juni 1921, saat segerombolan penduduk kulit putih, beberapa diantaranya dikerahkan dan diberi senjata oleh para pejabat kota, menyerang penduduk kulit hitam dan menghancurkan rumah-rumah dan usaha-usaha di Greenwood District, Tulsa, Oklahoma, Amerika Serikat. Juga disebut sebagai kerusuhan ras Tulsa^[1] atau pembantaian Black Wall Street,^[2] peristiwa tersebut adalah salah satu "insiden terburuk tunggal dari kekerasal rasial dalam sejarah Amerika".^[3] Serangan tersebut membakar dan menghancurkan lebih dari 35 blok persegi kawasan tersebut – di komunitas kulit hitam terkaya di Amerika Serikat pada masa itu, yang dikenal sebagai "Black Wall Street".^[4]

Referensi

^ White, Walter F. (August 23, 2001). "Tulsa, 1921". The Nation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 12, 2018. Diakses tanggal September 16, 2018.
^ "Nearly 100 Years Later, Tulsa Begins Search for Mass Graves From 1921 Black Wall Street Massacre". The Root. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 9, 2019. Diakses tanggal October 9, 2019.
^ Ellsworth, Scott (2009). "Tulsa Race Riot". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 13, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2016.
^ Huddleston Jr, Tom (2020-07-04). "'Black Wall Street': The history of the wealthy black community and the massacre perpetrated there". CNBC. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30.

Daftar pustaka

Brophy, Alfred L. (2002). Reconstructing the Dreamland: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Race Reparations, and Reconciliation. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-514685-9. "[T]the best account of the 1921 Tulsa riot, which drew wide acclaim from historians and others." – Rao, Gautham (September 2017). "University, Court, and Slave: Pro-Slavery Thought in Southern Colleges and Courts and the Coming of Civil War by Alfred L. Brophy (review)". Journal of the Civil War Era. 7 (3): 481–483. doi:10.1353/cwe.2017.0069.
Ellsworth, Scott (1992). Death in a Promised Land: The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-1767-5. Diakses tanggal March 29, 2016.
Franklin, Buck Colbert (August 22, 1931). "The Tulsa Race Riot and Three of Its Victims". National Museum of African American History and Culture. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 3, 2018. Diakses tanggal December 3, 2018. Full text. Diarsipkan October 27, 2018, di Wayback Machine.
Halliburton, R. (March 1, 1972). "The Tulsa Race War of 1921". Journal of Black Studies. 2 (3): 333–358. doi:10.1177/002193477200200305. JSTOR 2783722.
Halliburton, Rudia H. (1975). Tulsa Race War of 1921. San Jose, CA: R and E Publishing. ISBN 0-88-247333-6.
Hirsch, James S. (2002). Riot and Remembrance: The Tulsa Race War and Its Legacy. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-618-10813-0. Diakses tanggal September 1, 2020.
Rob Hower, 1921 Tulsa Race Riot: The American Red Cross – Angels of Mercy. Tulsa, OK: Homestead Press, 1993. ISBN 0-96-658230-6
Hannibal B. Johnson, Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District. Austin, TX: Eakin Press 1998. ISBN 1-57-168221-X
Tim Madigan, The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001. ISBN 0-31-227283-9
Williams, Lee E. (1972). Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-0-87805-009-3.
Willows, Maurice (December 31, 1921). "Disaster Relief Report Riot 1921" (PDF). Tulsa Historical Society & Museum. American Red Cross. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal January 1, 2017. Diakses tanggal February 14, 2020.
Witten, Alan; Brooks, Robert; Fenner, Thomas (June 2001). "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: A geophysical study to locate a mass grave". The Leading Edge. 20 (6): 655–660. doi:10.1190/1.1439020.
Greenwood, Ronni Michelle (June 2015). "Remembrance, Responsibility, and Reparations: The Use of Emotions in Talk about the 1921 Tulsa Race Riot". Journal of Social Issues. 71 (2): 338–355. doi:10.1111/josi.12114.
Krehbiel, Randy (2019). Tulsa, 1921: Reporting a Massacre. University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0-8061-6583-7.
Oklahoma Commission (February 28, 2001), "Final Report", Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921, Tulsa, Oklahoma, diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal January 16, 2008, diakses tanggal June 20, 2018
Parrish, Mary E. Jones (1922). "Events of the Tulsa Disaster". University of Tulsa, Department of Special Collections and University Archives. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 5, 2019. Diakses tanggal March 5, 2019.

Bacaan tambahan

DeNeed L. Brown (19 Oct 2020). "Tulsa begins search for 'Original 18' black people killed in 1921 race massacre". The Washington Post.
Linda Christensen. "Burned Out of Homes and History: Unearthing the Silenced Voices of the Tulsa Massacre" (8-page lesson plan for high school students). Zinn Education Project/Rethinking Schools.
Dexter Mullins (19 July 2014). "Survivors of infamous 1921 Tulsa race riot still hope for justice". Al-Jazeera.
I. Marc Carlson (8 May 2014). "A Survey of the Tulsa Race Riot Photographs, Part 2".
"Interview with Otis Clark, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor" (Audio podcast with transcript). Voices of Oklahoma. 23 Nov 2009.
"Interview with Wess (& Cathryn) Young, Tulsa Race Massacre Survivor" (Audio podcast with transcript). Voices of Oklahoma. 21 Aug 2009.
"Tulsa Race Riot: A Report". The Oklahoma Commission to Study the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921. February 28, 2001.
"Tulsa 1921 Race Riot Commission renamed Race Massacre Commission". KJRH News. Tulsa. November 29, 2019. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 22, 2019. Diakses tanggal May 10, 2019. Sen. Kevin Matthews held a news conference Thursday morning, in which he announced the official name change of the 1921 Race Riot Commission to the 1921 Race Massacre Commission.
Day, Meagan (September 21, 2016). "The history of the Tulsa race massacre that destroyed America's wealthiest black neighborhood". Timeline. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal August 23, 2018. Diakses tanggal February 27, 2019.
Rao, Sameer (May 31, 2017). "It's Been 96 Years Since White Mobs Destroyed Tulsa's Black Wall Street". Colorlines. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 1, 2018. Diakses tanggal March 1, 2018.
Moorehead, Monica (June 10, 1999). "U.S. ethnic cleansing: The 1921 Tulsa Massacre". Workers World. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 23, 2019. Diakses tanggal March 1, 2018.

Pranala luar

Facts and Links for "The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921", Subliminal.org
"1921 Tulsa Race Massacre", Tulsa Historical Society. Archived copy: "Tulsa Race Riot"
"Tulsa Race Riot: Photographs from the Beryl Ford Collection", Tulsa City County Library: African American Resource Center
Tulsa Race Massacre Collection at Oklahoma State University

[1] White, Walter F. (August 23, 2001). "Tulsa, 1921". The Nation. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 12, 2018. Diakses tanggal September 16, 2018.

[2] "Nearly 100 Years Later, Tulsa Begins Search for Mass Graves From 1921 Black Wall Street Massacre". The Root. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal October 9, 2019. Diakses tanggal October 9, 2019.

[okhist-3] Ellsworth, Scott (2009). "Tulsa Race Riot". The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 13, 2020. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2016.

[4] Huddleston Jr, Tom (2020-07-04). "'Black Wall Street': The history of the wealthy black community and the massacre perpetrated there". CNBC. Diakses tanggal 2020-08-30.

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@@ Baris 16: / Baris 16: @@
 * Hannibal B. Johnson, ''Black Wall Street: From Riot to Renaissance in Tulsa's Historic Greenwood District.'' Austin, TX: Eakin Press 1998. {{ISBN|1-57-168221-X}}
 * Tim Madigan, ''The Burning: Massacre, Destruction, and the Tulsa Race Riot of 1921.'' New York: Thomas Dunne Books, 2001. {{ISBN|0-31-227283-9}}
-* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Lee E. |title=Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921 |date=1972 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-0-87805-009-3}}
+* {{cite book |last1=Williams |first1=Lee E. |title=Anatomy of Four Race Riots: Racial Conflict in Knoxville, Elaine (Arkansas), Tulsa, and Chicago, 1919–1921 |url=https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffourrac0000will |date=1972 |publisher=University Press of Mississippi |isbn=978-0-87805-009-3}}
 * {{cite web |last=Willows |first=Maurice |date=December 31, 1921 |url=https://www.tulsahistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/1921-Red-Cross-Report-December-30th-with-watermark.pdf |title=Disaster Relief Report Riot 1921 |website=Tulsa Historical Society & Museum |publisher=American Red Cross |access-date=February 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170101001129/http://tulsahistory.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/1921-Red-Cross-Report-December-30th.pdf |archive-date=January 1, 2017}}
 *{{cite journal |last1=Witten |first1=Alan |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert |last3=Fenner |first3=Thomas |title=The Tulsa Race Riot of 1921: A geophysical study to locate a mass grave |journal=The Leading Edge |date=June 2001 |volume=20 |issue=6 |pages=655–660 |doi=10.1190/1.1439020}}