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Revisi per 15 Agustus 2023 00.10

Sampul majalah Black Mask, September 1929, menampilkan bagian 1 dari serialisasi The Maltese Falcon, oleh Dashiell Hammett. Ilustrasi mata-mata pribadi Sam Spade oleh Henry C. Murphy, Jr.

Hardboiled (atau hard-boiled) adalah genre sastra yang memiliki beberapa karakter dan latar yang sama dengan genre fiksi kriminal (terutama cerita detektif). Protagonis khas genre ini adalah seorang detektif yang memerangi kekerasan kejahatan terorganisir yang berkembang selama Pelarangan di Amerika Serikat (1920-1933) dan setelahnya, sementara berurusan dengan sistem hukum yang telah menjadi sama korupnya dengan kejahatan terorganisir itu sendiri. Dianggap sinis oleh siklus kekerasan ini, para detektif fiksi keras seringkali menjadi antipahlawan.^[1]

Referensi

^ Porter, Dennis (2003). "Chapter 6: The Private Eye". Dalam Priestman, Martin. The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-521-00871-6.

Bacaan lanjutan

Breu, Christopher (July 2004). "Going blood-simple in poisonville: hard-boiled masculinity in Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest". Men and Masculinities. 7 (1): 52–76. doi:10.1177/1097184X03257449.
Duggan, Eddie (2000). "Dashiell Hammett: Detective, Writer". Crimetime. 3 (2): 101–114. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-06-20. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09 – via Academia.edu.
Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson (2002). Multicultural Detective Fiction: Murder from the "Other" Side. Garland Publishing. ISBN 0-8153-3153-3.
Haut, Woody (1996). Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War. Serpent's Tail. ISBN 1-85242-319-6.
Horsley, Lee. "1920–1945: The Interwar Period and the Development of Hard-boiled Crime Fiction". crimeculture.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2017-07-12. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09.
Horsley, Lee. "American Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction, 1920s–1940s". crimeculture.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-18. Diakses tanggal 2006-09-16. An essay on the form's early history.
Horsley, Lee. "Hard-boiled Investigators". crimeculture.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2016-12-16. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09.
Irwin, John T. (2006). Unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8435-7.
Kemp, Simon (2006). Defective Inspectors: Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century. Maney Publishing. ISBN 1-904350-51-8.
Lovisi, Gary (March 1995). "The Hard-Boiled Way". A Shot in the Dark. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-03-13. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09.
Marling, Professor William (Case Western Reserve University). "Detective Novels: An Overview". detnovel.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2008-09-18. Diakses tanggal 2007-10-06. History of the genre.
Mizejewski, Linda (2004). Hardboiled and High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture. Routledge Chapman Hall. ISBN 0-415-96970-0.
O'Brien, Geoffrey (2005-08-27). "The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929–1958". miskatonic.org/rara-avis. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-26. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09. A chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his Hardboiled America.
O'Brien, Geoffrey (1997). Hardboiled America: Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir. Da Capo. ISBN 0-306-80773-4.
Panek, LeRoy Lad (2000). New Hard-Boiled Writers: 1970s–1990s. University of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 0-87972-819-1.
Server, Lee (2002). Encyclopedia of Pulp Fiction Writers. Facts On File Inc. ISBN 0-8160-4577-1.

Pranala luar

"A–Z List: Hard-boiled Guide". rraymond.narold.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-07-30. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09. A list of hard-boiled and noir writers.
"Hard-boiled Detective". rraymond.narold.ru. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-08-15. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09. Comprehensive bibliographies.
"Hardboiled Bibliographies". miskatonic.org/rara-avis. 2005-08-28. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-03-26. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09. Comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors.
"Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang". miskatonic.org. 2016-05-26. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-09. Diakses tanggal 2022-03-09.

[1] Porter, Dennis (2003). "Chapter 6: The Private Eye". Dalam Priestman, Martin. The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. hlm. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-521-00871-6.

[1]

@@ Baris 9: / Baris 9: @@
 * {{Cite journal|last=Breu|first=Christopher|date=July 2004|title=Going blood-simple in poisonville: hard-boiled masculinity in Dashiell Hammett's Red Harvest|journal=[[Men and Masculinities]]|volume=7|issue=1|pages=52–76|doi=10.1177/1097184X03257449|s2cid=144998130}}
-* {{cite journal|author=Duggan, Eddie|author-link=Eddie_Duggan|date=2000|title=Dashiell Hammett: Detective, Writer|url=https://www.academia.edu/6778743|journal=Crimetime|volume=3|issue=2|pages=101–114|via=[[Academia.edu]]}}
+* {{cite journal|author=Duggan, Eddie|author-link=Eddie_Duggan|date=2000|title=Dashiell Hammett: Detective, Writer|url=https://www.academia.edu/6778743|journal=Crimetime|volume=3|issue=2|pages=101–114|via=[[Academia.edu]]|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-06-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620203038/https://www.academia.edu/6778743|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite book|author=Gosselin, Adrienne Johnson|date=2002|title=Multicultural Detective Fiction: Murder from the "Other" Side|publisher=Garland Publishing|isbn=0-8153-3153-3}}
 * {{cite book|author=Haut, Woody|date=1996|title=Pulp Culture: Hardboiled Fiction and the Cold War|url=https://archive.org/details/pulpculturehardb0000haut|publisher=Serpent's Tail|isbn=1-85242-319-6}}
@@ Baris 17: / Baris 17: @@
 * {{cite book|author=Irwin, John T.|date=2006|title=Unless the Threat of Death Is Behind Them: Hard-Boiled Fiction and Film Noir|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|isbn=0-8018-8435-7}}
 * {{cite book|author=Kemp, Simon|date=2006|title=Defective Inspectors: Crime-fiction Pastiche in Late Twentieth-century|publisher=Maney Publishing|isbn=1-904350-51-8}}
-* {{cite news|author=Lovisi, Gary|date=March 1995|title=The Hard-Boiled Way|url=http://www.gryphonbooks.com/Articles/hard_boiled_way.html|work=A Shot in the Dark}}
+* {{cite news|author=Lovisi, Gary|date=March 1995|title=The Hard-Boiled Way|url=http://www.gryphonbooks.com/Articles/hard_boiled_way.html|work=A Shot in the Dark|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2022-03-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313121458/http://www.gryphonbooks.com/Articles/hard_boiled_way.html|dead-url=no}}
 * {{cite web|author=Marling, Professor William (Case Western Reserve University)|title=Detective Novels: An Overview|url=http://www.detnovel.com/index.html|publisher=detnovel.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918041919/http://www.detnovel.com/index.html|archive-date=2008-09-18|access-date=2007-10-06|url-status=dead}} History of the genre.
 * {{cite book|author=Mizejewski, Linda|date=2004|title=Hardboiled and High Heeled: The Woman Detective in Popular Culture|publisher=Routledge Chapman Hall|isbn=0-415-96970-0}}
-* {{cite web|author=O'Brien, Geoffrey|date=2005-08-27|title=The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929–1958|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/checklist.html|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis}} A chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his ''Hardboiled America''.
+* {{cite web|author=O'Brien, Geoffrey|date=2005-08-27|title=The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929–1958|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/checklist.html|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033304/https://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/checklist.html|dead-url=no}} A chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his ''Hardboiled America''.
 * {{cite book|author=O'Brien, Geoffrey|date=1997|url=https://archive.org/details/hardboiledameric00obri_0|title=Hardboiled America: Lurid Paperbacks and the Masters of Noir|publisher=Da Capo|isbn=0-306-80773-4}}
 * {{cite book|author=Panek, LeRoy Lad|date=2000|url=https://archive.org/details/newhardboiledwri00pane|title=New Hard-Boiled Writers: 1970s–1990s|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press|isbn=0-87972-819-1}}
@@ Baris 27: / Baris 27: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
-* {{cite web|title=A–Z List: Hard-boiled Guide|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/a-z-list.htm|publisher=rraymond.narold.ru}} A list of hard-boiled and noir writers.
+* {{cite web|title=A–Z List: Hard-boiled Guide|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/a-z-list.htm|publisher=rraymond.narold.ru|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230730161255/http://rraymond.narod.ru/a-z-list.htm|dead-url=no}} A list of hard-boiled and noir writers.
-* {{cite web|title=Hard-boiled Detective|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/contents.htm|publisher=rraymond.narold.ru}} Comprehensive bibliographies.
+* {{cite web|title=Hard-boiled Detective|url=http://rraymond.narod.ru/contents.htm|publisher=rraymond.narold.ru|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230815001020/http://rraymond.narod.ru/contents.htm|dead-url=no}} Comprehensive bibliographies.
-* {{cite web|date=2005-08-28|title=Hardboiled Bibliographies|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis}} Comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors.
+* {{cite web|date=2005-08-28|title=Hardboiled Bibliographies|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/|publisher=miskatonic.org/rara-avis|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2023-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326035328/https://www.miskatonic.org/rara-avis/biblio/|dead-url=no}} Comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors.
-* {{cite web|date=2016-05-26|title=Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/slang.html|publisher=miskatonic.org}}
+* {{cite web|date=2016-05-26|title=Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang|url=http://www.miskatonic.org/slang.html|publisher=miskatonic.org|access-date=2022-03-09|archive-date=2009-03-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090309100317/http://www.miskatonic.org/slang.html|dead-url=no}}
 {{Uncategorized|date=Februari 2023}}