Bangkai kapal Titanic: Perbedaan antara revisi

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== Sumber ==
== Sumber ==
==Sources==
{{refbegin|colwidth=50em}}
'''Buku'''
* {{cite book
| last = Ballard
| first = Robert D.
| year = 1987
| title = The Discovery of the ''Titanic''
| publisher = Warner Books
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-446-51385-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ballard
| first = Robert
| year = 1988
| title = Exploring the Titanic
| url = https://archive.org/details/exploringtitanic00ball
| url-access = registration
| publisher = Scholastic
| location = New York
| isbn = 0590419528
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Ballard
| first1 = Robert D.
| last2 = Hively
| first2 = Will
| year = 2002
| title = The Eternal Darkness: A Personal History of Deep-Sea Exploration
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| location = Princeton, NJ
| isbn = 978-0-691-09554-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ballard
| first = Robert D.
| year = 2008
| title = Archaeological Oceanography
| publisher = Princeton University Press
| location = Princeton, NJ
| isbn = 978-0-691-12940-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Butler
| first = Daniel Allen
| year = 1998
| title = Unsinkable: The Full Story of RMS ''Titanic''
| publisher = Stackpole Books
| location = Mechanicsburg, PA
| isbn = 978-0-8117-1814-1
| url = https://archive.org/details/unsinkablefullst00butl
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Crosbie
| first1 = Duncan
| last2 = Mortimer
| first2 = Sheila
| title = Titanic: The Ship of Dreams
| publisher = Orchard Books
| location = New York, NY
| year = 2006
| isbn = 978-0-439-89995-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Eaton
| first1 = John P.
| last2 = Haas
| first2 = Charles A.
| year = 1987
| title = ''Titanic'': Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality
| publisher = Patrick Stephens
| location = Wellingborough, UK
| isbn = 978-0-85059-868-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Eaton
| first1 = John P.
| last2 = Haas
| first2 = Charles A.
| year = 1999
| title = ''Titanic'': A Journey Through Time
| publisher = Patrick Stephens
| location = Sparkford, Somerset
| isbn = 978-1-85260-575-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Eaton
| first1 = John P.
| last2 = Haas
| first2 = Charles A.
| year = 1994
| title = ''Titanic'': Triumph and Tragedy
| publisher = Patrick Stephens
| location = Wellingborough, UK
| isbn = 978-1-85260-493-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Estes
| first = James A.
| year = 2006
| title = Whales, Whaling, and Ocean Ecosystems
| publisher = University of California Press
| location = Los Angeles, CA
| isbn = 978-0-520-24884-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Gibson
| first = Allen
| year = 2012
| title = The Unsinkable ''Titanic'': The Triumph Behind A Disaster
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, Glos.
| isbn = 978-0-7524-5625-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Halpern
| first1 = Samuel
| last2 = Weeks
| first2 = Charles
| year = 2011
| chapter = Description of the Damage to the Ship
| title = Report into the Loss of the SS ''Titanic'': A Centennial Reappraisal
| editor-last = Halpern
| editor-first = Samuel
| publisher = The History Press
| location = Stroud, UK
| isbn = 978-0-7524-6210-3
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Heyer
| first = Paul
| year = 1995
| title = ''Titanic'' Legacy: Disaster as Myth and Event
| publisher = Praeger
| location = Westport, CT
| isbn = 978-0-275-95352-2
| url = https://archive.org/details/titaniclegacydis0000heye
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Hicks
| first1 = Brian
| last2 = Kropf
| first2 = Schuyler
| year = 2002
| title = Raising the ''Hunley'': the remarkable history and recovery of the lost Confederate submarine
| publisher = Ballantine Books
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-0-345-44771-5
| url = https://archive.org/details/raisinghunleyrem00hick_0
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Jorgensen-Earp
| first = Cheryl R.
| editor-last = Prelli
| editor-first = Lawrence J.
| year = 2006
| title = Rhetorics of display
| chapter = Satisfaction of Metaphorical Expressions through Visual Display
| publisher = University of South Carolina Press
| location = Columbia, SC
| isbn = 978-1-57003-619-4
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lord
| first = Walter
| year = 1987
| title = The Night Lives On
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-670-81452-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Lynch
| first = Don
| year = 1992
| title = ''Titanic'': An Illustrated History
| publisher = Hyperion
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-1-56282-918-6
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Lynch
| first1 = Don
| last2 = Marschall
| first2 = Ken
| year = 2003
| title = Ghosts of the Abyss
| publisher = Madison Press Books
| location = New York
| isbn = 0306812231
| url-access = registration
| url = https://archive.org/details/ghostsofabyssjou0000lync
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = MacInnis
| first1 = Joseph B.
| last2 = Cameron
| first2 = James
| year = 2005
| title = James Cameron's Aliens of the Deep
| publisher = National Geographic Society
| location = Washington, D.C.
| isbn = 978-0-7922-9343-9
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Parisi
| first = Paula
| year = 1998
| title = ''Titanic'' and the Making of James Cameron
| publisher = Newmarket Press
| location = New York
| isbn = 978-1-55704-364-1
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Pellegrino
| first = Charles
| year = 2012
| title = Farewell, Titanic: Her Final Legacy
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| location = Hoboken, NJ
| isbn = 978-0-470-87387-8
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Scovazzi
| first = Tullio
| editor1-last = Garabello
| editor1-first = Roberta
| editor2-last = Scovazzi
| editor2-first = Tullio
| year = 2003
| title = The protection of the underwater cultural heritage: before and after the 2001 UNESCO Convention
| chapter = The Application of "Salvage Law and Other Rules of Admiralty"
| publisher = Martinus Nijhoff Publishers
| location = Leiden
| isbn = 978-90-411-2203-2
}}
* {{cite book
| last1 = Serway
| first1 = Raymond A.
| last2 = Jewett
| first2 = John W.
| year = 2006
| title = Principles of Physics: A Calculus-Based Text, Volume 1
| publisher = Cengage Learning
| location = Belmont, CA
| isbn = 978-0-534-49143-7
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Spignesi
| first = Stephen
| title = The Titanic For Dummies
| year = 2012
| publisher = John Wiley & Sons
| location = Hoboken, NJ
| isbn = 978-1-118-20651-5
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Suid
| first = Lawrence H.
| title = Sailing on the Silver Screen: Hollywood and the U.S. Navy
| year = 1996
| publisher = Naval Institute Press
| location = Annapolis, MD
| isbn = 9781557507877
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Wade
| first = Wyn Craig
| year = 1992
| title = The ''Titanic'': End of a Dream
| publisher = Penguin Books
| location = London
| isbn = 978-0-14-016691-0
| url = https://archive.org/details/titanicendofdrea00wade
}}
* {{cite book
| last = Ward
| first = Greg
| title = The Rough Guide to the Titanic
| year = 2012
| publisher = Rough Guides Ltd
| location = London
| isbn = 978-1-4053-8699-9
}}

'''Jurnal dan artikel berita'''
* {{cite magazine
| last = Ballard
| first = Robert D.
| url = http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0412/feature5/
| title = Why is Titanic Vanishing?
| magazine = National Geographic Magazine
| date = December 2004
| access-date = 29 January 2011
| archive-date = 11 August 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170811034553/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0412/feature5/
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Broad
| first = William A.
| date = 17 October 1995
| title = The World's Deep, Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life
| url = https://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/17/science/the-world-s-deep-cold-sea-floors-harbor-a-riotous-diversity-of-life.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
| work = The New York Times
| access-date = 23 February 2017
| archive-date = 1 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132415/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/10/17/science/the-world-s-deep-cold-sea-floors-harbor-a-riotous-diversity-of-life.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite news
|last = Canfield
|first = Clarke
|title = Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time
|url = http://www.fox10tv.com/dpps/news/national/northeast/full-titanic-site-mapped-for-1st-time-nt12-jgr_4098372
|agency = The Associated Press
|date = 8 March 2012
|access-date = 9 March 2012
|archive-url = https://archive.today/20130102151112/http://www.fox10tv.com/dpps/news/national/northeast/full-titanic-site-mapped-for-1st-time-nt12-jgr_4098372
|archive-date = 2 January 2013
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite news
|last = Cohen
|first = Jennie
|url = http://www.history.com/news/2012/03/08/first-map-of-entire-titanic-wreck-site-sheds-new-light-on-disaster/
|title = First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster
|publisher = History.com
|date = 8 March 2012
|access-date = 8 March 2012
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120602225440/http://www.history.com/news/2012/03/08/first-map-of-entire-titanic-wreck-site-sheds-new-light-on-disaster/
|archive-date = 2 June 2012
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Ferguson
| first = Jonathan
| title = Texas oilman says he found Titanic first – 'it's my wreck'
| work = The Toronto Star
| date = 4 September 1985
}}
* {{cite magazine
| last = Gannon
| first = Robert
| date = February 1995
| title = What Really Sank the ''Titanic''
| magazine = Popular Science
| page = 54
}}
* {{cite magazine
| last = Handwerk
| first = Brian
| url = http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100818-titanic-3-d-expedition-shipwreck-science-collapsing/
| title = Titanic Is Falling Apart
| magazine = National Geographic Magazine
| date = 18 August 2010
| access-date = 7 March 2012
| archive-date = 14 February 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180214223742/https://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/08/100818-titanic-3-d-expedition-shipwreck-science-collapsing/
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Kelly
| first = Ray
| title = Titanic salvage raises concerns
| work = The Republican
| location = Springfield, MA
| date = 27 October 2009
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Little
| first = Crispin T. S.
| date = February 2010
| title = The Prolific Afterlife of Whales
| journal = Scientific American
| volume = 302
| issue = 2
| pages = 78–84
| url = http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-prolific-afterlife-of-whales
| access-date = 2 March 2010
| bibcode = 2010SciAm.302b..78L
| doi = 10.1038/scientificamerican0210-78
| pmid = 20128227
| archive-date = 1 November 2013
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131101135226/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=the-prolific-afterlife-of-whales
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite journal
| last = Mone
| first = Gregory
| date = July 2004
| title = What's Eating the ''Titanic''?
| journal = Popular Science
| page = 42
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Portman
| first = Jamie
| title = U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw
| work = The Toronto Star
| date = 12 November 1994
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Riding
| first = Alan
| title = 1,800 Objects From the Titanic: Any Claims?
| work = The New York Times
| date = 16 December 1992
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Stearns
| first = David Patrick
| title = Relics display shows interest in Titanic hasn't sunk
| work = USA Today
| date = 17 May 1995
}}
* {{cite report
| last = Stephenson
| first = Parks
| title = Titanic Wreck Observations 2005
| agency = Marine Forensic Panel
| date = 20 September 2005
}}
* {{cite news
| last = Taylor
| first = Joe
| title = Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case
| agency = The Associated Press
| date = 2 October 1992
}}
* {{cite journal
| date = 6 October 1977
| title = Ariadne
| journal = New Scientist
| page = 64
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Xj-FdpCkEXAC&q=%22titanic+salvage+company%22&pg=PA64
| access-date = 23 June 2023
| ref = {{sfnref|New Scientist|1977}}
}}
* {{cite magazine
| date = 11 May 1981
| title = Press: Suddenly, Now! Is Never
| magazine = Time
| url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949155,00.html
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071113232341/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,949155,00.html
| url-status = live
| archive-date = 13 November 2007
| access-date = 23 June 2023
| ref = {{sfnref|Time|1981}}
}}
* {{cite news
| title = Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage
| agency = The Associated Press
| date = 30 September 1992
| ref = {{sfnref|Associated Press|1992}}
}}
* {{cite news
| date = 6 December 2010
| title = New species of bacteria found in Titanic 'rusticles'
| url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11926932
| work = BBC News
| access-date = 8 March 2012
| ref = {{sfnref|BBC News|2010}}
| archive-date = 7 October 2011
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111007105348/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11926932
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite journal
| date = April 2012
| issue = 265
| title = ''Titanic'': The archaeology of an emigrant ship
| last = Symonds
| first = Matthew
| journal = Current Archaeology
| page = 14
}}

'''Publikasi daring'''
* {{cite web
| last = Marschall
| first = Ken
| url = http://marconigraph.com/titanic/cameron/mgy_cameron1.html
| title = James Cameron's Titanic Expedition 2001: What We Saw On and Inside the Wreck
| publisher = marconigraph.com
| date = December 2001
| access-date = 13 April 2017
| archive-date = 2 April 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180402201508/http://marconigraph.com/titanic/cameron/mgy_cameron1.html
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
| url = http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_titanic-intl.html
| title = RMS ''Titanic'' International Agreement
| publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
| date = 29 February 2012
| access-date = 9 March 2012
| ref = {{sfnref|NOAA|2012}}
| archive-date = 1 December 2017
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042312/http://www.gc.noaa.gov/gcil_titanic-intl.html
| url-status = dead
}}
* {{cite web
| title = R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2003
| url = http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03titanic/welcome.html
| date = 8 June 2010
| publisher = NOAA
| access-date = 9 March 2012
| ref = {{sfnref|NOAA|2003}}
| archive-date = 14 March 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180314020106/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03titanic/welcome.html
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
| title = R.M.S. Titanic Expedition 2004
| url = http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04titanic/welcome.html
| date = 27 February 2012
| publisher = NOAA
| access-date = 9 March 2012
| ref = {{sfnref|NOAA|2004}}
| archive-date = 22 March 2018
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180322054525/http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/04titanic/welcome.html
| url-status = live
}}
* {{cite web
|title = The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2000
|url = http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2000.html
|access-date = 9 March 2012
|publisher = Titanic Heritage Trust
|ref = {{sfnref|Timeline for 2000}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101024114854/http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2000.html
|archive-date = 24 October 2010
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite web
|title = The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2001
|url = http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2001.html
|access-date = 9 March 2012
|publisher = Titanic Heritage Trust
|ref = {{sfnref|Timeline for 2001}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101024114656/http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2001.html
|archive-date = 24 October 2010
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
* {{cite web
|title = The Titanic Story: Timeline For 2004
|url = http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2004.html
|access-date = 9 March 2012
|publisher = Titanic Heritage Trust
|ref = {{sfnref|Timeline for 2004}}
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101024115144/http://titanicheritagetrust.org.uk/timeline/2004.html
|archive-date = 24 October 2010
|url-status = dead
|df = dmy-all
}}
{{refend}}

==Bacaan selanjutnya==
==Bacaan selanjutnya==
* {{cite magazine|ref=none|title=How We Found ''Titanic''|first=Robert D.|last=Ballard|magazine=National Geographic Magazine|pages=696–719|volume=168|issue=6|date=December 1985}}
* {{cite magazine|ref=none|title=How We Found ''Titanic''|first=Robert D.|last=Ballard|magazine=National Geographic Magazine|pages=696–719|volume=168|issue=6|date=December 1985}}

Revisi per 17 Juli 2023 23.14

Haluan bangkai kapal Titanic (Juni 2004).

Bangkai kapal Titanic terletak di kedalaman sekitar 12.500 kaki (3.800 meter; 2.100 depa), sekitar 370 mil laut (690 kilometer) selatan-tenggara lepas pantai Newfoundland. Bangkai tersebut terletak di dua bagian utama dengan jarak sekitar 600 m. Haluan masih dapat dikenali dengan sebagian besar interiornya terpelihara, meskipun degradasi dan kerusakan terus melanda dasar laut. Di sisi lain, buritan hancur total. Bidang puing-puing di sekitar bangkai kapal berisi ratusan ribu barang yang tumpah dari kapal saat tenggelam. Mayat penumpang dan awak juga tersebar di dasar laut, namun telah dimakan oleh organisme lain.

Kapal Titanic tenggelam pada tahun 1912 ketika bertabrakan dengan gunung es pada saat pelayaran perdananya. Banyak ekspedisi gagal menggunakan sonar untuk memetakan dasar samudra dengan harapan dapat menemukannya. Pada tahun 1985, bangkai kapal tersebut akhirnya ditemukan oleh ekspedisi gabungan Prancis-Amerika Serikat yang dipimpin oleh Jean-Louis Michel dari IFREMER dan Robert Ballard dari Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Bangkai kapal tersebut telah menjadi pusat minat yang intens dan telah dikunjungi oleh banyak ekspedisi. Operasi penyelamatan kontroversial telah menemukan ribuan barang yang telah diawetkan dan dipajang di depan umum.

Banyak skema telah diajukan untuk mengangkat Titanic, termasuk mengisi bangkai kapal dengan bola ping-pong,[1] menyuntikkannya dengan 180.000 ton vaselin, atau menggunakan setengah juta ton nitrogen cair untuk membungkusnya dalam gunung es yang akan mengapung ke permukaan. Namun, bangkai kapal tersebut terlalu rapuh untuk diangkat dan sekarang dilindungi oleh konvensi UNESCO.

Referensi

  1. ^ Serway & Jewett 2006, hlm. 494.

Sumber

Sources

Buku

Jurnal dan artikel berita

  • Ballard, Robert D. (December 2004). "Why is Titanic Vanishing?". National Geographic Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 11 August 2017. Diakses tanggal 29 January 2011. 
  • Broad, William A. (17 October 1995). "The World's Deep, Cold Sea Floors Harbor a Riotous Diversity of Life". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 December 2017. Diakses tanggal 23 February 2017. 
  • Canfield, Clarke (8 March 2012). "Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time". The Associated Press. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 January 2013. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2012. 
  • Cohen, Jennie (8 March 2012). "First Map of Entire Titanic Wreck Site Sheds New Light on Disaster". History.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 June 2012. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012. 
  • Ferguson, Jonathan (4 September 1985). "Texas oilman says he found Titanic first – 'it's my wreck'". The Toronto Star. 
  • Gannon, Robert (February 1995). "What Really Sank the Titanic". Popular Science. hlm. 54. 
  • Handwerk, Brian (18 August 2010). "Titanic Is Falling Apart". National Geographic Magazine. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 February 2018. Diakses tanggal 7 March 2012. 
  • Kelly, Ray (27 October 2009). "Titanic salvage raises concerns". The Republican. Springfield, MA. 
  • Little, Crispin T. S. (February 2010). "The Prolific Afterlife of Whales". Scientific American. 302 (2): 78–84. Bibcode:2010SciAm.302b..78L. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0210-78. PMID 20128227. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 1 November 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 March 2010. 
  • Mone, Gregory (July 2004). "What's Eating the Titanic?". Popular Science: 42. 
  • Portman, Jamie (12 November 1994). "U.K. Titanic exhibit an off-season draw". The Toronto Star. 
  • Riding, Alan (16 December 1992). "1,800 Objects From the Titanic: Any Claims?". The New York Times. 
  • Stearns, David Patrick (17 May 1995). "Relics display shows interest in Titanic hasn't sunk". USA Today. 
  • Stephenson, Parks (20 September 2005). Titanic Wreck Observations 2005 (Laporan). Marine Forensic Panel. 
  • Taylor, Joe (2 October 1992). "Texas Oilman Seeking Titanic Artifacts Loses Case". The Associated Press. 
  • "Ariadne". New Scientist: 64. 6 October 1977. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2023. 
  • "Press: Suddenly, Now! Is Never". Time. 11 May 1981. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 13 November 2007. Diakses tanggal 23 June 2023. 
  • "Memphian Seeks Titanic Salvage". The Associated Press. 30 September 1992. 
  • "New species of bacteria found in Titanic 'rusticles'". BBC News. 6 December 2010. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 October 2011. Diakses tanggal 8 March 2012. 
  • Symonds, Matthew (April 2012). "Titanic: The archaeology of an emigrant ship". Current Archaeology (265): 14. 

Publikasi daring

Bacaan selanjutnya

  • Ballard, Robert D. (December 1985). "How We Found Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 168 no. 6. hlm. 696–719. 
  • Ballard, Robert D. (December 1986). "A Long Last Look at Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 170 no. 6. hlm. 698–727. 
  • Ballard, Robert D. (October 1987). "Epilogue for Titanic". National Geographic Magazine. Vol. 172 no. 4. hlm. 454–463.