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#ALIH[[Yahwe]] |
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{{dab|Artikel ini mengenai Tuhan Bangsa [[Kerajaan Israel|Israel]] dan [[Kerajaan Yehuda|Yehuda]]. Lihat juga: [[Tetragrammaton]].}} |
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[[Berkas:Zeus Yahweh.jpg|jmpl|220px|ka|Sekeping koin [[drachma]] (seperempat [[shekel]]) dari provinsi Persia [[Yehud Medinata|Yehud]], menampilkan Yahweh (dewa bulan) digambarkan sebagai laki-laki berjanggut duduk di atas takhta beroda dan bersayap.{{sfn|Edelman|1995|p=190Yahweh}}]] |
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{{Yudaisme}} |
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'''Yahweh''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|ɑː|hw|eɪ}}, atau sering disebut {{IPAc-en|ˈ|j|ɑː|w|eɪ}} dalam bahasa Indonesia; bentuk baku dalam [[bahasa Indonesia]]: Yahwe;<ref name="KBBIDYahwe">{{cite web|url=https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/{{urlencode:Yahwe|WIKI}}|title=Arti kata Yahwe|website=KBBI Daring|department=Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa, Kemendikbud|access-date=2 September 2020}}</ref> {{lang-he|יהוה}}) meskipun Yahweh tidak pernah disembah secara eksklusif oleh bangsa Israel.{{sfn|Miller|1986|p=110}} Namanya mungkin dimulai sebagai [[julukan]] kepada [[El]], Dewa tertinggi dalam [[Agama Kanaan|Panteon Kanaan]],{{sfn|Dijkstra|2001|p=92}} Referensi terawal yang menyebut nama Yahweh didapat dari catatan [[Mesir Kuno]] yang menempatkannya sebagai sesembahan di antara kaum [[nomad]] di kawasan selatan [[Transjordan]].{{sfn|Dever|2003b|p=128}} Dalam literatur alkitab tertua, dia digambarkan sebagai "prajurit ilahi" yang memimpin [[tentara surgawi]] melawan semua musuh Israel;{{sfn|Hackett|2001|p=158–159}} ia kemudian menjadi pemimpin utama dari kerajaan [[Kerajaan Israel (Samaria)|Samaria]] dan [[Kerajaan Yehuda|Yehuda]],{{sfn|Smith|2002|p=72}} dan dalam kurun waktu tertentu, kerajaan menyatakan bahwa Yahweh sebagai pencipta seluruh alam semesta dan memiliki keilahian yang tak dapat disangkal.{{sfn|Wyatt|2010|p=69–70}}{{sfn|Betz|2000|p=917}} Pada masa akhir [[pembuangan ke Babilonia]] (abad ke-6 SM), keberadaan ilah-ilah lain disangkal, dan Yahweh dicanangkan sebagai [[Tuhan pencipta|pencipta alam semesta]], sebagai Tuhan satu-satunya yang menjadi pemilik sejati seluruh alam semesta.{{sfn|Betz|2000|p=917}} |
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== Referensi == |
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=== Catatan kaki === |
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{{Reflist}} |
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=== Daftar Pustaka === |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Ackerman |
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|first = Susan |
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|chapter = Goddesses |
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|editor1-last = Richard |
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|editor1-first = Suzanne |
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|title = Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader |
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|publisher = Eisenbrauns |
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|year = 2003 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA394#v=onepage&q=Anat-Yahu%20Yahweh&f=false |
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|isbn = 978-1-57506-083-5 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Ahlstrom |
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|first = Gosta W. |
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|chapter = The Role of Archaeological and Literary Remains in Reconstructing Israel's History |
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|editor1-last = Edelman |
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|editor1-first = Diana Vikander |
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|title = The Fabric of History: Text, Artifact and Israel's Past |
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|publisher = A&C Black |
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|year = 1991 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=8ocfaZ6NaIMC&pg=PA116&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Albertz |
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|first = Rainer |
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|title = A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy |
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|publisher = Westminster John Knox |
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|year = 1994 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=RA1-PA145#v=onepage&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Allen |
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|first = Spencer L. |
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|title = The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East |
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|publisher = Walter de Gruyter |
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|year = 2015 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ou9eCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP6&dq=The+Splintered+Divine&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hVdhVeiuIKLamAXs1YHYAg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Splintered%20Divine&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Becking |
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|first = Bob |
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|chapter = The Gods in Whom They Trusted |
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|editor1-last = Becking |
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|editor1-first = Bob |
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|title = Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah |
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|publisher = A&C Black |
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|year = 2001 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Only+One+God?:+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3GRYVfiUNMLm8AXZ5YOIAw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Only%20One%20God%3F%3A%20Monotheism%20in%20Ancient%20Israel%20and%20the%20Veneration%20of%20the%20Goddess%20Asherah&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Bennett |
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|first = Harold V. |
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|title = Injustice Made Legal: Deuteronomic Law and the Plight of Widows, Strangers, and Orphans in Ancient Israel |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2002 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2wunawFdWaMC&pg=PA83&dq=%22Shiloh,+Bethel,+Gilgal,+Mizpah,+Ramah,+and+Dan%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=NO0hVYm7KqT3mQW89YCgCg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Shiloh%2C%20Bethel%2C%20Gilgal%2C%20Mizpah%2C%20Ramah%2C%20and%20Dan%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Betz |
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|first = Arnold Gottfried |
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|chapter = Monotheism |
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|editor1-last = Freedman |
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|editor1-first = David Noel |
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|editor2-last = Myer |
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|editor2-first = Allen C. |
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|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2000 |
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|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA917#v=onepage&q=bible%20monotheism%20Betz&f=false |
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|isbn = 9053565035 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Cohen |
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|first = Shaye J.D. |
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|chapter = The Temple and the Synagogue |
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|editor1-last = Finkelstein |
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|editor1-first = Louis |
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|editor2-last = Davies |
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|editor2-first = W. D. |
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|editor3-last = Horbury |
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|editor3-first = William |
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|title = The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 3, The Early Roman Period |
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|publisher = Cambridge University Press |
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|year = 1999 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=MA-4VX5gWS4C&pg=PA300&dq=Jerusalem+Temple+holy+cosmos+model+reflection&hl=en&sa=X&ei=G1wkVdSdLtP-8QXaxoGYCw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Jerusalem%20Temple%20holy%20cosmos%20model%20reflection&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Cohn |
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|first = Norman |
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|title = Cosmos, Chaos, and the World to Come: The Ancient Roots of Apocalyptic Faith |
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|publisher = Yale University Press |
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|year = 2001 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=dXpW9gsIJXsC&pg=PA132&dq=%22Yahweh+became+the+patron+god+of+the+kingdom%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-7gGVdSwFIPVmgWPzIGgAg&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Yahweh%20became%20the%20patron%20god%20of%20the%20kingdom%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Collins |
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|first = John J. |
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|title = The Bible After Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2005 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=yqClWOhqso0C&pg=PA99&dq=%22Israelite+Religion:+The+Return+of+the+Goddess%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=cEHtVOuRDorf8AWql4CQAw&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Israelite%20Religion%3A%20The%20Return%20of%20the%20Goddess%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Coogan |
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|first1 = Michael D. |
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|last2 = Smith |
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|first2 = Mark S. |
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|title = Stories from Ancient Canaan (2nd Edition) |
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|publisher = Presbyterian Publishing Corp |
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|year = 2012 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=G49SJI183IkC&source=gbs_navlinks_s |
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|isbn = 9053565035 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Cook |
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|first = Stephen L. |
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|title = The Social Roots of Biblical Yahwism |
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|publisher = Society of Biblical Literature |
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|year = 2004 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4LEA7FnNi-kC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Darby |
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|first = Erin |
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|title = Interpreting Judean Pillar Figurines: Gender and Empire in Judean Apotropaic Ritual |
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|publisher = Mohr Siebeck |
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|year = 2014 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=q4LXDvCwogQC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Davies |
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|first1 = Philip R. |
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|last2 = Rogerson |
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|first2 = John |
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|title = The Old Testament World |
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|publisher = Westminster John Knox |
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|year = 2005 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1MMF6Titau8C&pg=PA151&dq=%22sacrifices+and+psalms%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=M8EgVeWyIJbj8AWc14D4CA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22sacrifices%20and%20psalms%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Davies |
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|first = Philip R. |
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|chapter = Urban Religion and Rural Religion |
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|editor1-last = Stavrakopoulou |
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|editor1-first = Francesca |
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|editor2-last = Barton |
|||
|editor2-first = John |
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|title = Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah |
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|publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |
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|year = 2010 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kG_9-vki4ocC&pg=PA112&dq=%22impression+that+Jerusalem+was+always+supposed+to+be+the+central,+even+exclusive,+temple+of+Yahweh%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5WxpVavrD-TOmAWfjoOIAw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22impression%20that%20Jerusalem%20was%20always%20supposed%20to%20be%20the%20central%2C%20even%20exclusive%2C%20temple%20of%20Yahweh%22&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Day |
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|first = John |
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|authorlink = John Day (Old Testament scholar) |
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|title = Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan |
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|publisher = Continuum |
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|year = 2002 |
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|url = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC&dq=Yahweh+and+the+gods+and+goddesses+of+Canaan&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=ZlAsTMPnDYuecfK9pdcJ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Dever |
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|first = William G. |
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|chapter = Religion and Cult in the Levant |
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|editor1-last = Richard |
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|editor1-first = Suzanne |
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|title = Near Eastern Archaeology:A Reader |
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|publisher = Eisenbrauns |
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|year = 2003a |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=khR0apPid8gC&pg=PA388&f=false |
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|isbn = 978-1-57506-083-5 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Dever |
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|first = William G. |
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|title = Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2003b |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=A_ByXkpofAgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=who+were+the+early+israelites&hl=en&sa=X&ei=5DrxVKKKBMnr8AXC_YKIAg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=who%20were%20the%20early%20israelites&f=false |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Dever |
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|first = William G. |
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|title = Did God Have A Wife?: Archaeology And Folk Religion In Ancient Israel |
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|publisher = Eerdmans |
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|year = 2005 |
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|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IGR7-OSz7bUC |
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|isbn = 978-0-8028-2852-1 |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Dijkstra |
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|first = Meindert |
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|chapter = El the God of Israel-Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism |
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|editor1-last = Becking |
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|editor1-first = Bob |
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|editor2-last = Dijkstra |
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|editor2-first = Meindert |
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|editor3-last = Korpel |
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|editor3-first = Marjo C.A. |
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|editor4-last = Vriezen |
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|editor4-first = Karel J.H. |
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|title = Only One God?: Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah |
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|publisher = A&C Black |
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|year = 2001 |
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|url = https://books.google.nl/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC&pg=PA92&lpg=PA92&dq=%22El+who+is+present,+who+makes+himself+manifest%22&source=bl&ots=fqsTsBe0eL&sig=etEaBrdN_qK5Z4v7-vEHrpe99Yw&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=lFPmVMmcMIb0UqifgYgG&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22El%20who%20is%20present%2C%20who%20makes%20himself%20manifest%22&f=false |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Edelman |
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|first = Diana V. |
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|chapter = Tracking Observance of the Aniconic Tradition |
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|editor1-last = Edelman |
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|editor1-first = Diana Vikander |
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|title = The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms |
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|publisher = Peeters Publishers |
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|year = 1995 |
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|url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45&f=false&f=false |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Elior |
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|first = Rachel |
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|chapter = Early Forms of Jewish Mysticism |
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|editor1-last = Katz |
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|editor1-first = Steven T. |
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|title = The Cambridge History of Judaism: The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period |
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|publisher = Cambridge University Press |
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|year = 2006 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=BjtWLZhhMoYC&pg=PA779&dq=%22High+Priest+once+a+year+on+the+Day+of+Atonement%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3qAQVYqvIc7v8gWq_YHQCA&ved=0CC4Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22High%20Priest%20once%20a%20year%20on%20the%20Day%20of%20Atonement%22&f=false |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Finkelstein |
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|first1 = Israel |
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|last2 = Silberman |
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|first2 = Neil Asher |
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|title = The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts |
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|publisher = Simon and Schuster |
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|year = 2002 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&dq=The+Bible+Unearthed&source=gbs_navlinks_s |
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* {{cite book |
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|last1 = Frerichs |
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|first1 = Ernest S. |
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|publisher = Scholars Press |
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|year = 1998 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?ei=YoYwVfK5K4nNoAT0sIHwAQ&id=dqvYAAAAMAAJ&dq=The+Bible+and+Bibles+in+America&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Sacred+Name+Movement |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Gnuse |
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|first = Robert Karl |
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|title = No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel |
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|publisher = Continuum |
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|year = 1997 |
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|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=_lmvAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Gorman |
|||
|first = Frank H., Jr. |
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|chapter = Feasts, Festivals |
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|editor1-last = Freedman |
|||
|editor1-first = David Noel |
|||
|editor2-last = Myers |
|||
|editor2-first = Allen C. |
|||
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Amsterdam University Press |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA458&dq=%22saving+actions+on+behalf+of+the+nation%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jignVfbzG5HX8gX3jYCACg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22saving%20actions%20on%20behalf%20of%20the%20nation%22&f=false |
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|isbn = 978-1-57506-083-5 |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite journal |
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| last1 = Gnuse |
|||
| first1 = Robert |
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| date = 1999 |
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| title = The Emergence of Monotheism in Ancient Israel: A Survey of Recent Scholarship |
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| journal = Religion |
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| volume = 29 |
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| pages = 315–336 |
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| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1006/reli.1999.0198?journalCode=rrel20#preview |
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| ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Grabbe |
|||
|first = Lester |
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|chapter = 'Many nations will be joined to YHWH in that day': The question of YHWH outside Judah |
|||
|editor1-last = Stavrakopoulou |
|||
|editor1-first = Francesca |
|||
|editor2-last = Barton |
|||
|editor2-first = John |
|||
|title = Religious diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah |
|||
|publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=kG_9-vki4ocC&pg=PA184&dq=%22Yhwh+deity+and+Yhwh+cults+were+unique+to+Israel+and+Judah%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ARsOVYj3EIb78QW81oDYCQ&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Yhwh%20deity%20and%20Yhwh%20cults%20were%20unique%20to%20Israel%20and%20Judah%22&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-567-03216-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
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* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Grabbe |
|||
|first = Lester |
|||
|title = Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It? |
|||
|publisher = A&C Black |
|||
|year = 2007 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=IvfTAwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
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|ref = harv |
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}} |
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* {{cite book |
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|last = Hackett |
|||
|first = Jo Ann |
|||
|chapter = 'There Was No King In Israel': The Era of the Judges |
|||
|editor1-last = Coogan |
|||
|editor1-first = Michael David |
|||
|title = The Oxford History of the Biblical World |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&pg=PA132#v=onepage&q=There%20was%20no%20king%20in%20Israel&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-19-513937-2 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Halpern |
|||
|first1 = Baruch |
|||
|last2 = Adams |
|||
|first2 = Matthew J. |
|||
|title = From Gods to God: The Dynamics of Iron Age Cosmologies |
|||
|publisher = Mohr Siebeck |
|||
|year = 2009 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=SBmg9umxM2MC&pg=PA26&dq=%22crystallized+at+the+close+of+the+Bronze+Age%22%22worship+of+the+national+god%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=738jVY-WGNfx8gXOvIH4Cg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22crystallized%20at%20the%20close%20of%20the%20Bronze%20Age%22%22worship%20of%20the%20national%20god%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Handy |
|||
|first = Lowell K. |
|||
|title = Among the Host of Heaven: The Syro-Palestinian Pantheon as Bureaucracy |
|||
|publisher = Eisenbrauns |
|||
|year = 1995 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=fx1by4b1HzEC&pg=PA101&dq=%22Baal%27s+sphere+of+influence%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=LLIKVazvFM_h8AXxpIJg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Baal%27s%20sphere%20of%20influence%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Hess |
|||
|first = Richard S. |
|||
|title = Israelite Religions: An Archaeological and Biblical Survey |
|||
|publisher = Baker Academic |
|||
|year = 2007 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=2aJzBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA103&dq=%22four+tiers+of+deities%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SKEKVZ6dC6G8mQWC-YGwDw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22four%20tiers%20of%20deities%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Humphries |
|||
|first = W. Lee |
|||
|chapter = God, Names of |
|||
|editor1-last = Mills |
|||
|editor1-first = Watson E. |
|||
|editor2-last = Bullard |
|||
|editor2-first = Roger Aubrey |
|||
|title = Mercer Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Mercer University Press |
|||
|year = 1990 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA340&dq=%22used+in+the+Septuagint+where+Yahweh+appears%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=x4IwVc-BENLSoASlrYHgAg&ved=0CCEQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22used%20in%20the%20Septuagint%20where%20Yahweh%20appears%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Keel |
|||
|first = Othmar |
|||
|title = The Symbolism of the Biblical World: Ancient Near Eastern Iconography and the Book of Psalms |
|||
|publisher = Eisenbrauns |
|||
|year = 1997 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Fy4B1iMg33YC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Levin |
|||
|first = Christoph |
|||
|year = 2013 |
|||
|title = Re-Reading the Scriptures: Essays on the Literary History of the Old Testament |
|||
|publisher = Mohr Siebeck |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=aSNZ76USaYgC&pg=PA247&dq=%22ninth+century+onwards%22%22court+cult+definitely+bound+to+Yahweh%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dIMjVfywDonV8gWRm4DwCA&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22ninth%20century%20onwards%22%22court%20cult%20definitely%20bound%20to%20Yahweh%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Liverani |
|||
|first = Mario |
|||
|title = Israel's History and the History of Israel |
|||
|publisher = Routledge |
|||
|year = 2014 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=_1zfBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q=%22two%20kinds%20of%20co-existing%20political%20systems%22&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 978-1317488934 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Mafico |
|||
|first = Temba L.J. |
|||
|chapter = The Divine Name Yahweh Alohim from an African Perspective |
|||
|editor1-last = Segovia |
|||
|editor1-first = Fernando F. |
|||
|editor2-last = Tolbert |
|||
|editor2-first = Mary Ann |
|||
|title = Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation in Global Perspective |
|||
|volume = 2 |
|||
|publisher = Fortress Press |
|||
|year = 1992 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=PDE8sUdAyosC&pg=PA21&dq=The+Divine+Name+Yahweh+Alohim+from+an+African+Perspective&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3QsBVYnvBoGl8AWJqoCwCQ&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Divine%20Name%20Yahweh%20Alohim%20from%20an%20African%20Perspective&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Mastin |
|||
|first = B.A. |
|||
|chapter = Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating |
|||
|editor1-last = Day |
|||
|editor1-first = John |
|||
|title = In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel |
|||
|publisher = Bloomsbury |
|||
|year = 2005 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=sUuvAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA326&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Mettinger |
|||
|first = Tryggve N.D. |
|||
|chapter = A Conversation With My Critics: Cultic Image or Aniconism in the First Temple? |
|||
|editor1-last = Amit |
|||
|editor1-first = Yaira |
|||
|editor2-last = Naʼaman |
|||
|editor2-first = Nadav |
|||
|title = Essays on Ancient Israel in Its Near Eastern Context |
|||
|publisher = Eisenbrauns |
|||
|year = 2006 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA273&dq=%22the+prohibition+of+images+was+a+late+idea%22%22in+a+very+late+Deuteronomistic+layer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bk5YVdPlGobU8gWcnYCQAw&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22the%20prohibition%20of%20images%20was%20a%20late%20idea%22%22in%20a%20very%20late%20Deuteronomistic%20layer%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Meyers |
|||
|first = Carol |
|||
|chapter = Kinship and Kingship: The early Monarchy |
|||
|editor1-last = Coogan |
|||
|editor1-first = Michael David |
|||
|title = The Oxford History of the Biblical World |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gM-tZeEO4wgC&pg=PA166&dq=%22monarchic+state%22%22formal+concentration+of+power%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JFkOVebrOY3V8gWb1IHIBg&ved=0CCgQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22monarchic%20state%22%22formal%20concentration%20of%20power%22&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-19-513937-2 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = McDonald |
|||
|first = Nathan |
|||
|chapter = Aniconism in the Old Testament |
|||
|editor1-last = Gordon |
|||
|editor1-first = R.P. |
|||
|title = The God of Israel |
|||
|publisher = Cambridge University Press |
|||
|year = 2007 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=ZrGfxNqfszsC&pg=PA21&dq=%22Aniconism+in+the+Old+Testament%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H0XtVKL2F4iV8QXP2YDoDQ&ved=0CB4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Aniconism%20in%20the%20Old%20Testament%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Miller |
|||
|first = Patrick D |
|||
|author-link = Patrick D. Miller |
|||
|title = The Religion of Ancient Israel |
|||
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JBhY9BQ7hIQC |
|||
|isbn = 978-0-664-22145-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Miller |
|||
|first = Patrick D |
|||
|author-link = Patrick D. Miller |
|||
|title = A History of Ancient Israel and Judah |
|||
|publisher = Westminster John Knox Press |
|||
|year = 1986 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&pg=PA110&dq=%22Yahweh%22%22national+god+of+Israel+and+Judah%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bOD_VPXPHIrh8AXLkYCYCw&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Yahweh%22%22national%20god%20of%20Israel%20and%20Judah%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Moore |
|||
|first1 = Megan Bishop |
|||
|last2 = Kelle |
|||
|first2 = Brad E. |
|||
|title = Biblical History and Israel's Past: The Changing Study of the Bible and History |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|year = 2011 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&pg=PA125&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Niehr |
|||
|first = Herbert |
|||
|chapter = The Rise of YHWH in Judahite and Israelite Religion |
|||
|editor1-last = Edelman |
|||
|editor1-first = Diana Vikander |
|||
|title = The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms |
|||
|publisher = Peeters Publishers |
|||
|year = 1995 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&pg=PA45&f=false&f=false |
|||
|isbn = 9053565035 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Noll |
|||
|first = K.L. |
|||
|title = Canaan and Israel in Antiquity: An Introduction |
|||
|publisher = A&C Black |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=XSpoCmOe0S8C&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Petersen |
|||
|first = Allan Rosengren |
|||
|title = The Royal God: Enthronement Festivals in Ancient Israel and Ugarit? |
|||
|publisher = A&C Black |
|||
|year = 1998 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=4YetAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA23&dq=%22the+enthronement+festival+of+Yahweh%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=xC4nVfKqOIrU8gXv7IGADw&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=%22the%20enthronement%20festival%20of%20Yahweh%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Schniedewind |
|||
|first = William M. |
|||
|title = A Social History of Hebrew: Its Origins Through the Rabbinic Period |
|||
|publisher = Yale University Press |
|||
|year = 2013 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=CcjYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA93&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Mark S. |
|||
|chapter = El |
|||
|editor1-last = Freedman |
|||
|editor1-first = David Noel |
|||
|editor2-last = Myer |
|||
|editor2-first = Allen C. |
|||
|title = Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|year = 2000 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA385&dq=%22facts+militate+against+an+identification+of+Yahweh+as+originally+a+title+of+El%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=phNcVeWVNaWymAWAk4CoDQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22facts%20militate%20against%20an%20identification%20of%20Yahweh%20as%20originally%20a%20title%20of%20El%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Mark S. |
|||
|year = 2001 |
|||
|authorlink = Mark S. Smith |
|||
|title = The Origins of Biblical Monotheism: Israel's Polytheistic Background and the Ugaritic Texts |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=n0v0NB5-n3sC&printsec=frontcover&dq=mark+smith+2001&hl=en&sa=X&ei=wpcKVZi5HYrr8gXp3IKIAw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=mark%20smith%202001&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Mark S. |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|authorlink = Mark S. Smith |
|||
|title = The Early History of God: Yahweh and the Other Deities in Ancient Israel |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&pg=PA28&dq=%22Iron+I+Israel+was+largely+Canaanite%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=N1LyVNC9L5fs8AW-34GIAw&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Iron%20I%20Israel%20was%20largely%20Canaanite%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Mark S. |
|||
|chapter = Astral Religion and the Divinity |
|||
|editor1-last = Noegel |
|||
|editor1-first = Scott |
|||
|editor2-last = Walker |
|||
|editor2-first = Joel |
|||
|title = Prayer, Magic, and the Stars in the Ancient and Late Antique World |
|||
|publisher = Penn State Press |
|||
|year = 2003 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=gb-jl0nef-4C&pg=PA187&dq=%22West+Semitic+religion+in+general+owes+much+to+astral+religion%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ulFcVZbDFqXLmwWX54GwAQ&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22West%20Semitic%20religion%20in%20general%20owes%20much%20to%20astral%20religion%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Mark S. |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|authorlink = Mark S. Smith |
|||
|title = God in Translation: Deities in Cross-Cultural Discourse in the Biblical World |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=yvWlC0kUlkYC&pg=PA119&dq=%22various+chief+gods%22%22stand+more+or+less+on+par%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=H38jVdyyF8m68gXK9IG4Cg&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22various%20chief%20gods%22%22stand%20more%20or%20less%20on%20par%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Smith |
|||
|first = Morton |
|||
|chapter = Jewish Religious Life in the Persian Period |
|||
|editor1-last = Finkelstein |
|||
|editor1-first = Louis |
|||
|title = The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 1, Introduction: The Persian Period |
|||
|publisher = Cambridge University Press |
|||
|year = 1984 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=Jo0LKxcMJKAC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Sommer |
|||
|first1 = Benjamin D. |
|||
|chapter = God, names of |
|||
|editor1-last = Berlin |
|||
|editor1-first = Adele |
|||
|editor2-last = Grossman |
|||
|editor2-first = Maxine L. |
|||
|title = The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|year = 2011 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hKAaJXvUaUoC&pg=PA299 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Van Der Toorn |
|||
|first = Karel |
|||
|chapter = Ritual Resistance and Self-Assertion |
|||
|editor1-last = Platvoet |
|||
|editor1-first = Jan. G. |
|||
|editor2-last = Van Der Toorn |
|||
|editor2-first = Karel |
|||
|title = Pluralism and Identity: Studies in Ritual Behaviour |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|year = 1995 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=178X5n7zArwC&pg=PA229&dq=%22Ritual+Resistance+and+Self-Assertion%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=dwIIVau9JKbmmAX19oGQCQ&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Ritual%20Resistance%20and%20Self-Assertion%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Van Der Toorn |
|||
|first = Karel |
|||
|chapter = Yahweh |
|||
|editor1-last = Van Der Toorn |
|||
|editor1-first = Karel |
|||
|editor2-last = Becking |
|||
|editor2-first = Bob |
|||
|editor3-last = van der Horst |
|||
|editor3-first = Pieter Willem |
|||
|title = Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible |
|||
|publisher = Eerdmans |
|||
|year = 1999 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA912&dq=%22If+the+Kenite+hypothesis+is+to+be+maintained%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=3_sHVYefGeS6mQWjyoHABA&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22If%20the%20Kenite%20hypothesis%20is%20to%20be%20maintained%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Van Der Toorn |
|||
|first = Karel |
|||
|title = Family Religion in Babylonia, Ugarit and Israel: Continuity and Changes in the Forms of Religious Life |
|||
|publisher = BRILL |
|||
|year = 1996 |
|||
|url = https://books.google.com.au/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&pg=PA281&dq=%22Yahweh+was+not+worshipped+in+the+West+Semitic+world%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zTTxVMWGOM7c8AWIloHABg&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=%22Yahweh%20was%20not%20worshipped%20in%20the%20West%20Semitic%20world%22&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last1 = Wright |
|||
|first1 = J. Edward |
|||
|title = The Early History of Heaven |
|||
|year = 2002 |
|||
|publisher = Oxford University Press |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com.au/books?id=lKvMeMorNBEC&pg=PA42&dq=Mesopotamian&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-Af5TqCHKYy5iAep55W2AQ&ved=0CEEQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
* {{cite book |
|||
|last = Wyatt |
|||
|first = Nicolas |
|||
|chapter = Royal Religion in Ancient Judah |
|||
|editor1-last = Stavrakopoulou |
|||
|editor1-first = Francesca |
|||
|editor2-last = Barton |
|||
|editor2-first = John |
|||
|title = Religious Diversity in Ancient Israel and Judah |
|||
|publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group |
|||
|year = 2010 |
|||
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kG_9-vki4ocC&pg=PR5|isbn=978-0-567-03216-4 |
|||
|ref = harv |
|||
}} |
|||
<!-- {{Nama Tuhan}} --> |
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[[Kategori:Yahweh| ]] |
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[[Kategori:Agama Semit Kuno]] |
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[[Kategori:Dewa pencipta]] |
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[[Kategori:Yahudi dan Yudaisme]] |
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[[Kategori:Dewa langit dan cuaca]] |
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[[Kategori:Dewa perang]] |
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[[Kategori:Istilah yang direkonstruksi]] |
Revisi per 28 November 2023 06.35
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