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IQ and the Wealth of Nations adalah sebuah buku kontroversial oleh Dr. Richard Lynn, Professor Emeritus of Psychology di University of Ulster, Irlandia Utara, dan Dr. Tatu Vanhanen, Professor Emeritus of Political Science di University of Tampere, Tampere, Finlandia. Buku ini terbit pada tahun 2002. Menurut buku ini, perbedaan pendapatan nasional (dalam bentuk GDP per kapita) berhubungan dengan IQ rata-rata negara itu. Hal ini ditafsirkan sebagai pentingnya IQ dalam sumbangan kekayaan nasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun IQ bukan satu-satunya faktor penentu.

Buku ini juga berisi perhitungan IQ rata-rata dari 81 negara oleh Lynn dan Vanhanen. Mereka juga menyimpulkan bahwa GDP rendah dapat menyebabkan IQ rendah, dan IQ rendah dapat menyebabkan GDP rendah. Mereka juga mengatakan bahwa negara-negara kaya memiliki tanggungjawab untuk membantu negara-negara miskin, seperti halnya orang kaya memiliki tanggungjawab untuk membantu orang miskin.

Karena Tatu Vanhanen adalah ayah dari Matti Vanhanen, perdana menteri Finlandia, karyanya mendapat banyak perhatian di Finlandia.

Templat:IQ and the Wealth of Nations

Dalam beberapa kasus, GDP tidak berhubungan dengan IQ karena sumber daya alam. Contohnya adalah Qatar, yang IQ-nya diperkirakan 78 namun memiliki GDP USD 17.000. Hal ini karena Qatar memiliki sumber minyak. Contoh lain adalah Botswana dengan tambang intannya.

@@ Baris 1: / Baris 1: @@
 '''''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''''' adalah sebuah buku kontroversial oleh Dr. [[Richard Lynn]], Professor Emeritus of Psychology di [[University of Ulster]], [[Irlandia Utara]], dan  Dr. [[Tatu Vanhanen]], Professor Emeritus of Political Science di [[University of Tampere]], [[Tampere]], [[Finlandia]]. Buku ini terbit pada tahun [[2002]]. Menurut buku ini, perbedaan pendapatan nasional (dalam bentuk GDP per kapita) berhubungan dengan IQ rata-rata negara itu. Hal ini ditafsirkan sebagai pentingnya IQ dalam sumbangan kekayaan nasional dan pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun IQ bukan satu-satunya faktor penentu.
-[[Image:IQatWoN_GDP_IQ.png|right|thumb|350px|Grafik perhitungan IQ dan GDP oleh Lynn dan Vanhanen]]
 Buku ini juga berisi perhitungan IQ rata-rata dari 81 negara oleh Lynn dan Vanhanen. Mereka juga menyimpulkan bahwa GDP rendah dapat menyebabkan IQ rendah, dan IQ rendah dapat menyebabkan GDP rendah. Mereka juga mengatakan bahwa negara-negara kaya memiliki tanggungjawab untuk membantu negara-negara miskin, seperti halnya orang kaya memiliki tanggungjawab untuk membantu orang miskin.
+Karena Tatu Vanhanen adalah ayah dari [[Matti Vanhanen]], perdana menteri Finlandia, karyanya mendapat banyak perhatian di Finlandia.
-<!--
-The book was cited several times in the popular press, notably the British conservative newspaper ''[[The Times]]''. Because Tatu Vanhanen is the father of [[Matti Vanhanen]], the [[Finland|Finnish]] [[Prime minister]], his work has received wide publicity in Finland. It has also been severely criticized.
-==National IQ estimates==
-Central to the book's thesis is a tabulation of what Lynn and Vanhanen believe to be the average IQs of the world's nations.  Rather than do their own IQ studies (a potentially massive project), the authors average and adjust existing studies.
-For 104 of the 185 nations, no reliable studies were available. In those cases, the authors have used an estimated value by taking averages of the IQs of neighboring or comparable nations.  For example, the authors arrived at a figure of 84 for El Salvador by averaging their calculations of 79 for Guatemala and 88 for Colombia. Including those estimated IQs, the correlation of IQ and GDP is 0.62.
-To obtain a figure for South Africa, the authors averaged IQ studies done on different ethnic groups, resulting in a figure of 72.  The figures for Colombia, Peru and Singapore were arrived at in a similar manner.  For [[People's Republic of China]], the authors used a figure of 109.4 for [[Shanghai]] and adjusted it down by an arbitrary 6 points because they believed the average across China's rural areas was probably less than that in Shanghai. Another figure from a study done in [[Beijing]] was not adjusted downwards. Those two studies formed the resultant score for China (PRC).
-In some cases, the IQ of a country is estimated by averaging the IQs of countries that are not actually neighbors of the country in question. For example, [[Kyrgyzstan]]'s IQ is estimated by averaging the IQs of Iran and Turkey, neither of which is close to Kyrgyzstan  &ndash;  China, which is a geographic neighbor, is not counted as such by Lynn and Vanhanen.
-To account for the [[Flynn effect]] (an increase in IQ scores over time), the authors adjusted the results of older studies upward by an number of points.
 {{IQ and the Wealth of Nations}}
+Dalam beberapa kasus, GDP tidak berhubungan dengan IQ karena sumber daya alam. Contohnya adalah [[Qatar]], yang IQ-nya diperkirakan 78 namun memiliki GDP USD 17.000. Hal ini karena Qatar memiliki sumber minyak. Contoh lain adalah [[Botswana]] dengan tambang intannya.
-===Special cases===
-In several cases, actual GDP did not correspond with that predicted by IQ. In these cases, the authors argued that differences in GDP were caused by differences in natural resources and whether the nation used a "[[planned economy|planned]]" or [[market economy|"market" economy]].
-One example of this was Qatar, whose IQ was estimated by Lynn and Vanhanen to be about 78, yet had a disproportionately high per capita GDP of roughly USD $17,000. The authors explain Qatar's disproportionately high GDP by its high [[petroleum]] resources. Similarly, the authors think that large resources of [[diamond]]s explain the economic growth of the African nation [[Botswana]], the fastest in the world for several decades.
-The authors argued that the [[People's Republic of China]]'s per capita GDP of roughly USD $4,500 could be explained by its use of a communist [[economic system]] for much of its [[Economy of the People's Republic of China|recent history]].  The authors also predicted that communist nations who they believe have comparatively higher IQs, including the PRC, Vietnam, and North Korea, can be expected to gain GDP by moving from centrally-planned to market economic systems, while predicting continued poverty for African nations. Recent trends in the [[economy of the People's Republic of China]] and [[Vietnam]] seem to confirm this prediction, as China's GDP has quadrupled since market reforms in [[1988]].
-Lastly, although the study mentioned that the average [[India]]n IQ stood at 81, it must be noted that India's high cultural and ethnic diversity suggest a great variance in IQ. The relatively low estimate is mostly due to India's relatively poor healthcare system and high socio-economic inequality. Thus, it is hard to obtain a nationally-representative sample in India.<sup>[http://www.vdare.com/sailer/india.htm]</sup> It is because of this reason that the data is not able to explain the recent surge in [[Economy of India|India's economy]]. In the United States, [[Asian Indians]] earn incomes 1.42 times the American average.
-==Related studies==
-{{Cleanup|October 2006}}
-''IQ and the Wealth of Nations''' was not peer-reviewed before publication but was published by a publisher of academic literature. Peer reviewed articles have used the IQ scores presented in the book and some have also commented on the claims in the book.
+<!--
 Several negative reviews have been published in the scholarly literature. Susan Barnett and Wendy Williams wrote that "we see an edifice built on layer upon layer of arbitrary assumptions and selective data manipulation. The data on which the entire book is based are of questionably validity and are used in ways that cannot be justified."<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books | month = August | year = 2004 | volume = 49 | issue = 4 | pages = 389-396 | author = Barnett, Susan M. and Williams, Wendy | title = National Intelligence and the Emperor's New Clothes | url = http://psycinfo.apa.org/psyccritiques/display/?uid=2004-17780-001}}</ref> They also wrote that cross country comparisons are "virtually meaningless." Ken Richardson wrote "This is not so much science, then, as a social crusade. The [[Pioneer Fund]] of America, champion of many dubious causes in the past, will obtain little credit from having assisted this one."<ref>[http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v92/n4/full/6800418a.html Heredity April 2004, Volume 92, Number 4, Pages 359-360]</ref> Thomas Nechyba wrote of "relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions."<ref>Nechyba, T. (2004). Review of IQ and the Wealth of Nations. Journal of
 Economic Literature, 42, 220–221. (p. 220)</ref> Astrid Ervik asked "are people in rich countries smarter than those in poorer countries?" and concluded that "the authors fail to present convincing evidence and appear to jump to conclusions."<ref>Ervik, A. O. (2003). IQ and the Wealth of Nations. The Economic Journal, 113, No. 488, F406–F407.</ref>