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| title = Advanced Inorganic Chemistry
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| title = Handbook of Metal Etchants
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| edition =
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| editor-first = David R.|editor-last = Lide
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| edition = 87th
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| year = 2006
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| publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
|publisher = CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
| isbn = 978-0-8493-0487-3
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| ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|2006}}
|ref = {{sfnRef|CRC|2006}}
}}
}}
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| last = Cunningham
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| coauthors =
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| chapter = Californium
|chapter = Californium
| pages=
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| ref = harv
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| lccn = 68-29938
|lccn = 68-29938
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| title = The Elements
|title = The Elements
| last = Emsley
|last = Emsley
| first = John
|first = John
| publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 1998
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| isbn = 978-0-19-855818-7
|isbn = 978-0-19-855818-7
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}}
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| title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
|title = Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements
| last = Emsley
|last = Emsley
| first = John
|first = John
| publisher = Oxford University Press
|publisher = Oxford University Press
| year = 2001
|year = 2001
| isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8
|isbn = 978-0-19-850340-8
| chapter = Californium
|chapter = Californium
| pages =
|pages =
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Yhi5X7OwuGkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
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|ref = harv
}}
}}
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* {{cite book
| last = Greenwood
|last = Greenwood
| first = N. N.
|first = N. N.
| coauthors = Earnshaw, A.
|coauthors = Earnshaw, A.
| title = Chemistry of the Elements
|title = Chemistry of the Elements
| edition = 2nd
|edition = 2nd
| publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann
|publisher = Butterworth-Heinemann
| year = 1997
|year = 1997
| isbn = 978-0-7506-3365-9
|isbn = 978-0-7506-3365-9
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|ref = harv
}}
}}
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* {{cite book
| title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
|title = The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements
| editor1-first = Lester R.
|editor1-first = Lester R.
| editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.
|editor1-last = Morss|editor2-first = Norman M.
| editor2-last = Edelstein
|editor2-last = Edelstein
| editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean
|editor3-last = Fuger|editor3-first = Jean
| last = Haire|first = Richard G.
|last = Haire|first = Richard G.
| chapter = Californium
|chapter = Californium
| publisher = Springer Science+Business Media
|publisher = Springer Science+Business Media
| year = 2006
|year = 2006
| isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5
|isbn = 978-1-4020-3555-5
| edition = 3rd
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}}
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| last = Heiserman
|last = Heiserman
| first = David L.
|first = David L.
| year = 1992
|year = 1992
| title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds
|title = Exploring Chemical Elements and their Compounds
| publisher = TAB Books
|publisher = TAB Books
| isbn = 978-0-8306-3018-9
|isbn = 978-0-8306-3018-9
| chapter = Element 98: Californium
|chapter = Element 98: Californium
| ref = harv
|ref = harv
| url=http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC
|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=24l-Cpal9oIC
}}
}}
* {{cite book
* {{cite book
| others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary
|others = trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary
| editor1-first = Hans-Dieter | editor1-last = Jakubke
|editor1-first = Hans-Dieter |editor1-last = Jakubke
| editor2-first = Hans | editor2-last = Jeschkeit
|editor2-first = Hans |editor2-last = Jeschkeit
| title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
|title = Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry
| publisher = Walter de Gruyter
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| year = 1994
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Owuv-c9L_IMC&printsec=frontcover
| isbn = 978-3-11-011451-5
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| ref = {{sfnRef|Jakubke|1994}}
|ref = {{sfnRef|Jakubke|1994}}
}}
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| title = The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide
|title = The History and Use of our Earth's Chemical Elements: A Reference Guide
| year = 2006
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| publisher = Greenwood Publishing Group
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| isbn = 978-0-313-33438-2
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| title = Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version
|title = Radiation Source Use and Replacement: Abbreviated Version
| author = National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement
|author = National Research Council (U.S.). Committee on Radiation Source Use and Replacement
| year = 2008
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| publisher = National Academies Press
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| ref = {{sfnRef|NRC|2008}}
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&printsec=frontcover
|url = http://books.google.com/books?id=3cT2REdXJ98C&printsec=frontcover
| isbn = 978-0-309-11014-3
|isbn = 978-0-309-11014-3
}}
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| editor1-last = O'Neil|editor1-first = Marydale J.
|editor1-last = O'Neil|editor1-first = Marydale J.
| editor2-last = Heckelman|editor2-first = Patricia E.
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| title = The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals
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| edition = 14th
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| publisher = Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co.
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| year = 2006
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| isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1
|isbn = 978-0-911910-00-1
| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=kEYfRAAACAAJ
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}}
}}
* {{cite journal
* {{cite journal
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| last1 = Ruiz-Lapuente
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=I6Rl1VAAX3QC
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| ref = {{sfnRef|Ruiz-Lapuente|1996}}
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| last1 = Seaborg|first1 = Glenn T.
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| title = The Elements Beyond Uranium
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| publisher = John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=QFhRAAAAMAAJ
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| last = Seaborg
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| title = Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg
|title = Modern alchemy: selected papers of Glenn T. Seaborg
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| title = One Hundred Years after the Discovery of Radioactivity
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| publisher = Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag
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| isbn = 978-3-486-64252-0
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| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=whGiCQywLi8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
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* {{cite encyclopedia
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* {{cite book
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| ref = harv
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| isbn = 978-0-7661-3872-8
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| lccn = 68-15217
|lccn = 68-15217
}}
}}



Revisi per 15 Maret 2016 17.12

98Cf
Kalifornium
Cakram logam kalifornium, memiliki berat 10 mg
Garis spektrum kalifornium
Sifat umum
Pengucapan/kalifornium/[1]
Penampilankeperakan
Kalifornium dalam tabel periodik
Perbesar gambar

98Cf
Hidrogen Helium
Lithium Berilium Boron Karbon Nitrogen Oksigen Fluor Neon
Natrium Magnesium Aluminium Silikon Fosfor Sulfur Clor Argon
Potasium Kalsium Skandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Mangan Besi Cobalt Nikel Tembaga Seng Gallium Germanium Arsen Selen Bromin Kripton
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
Caesium Barium Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury (element) Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
Francium Radium Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Flerovium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
Dy

Cf

(Upb)
berkeliumkaliforniumeinsteinium
Lihat bagan navigasi yang diperbesar
Nomor atom (Z)98
Golongangolongan n/a
Periodeperiode 7
Blokblok-f
Kategori unsur  aktinida
Nomor massa[251]
Konfigurasi elektron[Rn] 5f10 7s2 [2]
Elektron per kelopak2, 8, 18, 32, 28, 8, 2
Sifat fisik
Fase pada STS (0 °C dan 101,325 kPa)padat
Titik lebur1173 K ​(900 °C, ​1652 °F)[3]
Titik didih1743 K ​(1470 °C, ​2678 °F) (perkiraan)[4]
Kepadatan mendekati s.k.15,1 g/cm3[3]
Sifat atom
Bilangan oksidasi+2, +3, +4, +5[5][6]
ElektronegativitasSkala Pauling: 1,3[7]
Energi ionisasike-1: 608 kJ/mol[8]
Lain-lain
Kelimpahan alamisintetis
Struktur kristalsusunan padat heksagon ganda (dhcp)
Struktur kristal Double hexagonal close packed untuk kalifornium
Skala Mohs3–4[9]
Nomor CAS7440-71-3[3]
Sejarah
Penamaandari California, tempat di mana ia ditemukan
PenemuanLaboratorium Nasional Lawrence Berkeley (1950)
Isotop kalifornium yang utama[10][11]
Iso­top Kelim­pahan Waktu paruh (t1/2) Mode peluruhan Pro­duk
248Cf sintetis 333,5 hri α (100%) 244Cm
SF (2,9×10−3 %)
249Cf sintetis 351 thn α (100%) 245Cm
SF (5,0×10−7 %)
250Cf sintetis 13,08 thn α (99,92%) 246Cm
SF (0,08%)
251Cf sintetis 898 thn α 247Cm
252Cf sintetis 2,645 thn α (96,91%) 248Cm
SF (3,09%)
253Cf sintetis 17,81 hri β (99,69%) 253Es
α (0,31%) 249Cm
254Cf sintetis 60,5 hri SF (99,69%)
α (0,31%) 250Cm
| referensi | di Wikidata

Kalifornium (pengucapan: /ˌkælɪˈforniəm/) adalah unsur kimia dalam sistem periodik unsur yang memiliki lambang Cf dan nomor atom 98.

Referensi

  1. ^ (Indonesia) "Kalifornium". KBBI Daring. Diakses tanggal 17 Juli 2022. 
  2. ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 1.14.
  3. ^ a b c CRC 2006, hlm. 4.56.
  4. ^ Joseph Jacob Katz; Glenn Theodore Seaborg; Lester R. Morss (1986). The Chemistry of the actinide elements. Chapman and Hall. hlm. 1038. ISBN 9780412273704. Diakses tanggal 5 Agustus 2022. 
  5. ^ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, A. (1997), Chemistry of the Elements (edisi ke-2), Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann, hlm. 1265, ISBN 0-7506-3365-4 
  6. ^ Kovács, Attila; Dau, Phuong D.; Marçalo, Joaquim; Gibson, John K. (2018). "Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States". Inorg. Chem. American Chemical Society. 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. OSTI 1631597. PMID 30040397. 
  7. ^ Emsley 1998, hlm. 50.
  8. ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 10.204.
  9. ^ CRC 1991, hlm. 254.
  10. ^ CRC 2006, hlm. 11.196.
  11. ^ Sonzogni, Alejandro A. (Database Manager), ed. (2008). "Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center, Brookhaven National Laboratory. Diakses tanggal 5 Agustus 2022. 

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