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Frahat III tewas dibunuh putra-putranya, [[Orodes II dari Parthia|Werod II]] dan [[Mihrdat IV]]. Werod II selanjutnya berbalik melawan Mihrdat IV dan memaksanya mengungsi dari Mada ke [[Suriah (provinsi Romawi)|Suriah]], daerah jajahan bangsa Romawi.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=48–49}}; baca juga {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}</ref> [[Aulus Gabinius]], Prokonsul Suriah, berusaha membantu Mihrdat IV dengan mengerahkan pasukan ke Sungai Efrat, tetapi harus menarik kembali pasukannya untuk membantu [[Ptolemaios XII Auletes|Ptolomeos Avlitis]] (memerintah 80–58 & 55–51 pra-Masehi) memadamkan pemberontakan di Mesir.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=48–49}} maupun {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=94–95}} hanya sedikit menyinggung kejadian ini secara sambil lalu.</ref> Meskipun tidak dibantu bangsa Romawi, Mihrdat IV berhasil menduduki Babel, dan menerbitkan uang logam di Selefkia sampai tahun 54 pra-Masehi. Pada tahun itu, panglima bawahan Werod II, yang hanya dikenal dengan nama keluarganya, [[Suren]], merebut kembali Selefkia dan menghukum mati Mihrdat IV.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=49}}</ref> |
Frahat III tewas dibunuh putra-putranya, [[Orodes II dari Parthia|Werod II]] dan [[Mihrdat IV]]. Werod II selanjutnya berbalik melawan Mihrdat IV dan memaksanya mengungsi dari Mada ke [[Suriah (provinsi Romawi)|Suriah]], daerah jajahan bangsa Romawi.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=48–49}}; baca juga {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}</ref> [[Aulus Gabinius]], Prokonsul Suriah, berusaha membantu Mihrdat IV dengan mengerahkan pasukan ke Sungai Efrat, tetapi harus menarik kembali pasukannya untuk membantu [[Ptolemaios XII Auletes|Ptolomeos Avlitis]] (memerintah 80–58 & 55–51 pra-Masehi) memadamkan pemberontakan di Mesir.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=48–49}} maupun {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=94–95}} hanya sedikit menyinggung kejadian ini secara sambil lalu.</ref> Meskipun tidak dibantu bangsa Romawi, Mihrdat IV berhasil menduduki Babel, dan menerbitkan uang logam di Selefkia sampai tahun 54 pra-Masehi. Pada tahun itu, panglima bawahan Werod II, yang hanya dikenal dengan nama keluarganya, [[Suren]], merebut kembali Selefkia dan menghukum mati Mihrdat IV.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=49}}</ref> |
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[[Marcus Licinius Crassus]], salah seorang dari ketiga [[Triumvirat pertama|''triumviri'' pertama]], yang ketika itu menjadi Prokonsul Suriah, menginvasi Partia pada tahun 53 pra-Masehi dalam rangka membantu Mihrdat IV.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=49–50}}; {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}</ref> Pada saat angkatan bersenjata Romawi [[Pertempuran Carrhae|bergerak menuju Haran]], Werod II menginvasi Armenia, sehingga [[Artavasdes II dari Armenia|Rtawazda II]] (memerintah 53–34 pra-Masehi) tidak dapat mengirimkan pasukan Armenia untuk membantu Marcus Licinius Crassus. Werod II membujuk Rtawazda II untuk menjalin persekutuan dengan jalan menjodohkan Putra Mahkota Partia, [[Pakur II]] (wafat 38 pra-Masehi), dengan salah seorang saudara perempuan Rtawazda II.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=55–56}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=79}}; baca juga {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=94–95}} dan {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=12–13}}</ref> |
[[Marcus Licinius Crassus]], salah seorang dari ketiga [[Triumvirat pertama|''triumviri'' pertama]], yang ketika itu menjadi Prokonsul Suriah, menginvasi Partia pada tahun 53 pra-Masehi dalam rangka membantu Mihrdat IV.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=49–50}}; {{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}</ref> Pada saat angkatan bersenjata Romawi [[Pertempuran Carrhae|bergerak menuju Haran]], Werod II menginvasi Armenia, sehingga [[Artavasdes II dari Armenia|Rtawazda II]] (memerintah 53–34 pra-Masehi) tidak dapat mengirimkan pasukan Armenia untuk membantu Marcus Licinius Crassus. Werod II membujuk Rtawazda II untuk menjalin persekutuan dengan jalan menjodohkan Putra Mahkota Partia, [[Pakur II]] (wafat 38 pra-Masehi), dengan salah seorang saudara perempuan Rtawazda II.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=55–56}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=79}}; baca juga {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=94–95}} dan {{harvnb|Curtis|2007|pp=12–13}}</ref> |
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Suren mengerahkan sepasukan prajurit yang seluruhnya berkuda untuk melawan Marcus Licinius Crassus.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}</ref><!-- Surena's 1,000 [[cataphract]]s (prajurit with lances) and 9,000 [[horse archer]]s were outnumbered roughly four to one by Crassus' army, comprising seven [[Roman legion]]s and auxiliaries including mounted [[Gaul]]s and light infantry.<ref name="bivar_1983_52">{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=52}}</ref> Using a baggage train of about 1,000 camels, the Parthian army provided the horse archers with a constant supplies of arrows.<ref name="bivar_1983_52"/> The horse archers employed the "[[Parthian shot]]" tactic: feigning retreat to draw enemy out, then turning and shooting at them when exposed. This tactic, executed with heavy [[composite bow]]s on the flat plain, devastated Crassus' infantry.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|pp=94–95}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|pp=78–79}}</ref> |
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With some 20,000 Romans dead, approximately 10,000 captured, and roughly another 10,000 escaping west, Crassus fled into the Armenian countryside.<ref>{{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> At the head of his army, Surena approached Crassus, offering a [[parley]], which Crassus accepted. However, he was killed when one of his junior officers, suspecting a trap, attempted to stop him from riding into Surena's camp.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> Crassus' defeat at Carrhae was one of the worst military defeats of Roman history.<ref name="kennedy_1996_78"/> Parthia's victory cemented its reputation as a formidable if not equal power with Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=55–56}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> With his camp followers, war captives, and precious Roman booty, Surena traveled some 700 km (430 mi) back to Seleucia where his victory was celebrated. However, fearing his ambitions even for the Arsacid throne, Orodes had Surena executed shortly thereafter.<ref name="kennedy_1996_78">{{harvnb|Kennedy|1996|p=78}}</ref> |
With some 20,000 Romans dead, approximately 10,000 captured, and roughly another 10,000 escaping west, Crassus fled into the Armenian countryside.<ref>{{harvnb|Katouzian|2009|pp=42–43}}; {{harvnb|Garthwaite|2005|p=79}}; {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> At the head of his army, Surena approached Crassus, offering a [[parley]], which Crassus accepted. However, he was killed when one of his junior officers, suspecting a trap, attempted to stop him from riding into Surena's camp.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=52–55}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> Crassus' defeat at Carrhae was one of the worst military defeats of Roman history.<ref name="kennedy_1996_78"/> Parthia's victory cemented its reputation as a formidable if not equal power with Rome.<ref>{{harvnb|Bivar|1983|pp=55–56}}; {{harvnb|Brosius|2006|p=96}}</ref> With his camp followers, war captives, and precious Roman booty, Surena traveled some 700 km (430 mi) back to Seleucia where his victory was celebrated. However, fearing his ambitions even for the Arsacid throne, Orodes had Surena executed shortly thereafter.<ref name="kennedy_1996_78">{{harvnb|Kennedy|1996|p=78}}</ref> |