Penyerbuan Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi

Penyerbuan Polandia
	Bagian dari Perang Dunia II
	; Kapal Jerman Schleswig-Holstein, menembak Westerplatte, 1 September 1939.
Tanggal	1 September – 6 Oktober 1939
Lokasi	Polandia dan Kota Merdeka Danzig
Hasil	Kemenangan Blok Poros dan Soviet; Teritori Polandia terbagi antara Jerman dan Uni Soviet
Pihak terlibat
Republik Polandia Kedua	Jerman Nazi; Uni Soviet; Slowakia
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Edward Rydz-Śmigły	Fedor von Bock; Gerd von Rundstedt; Mikhail Kovalev (Front Belorusia),; Semyon Timoshenko (Front Ukraina),; Ferdinand Čatloš
Kekuatan
Polandia:; 39 divisi,; 16 brigadir,; 4.300 senapan,; 880 tank,; 400 pesawat tempur; Jumlah: 950.000	Jerman:; 56 divisi,; 4 brigadir,; 9.000 senapan,; 2.500 tank,; 2.315 pesawat tempur ; Uni Soviet:; 33+ divisi,; 11+ brigadir,; 4.959 senapan,; 4.736 tank,; 3.300 pesawat tempur; Slowakia:; 3 divisi; Jumlah:; 1.500.000 orang Jerman,; 800.000+ orang Soviet,; 50.000 orang Slowakia; Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+
Korban
Polandia:; 66.000 tewas,; 133.700 terluka,; 694.000 ditangkap	Jerman:; 16.343 tewas,; 27.280 terluka,; 320 hilang; Uni Soviet:; 737 tewas atau hilang,; 1.125 terluka; Slowakia:; 18 tewas,; 46 terluka,; 11 hilang

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Revisi per 14 Februari 2022 19.04

Penyerbuan Polandia 1939 (di Polandia juga disebut "Kampanye September", "Kampania wrześniowa," dan "Perang Defensif 1939," "Wojna obronna 1939 roku"; di Jerman, "Kampanye Polandia," "Polenfeldzug," , dan kadang-kadang disebut "Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh Jerman Nazi, Uni Soviet, dan kontingen Slowakia yang merupakan sebab khusus Perang Dunia II.

Penyerbuan Polandia menandai dimulainya Perang Dunia II di Eropa. Sekutu Polandia: Britania Raya, Australia, dan Selandia Baru,^[4] menyatakan perang kepada Jerman pada tanggal 3 September, yang segera diikuti oleh Prancis, Afrika Selatan, dan Kanada. Penyerbuan Polandia dimulai pada tanggal 1 September 1939, satu minggu setelah penandatanganan Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop, dan penyerbuan ini berakhir pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1939, setelah Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan Prancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangat sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat Perang Phoney).

Dengan terjadinya Insiden Gleiwitz pada tanggal 31 Agustus 1939, pada 1 September, pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari arah utara, selatan, dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terpencar untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam Pertempuran Bzura, tentara Polandia mulai mundur ke tenggara untuk melindungi przedmoście rumuńskie, tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu bantuan Sekutu.^[5]

Pada tanggal 17 September 1939, tentara Merah Soviet menyerang daerah timur Polandia.^[6] Soviet mengambil daerah mereka sesuai dengan pembagian pada pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop.^[7] Pemerintah Polandia menyadari bahwa mempertahakan Przedmoście rumuńskie sudah tidak berguna dan memerintahkan evakuasi ke Rumania.^[8] Pada 1 Oktober, Jerman dan Uni Soviet berhasil menguasai seluruh Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah.

Setelah kampanye militer September, gerakan perlawanan dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus terlibat dalam operasi militer Sekutu.

Catatan kaki

^ ^a ^b ^c Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 1939 Campaign Diarsipkan 2013-12-11 di Wayback Machine. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005
^ E.R Hooton, p85
^ History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand (2005). "Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War". New Zealand's History online (dalam bahasa English). Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-15.
^ Baliszewski, Most honoru
^ Fischer 1999–2000
^ Cienciala, Anna M. (2004). "The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II". University of Kansas. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-15.
^ (Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24)

Referensi

Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-10-10). "Wojna sukcesów". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1141). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-09-19). "Most honoru". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1138). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0484-5.
Ellis, John (1999). Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (edisi ke-1st American ed.). Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-80773-7. Pemeliharaan CS1: Teks tambahan (link)
Fischer, Benjamin B. (Winter 1999–2000). "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field". Studies in Intelligence. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2010-01-17. Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
Gross, Jan T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
Hooton, E. R. (2007). Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-7 Periksa nilai: checksum |isbn= (bantuan).
Kennedy, Robert M. (1980). The German Campaign in Poland (1939). Zenger. ISBN 0-89201-064-9.
Lukas, Richard C. (2001). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0901-0.
Majer, Diemut (2003). Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6493-3.
Prazmowska, Anita J. (1995). Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48385-9.
Rossino, Alexander B. (2003). Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1234-3.
Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415338735.
Smith, Peter Charles (1998). Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-329-3.
Sword, Keith (1991). The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-05570-6.
Stachiewicz, Wacław (1998). Wierności dochować żołnierskiej (dalam bahasa Polish). OW RYTM. ISBN 83-86678-71-2.
Taylor, A. J. P. (1974). A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-70640-399-1.
Zaloga, Steve (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-408-6.
Zaloga, Steve (1982). The Polish Army 1939–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-417-4.
"KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (dalam bahasa Polish). Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
Böhler, Jochen (2006). Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) (dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16307-2.

Pranala luar

detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents
World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939 Diarsipkan 2007-12-15 di Wayback Machine.
The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database Diarsipkan 2007-03-11 di Wayback Machine.
The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer
German Statistics including September Campaign losses
Brief Campaign losses and more statistics
Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland Diarsipkan 2005-08-29 di Wayback Machine.
Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25 August 1939. Diarsipkan 2005-11-26 di Wayback Machine.
Poland's Defence War, a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939
Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland Diarsipkan 2005-05-07 di Wayback Machine. and Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense Diarsipkan 2005-04-04 di Wayback Machine.
German reply Diarsipkan 2006-10-07 di Wayback Machine. to British Government's ultimatum of 3 September 1939
Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland 1 September 1939.
BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland Diarsipkan 2005-11-25 di Wayback Machine.
Halford Mackinder's Necessary War An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war
Invasion of Poland Diarsipkan 2007-12-29 di Wayback Machine.

[pereslegin-1] Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93

[polishgovernment-2] Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 1939 Campaign Diarsipkan 2013-12-11 di Wayback Machine. Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005

[3] E.R Hooton, p85

[NZHistory-4] History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand (2005). "Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War". New Zealand's History online (dalam bahasa English). Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-15.

[Baliszewski-MH-5] Baliszewski, Most honoru

[Fischer-6] Fischer 1999–2000

[Cienciala-7] Cienciala, Anna M. (2004). "The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II". University of Kansas. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-15.

[Sanford-8] (Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24)

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@@ Baris 34: / Baris 34: @@
 * {{cite book|authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz|last=Chodakiewicz|first=Marek Jan|title=Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2004|isbn=0-7391-0484-5}}
 * {{cite book|last=Ellis|first=John|title=[[Brute Force (book)|Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War]]|publisher=Viking Adult|edition=1st American ed.|year=1999|isbn=0-670-80773-7}}
-* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10}}
+* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10 |archive-date=2010-01-17 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/5mq16st2z?url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |dead-url=yes }}
 * {{cite book|authorlink=Jan T. Gross|last=Gross|first=Jan T.|title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia|location=Princeton|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2002|isbn=0-691-09603-1}}
 * {{cite book|last=Hooton|first=E. R.|year=2007|title=Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1|location=London|publisher=Chervron/Ian Allen|isbn=978-1-903223-71-7}}