Uni Pengadilan Islam: Perbedaan antara revisi
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On [[6 June]] [[2006]] the ICU further claimed it was in control of all the lands up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) inland from Mogadishu. The warlords were reported to have either been captured or to have fled the city, abandoning most of their weapons, with the majority fleeing to [[Jowhar]], which was taken by the ICU militia on [[14 June]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5078534.stm Somali Islamists capture key town], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[13 June]] [[2006]]</ref> This brought ICU in control of much of the weaponry in the country, which made a resurgence by the warlords difficult without outside support. The ICU also controlled significant territory outside the capital, which included the important town of [[Balad, Somalia|Balad]]. In mid-August, ICU militiamen swept into the port town of [[Hobyo]] 500 kilometers north of Mogadishu, meeting no opposition.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/&articleid=280964 Somali Islamists seize key port] ''South African Mail and Guardian'', 16 August 2006</ref> The ICU organized a clean-up campaign for the streets of Mogadishu on [[20 July]]. This was the first time litter and rubbish had been collected in the entire city since it collapsed into chaos over a decade previously.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5198338.stm Ethiopian troops on Somali soil], ''BBC News'', 20 July 2006</ref> |
On [[6 June]] [[2006]] the ICU further claimed it was in control of all the lands up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) inland from Mogadishu. The warlords were reported to have either been captured or to have fled the city, abandoning most of their weapons, with the majority fleeing to [[Jowhar]], which was taken by the ICU militia on [[14 June]].<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5078534.stm Somali Islamists capture key town], ''[[BBC News]]'', [[13 June]] [[2006]]</ref> This brought ICU in control of much of the weaponry in the country, which made a resurgence by the warlords difficult without outside support. The ICU also controlled significant territory outside the capital, which included the important town of [[Balad, Somalia|Balad]]. In mid-August, ICU militiamen swept into the port town of [[Hobyo]] 500 kilometers north of Mogadishu, meeting no opposition.<ref>[http://www.mg.co.za/articlepage.aspx?area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__africa/&articleid=280964 Somali Islamists seize key port] ''South African Mail and Guardian'', 16 August 2006</ref> The ICU organized a clean-up campaign for the streets of Mogadishu on [[20 July]]. This was the first time litter and rubbish had been collected in the entire city since it collapsed into chaos over a decade previously.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5198338.stm Ethiopian troops on Somali soil], ''BBC News'', 20 July 2006</ref> |
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On [[July 15]] [[2006]], the Islamic Courts opened Mogadishu international airport, which had been closed since the withdrawal of the international forces in 1995. The first airplane chartered by the [[Arab League]] flew from the airport for the first time in 11 years picking up Islamic Courts delegates to Sudanese capital [[Khartoum]]. <ref name=" |
On [[July 15]] [[2006]], the Islamic Courts opened Mogadishu international airport, which had been closed since the withdrawal of the international forces in 1995. The first airplane chartered by the [[Arab League]] flew from the airport for the first time in 11 years picking up Islamic Courts delegates to Sudanese capital [[Khartoum]]. <ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Reopening of Mogadishu's airport welcomed], ''[[Somalispot]]'', [[July 15]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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On [[August 15]] [[2006]], the ICU captured Haradhere, some 500km northeast of Mogadishu, which had become a safe haven for pirates, who had forced shipping firms and international organisations to pay large ransoms for the release of vessels and crews. <ref name="IRIN"> [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55122&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=SOMALIA SOMALIA: Transitional govt, Islamic courts agree to talks], ''[[IRIN]]'', [[August 15]] [[2006]]</ref> |
On [[August 15]] [[2006]], the ICU captured Haradhere, some 500km northeast of Mogadishu, which had become a safe haven for pirates, who had forced shipping firms and international organisations to pay large ransoms for the release of vessels and crews. <ref name="IRIN"> [http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=55122&SelectRegion=Horn_of_Africa&SelectCountry=SOMALIA SOMALIA: Transitional govt, Islamic courts agree to talks], ''[[IRIN]]'', [[August 15]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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On [[August 25]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts reopened historical Mogadishu seaport, which was formerly one of the busiest in [[East Africa]] but had been shut down for 10 years.<ref name="BBC"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5279414.stm First ship arrives in Mogadishu], ''[[BBC]]'', [[August 25]] [[2006]]</ref> |
On [[August 25]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts reopened historical Mogadishu seaport, which was formerly one of the busiest in [[East Africa]] but had been shut down for 10 years.<ref name="BBC"> [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5279414.stm First ship arrives in Mogadishu], ''[[BBC]]'', [[August 25]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province, ending all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name=" |
On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province, ending all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[SomaliSpot]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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=== War with Ethiopia === |
=== War with Ethiopia === |
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4. The ICU fighters are responsible for establishing the security and stability in the Somalian capital Mogadishu. |
4. The ICU fighters are responsible for establishing the security and stability in the Somalian capital Mogadishu. |
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5. Lastly, the ICU is calling on all the Islamic fighters in Somalia, where ever they may be, to maintain security and stability in their localities and get ready in the police stations and other security installations.<ref name=SOMALIA-ICU-LEADERS-RESIGN-AS_ETHIOPIAN-ARMY-NEARS-CAPITAL>[http:// |
5. Lastly, the ICU is calling on all the Islamic fighters in Somalia, where ever they may be, to maintain security and stability in their localities and get ready in the police stations and other security installations.<ref name=SOMALIA-ICU-LEADERS-RESIGN-AS_ETHIOPIAN-ARMY-NEARS-CAPITAL>[http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: ICU leaders resign as Ethiopian army nears the capital] SomaliSpot</ref></blockquote> |
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On [[December 28]], the ICU [[Fall of Mogadishu|withdrew from the capital]]. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohamad Gedi stated the legislature would shortly declare a period of martial law. |
On [[December 28]], the ICU [[Fall of Mogadishu|withdrew from the capital]]. Somali Prime Minister Ali Mohamad Gedi stated the legislature would shortly declare a period of martial law. |
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The [[Hizbul Shabaab]], also known as Al-Shabaab, or simply as "Shabaab", is the Youth Wing of the ICU. It is a radical and somewhat independent organization under the ICU umbrella which is integrated quite tightly with the ICU armed forces, acting as a sort of "special forces" for the ICU. |
The [[Hizbul Shabaab]], also known as Al-Shabaab, or simply as "Shabaab", is the Youth Wing of the ICU. It is a radical and somewhat independent organization under the ICU umbrella which is integrated quite tightly with the ICU armed forces, acting as a sort of "special forces" for the ICU. |
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The Shabab has caused difficulties for the ICU in maintaining a good international image on a number of occasions due to their hot-headedness and zealousness, such as abducting critical journalists, harassing overly-hip youngsters, and most infamously, murdering wounded [[Juba Valley Alliance|JVA]] soldiers in a [[Bu'aale]] hospital.<ref name="BUALE_HOSPITAL_MURDERS">[http:// |
The Shabab has caused difficulties for the ICU in maintaining a good international image on a number of occasions due to their hot-headedness and zealousness, such as abducting critical journalists, harassing overly-hip youngsters, and most infamously, murdering wounded [[Juba Valley Alliance|JVA]] soldiers in a [[Bu'aale]] hospital.<ref name="BUALE_HOSPITAL_MURDERS">[http://www.somalispot.com/ Sorry is not enough for barbaric killing in hospital beds] SomaliSpot</ref> |
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The ICU formally apologized for each of the incidents, and attempted to make it clear that these actions did not reflect ICU policy. Nevertheless, these incidents gave their opponents excellent propaganda ammunition, and aided the global perception of the ICU being like the [[Taliban]]. |
The ICU formally apologized for each of the incidents, and attempted to make it clear that these actions did not reflect ICU policy. Nevertheless, these incidents gave their opponents excellent propaganda ammunition, and aided the global perception of the ICU being like the [[Taliban]]. |
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The major powers in Somalia included the [[Transitional Federal Government]], the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA) in the south, plus the autonomous [[Puntland]] in the northeast and self-declared independent [[Somaliland]] in the northwest. In the midst of the conflict, [[Galmudug]] was formed in direct response to stem the rise of the ICU. The ICU was opposed by all the other factions, except for Somaliland, which remained generally neutral throughout the conflict. |
The major powers in Somalia included the [[Transitional Federal Government]], the [[Juba Valley Alliance]] (JVA) in the south, plus the autonomous [[Puntland]] in the northeast and self-declared independent [[Somaliland]] in the northwest. In the midst of the conflict, [[Galmudug]] was formed in direct response to stem the rise of the ICU. The ICU was opposed by all the other factions, except for Somaliland, which remained generally neutral throughout the conflict. |
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As a result of the collapse of the warlords' power, the four warlord representatives in the transitional government were stripped of their cabinet posts. The transitional government is based in [[Baidoa]], 250 kilometers from Mogadishu. After the ICU victory in Mogadishu, the transitional government voted to request foreign peacekeepers from the [[African Union]] in a mission known as [[IGASOM]]. The African Union supports the transitional government, though it did not provide forces to defend it against the advances of the ICU. The ICU rejected the need for [[peacekeeper]]s, arguing Somalia needs aid, not more external troops. The Interim Prime Minister [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]] stated he wished to meet with the ICU leaders.<ref>[http:// |
As a result of the collapse of the warlords' power, the four warlord representatives in the transitional government were stripped of their cabinet posts. The transitional government is based in [[Baidoa]], 250 kilometers from Mogadishu. After the ICU victory in Mogadishu, the transitional government voted to request foreign peacekeepers from the [[African Union]] in a mission known as [[IGASOM]]. The African Union supports the transitional government, though it did not provide forces to defend it against the advances of the ICU. The ICU rejected the need for [[peacekeeper]]s, arguing Somalia needs aid, not more external troops. The Interim Prime Minister [[Ali Mohammed Ghedi]] stated he wished to meet with the ICU leaders.<ref>[http://www.somalispot.com/ Somalia: Islamic courts again warn of foreign troops in Somalia], ''SomaliSpot Forum'', [[15 June]] 2006</ref> This resulted in the [[Treaty of Khartoum]] of [[5 September]] [[2006]], in which it was agreed the ICU and the Transitional Government would be merged; however, the ICU insisted on the precondition [[Ethiopia]]n troops would leave the country beforehand. Ethiopian forces did not withdraw, and the treaty agreement fell apart. |
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The JVA was overrun in the south, and Kismayo was taken. The remaining JVA forces aligned themselves immediately with the TFG. In [[December 2006]]—[[January 2007]], as part of the TFG's army, they retook the lost territory of the south. |
The JVA was overrun in the south, and Kismayo was taken. The remaining JVA forces aligned themselves immediately with the TFG. In [[December 2006]]—[[January 2007]], as part of the TFG's army, they retook the lost territory of the south. |
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After capturing Mogadishu, the Islamic Courts had enacted a series of decrees and laws that had temporarily brought hope for Somali expatriates, local minorities and women. |
After capturing Mogadishu, the Islamic Courts had enacted a series of decrees and laws that had temporarily brought hope for Somali expatriates, local minorities and women. |
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* On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts had declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province. The announcement ceremony was attended by all Islamic officials; both consultative and executive councils, intellectuals and civil society members and took place in the former Somalian presidential palace in central Mogadishu. That announcement from the central Islamic Court was destined to end all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name=" |
* On [[October 5]], [[2006]] the Islamic Courts had declared the formation of the supreme Islamic Sharia court of Banadir province. The announcement ceremony was attended by all Islamic officials; both consultative and executive councils, intellectuals and civil society members and took place in the former Somalian presidential palace in central Mogadishu. That announcement from the central Islamic Court was destined to end all tribal Islamic Courts in the capital. <ref name="SomaliSpot">Mohamed Abdi Farah, [http://www.somalispot.com/ Board Somalia: Islamists set up central Islamic court in the capital], ''[[SomaliSpot]]'', [[October 2]] [[2006]]</ref> |
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* On [[November 17]] [[2006]], the ICU had banned the use, sale and transportation of ''[[khat]]'' altogether and the Islamic Court of Kismayo banned the sale of cigarettes. This was a controversial move as it was the main source of income for many war widows and orphans and a huge import-export business. |
* On [[November 17]] [[2006]], the ICU had banned the use, sale and transportation of ''[[khat]]'' altogether and the Islamic Court of Kismayo banned the sale of cigarettes. This was a controversial move as it was the main source of income for many war widows and orphans and a huge import-export business. |
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* {{en}} [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060527/ap_on_re_af/somalia_fighting_14 Islamic Force, Warlords Clash in Somalia], [[Associated Press]], [[27 Mei]] 2006 |
* {{en}} [http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20060527/ap_on_re_af/somalia_fighting_14 Islamic Force, Warlords Clash in Somalia], [[Associated Press]], [[27 Mei]] 2006 |
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* {{en}} [http://www.ogrish.com/archives/violence_flares_in_somalia_Mei_28_2006.html Violence Flares in Somalia (VIDEO)], ogrish.com, pemutakhiran [[28 Mei]] 2006 |
* {{en}} [http://www.ogrish.com/archives/violence_flares_in_somalia_Mei_28_2006.html Violence Flares in Somalia (VIDEO)], ogrish.com, pemutakhiran [[28 Mei]] 2006 |
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* {{en}} [http:// |
* {{en}} [http://www.somalispot.com/ New power emerges from the south], Somalispot.com, [[4 Juni]] 2006 |
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* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5046402.stm Islamists seize key Somali town], BBC News, 4 Juni 2006 |
* {{en}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/5046402.stm Islamists seize key Somali town], BBC News, 4 Juni 2006 |
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* {{en}} [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7A0C3366-B729-4A01-9E88-388D03259697.htm Islamists claim control of Mogadishu], [[Al Jazeera]] News, 5 Juni 2006 |
* {{en}} [http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/7A0C3366-B729-4A01-9E88-388D03259697.htm Islamists claim control of Mogadishu], [[Al Jazeera]] News, 5 Juni 2006 |
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Revisi per 27 November 2015 11.56
 | Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. |
Uni Pengadilan Islam (UPI, bahasa Somali: Midowga Maxkamadaha Islaamiga, bahasa Arab: اتحاد المحاكم الإسلامية Ittihād al-mahākim al-islāmiyya) adalah sebuah kelompok Pengadilan Syariah yang bersatu untuk membentuk pemerintahan tandingan dari Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) di Somalia, dengan Sharif Sheikh Ahmed sebagai pemimpin UPI. Mereka juga dikenal sebagai Pengadilan Islam Bersama, Persatuan Pengadilan Islam (PPI), Dewan Pengadilan Islam Somalia (DPIS)[1] atau Dewan Tertinggi Pengadilan Islam (DTPI)[2] dan media Barat sering menyebut kelompok ini sebagai Islamis Somali.
Hingga baru-baru ini, mereka menguasai sebagian besar wilayah Somalia selatan dan kebanyakan penduduknya, termasuk sebagian besar kota-kota penting seperti Jowhar, Kismayo, Beledweyne, dan ibu kota Mogadishu. Hanya wilayah Utara yang kering (Puntland, Somaliland), dan daerah pedalaman yang terjauh dari selatan tidak mereka kuasai. Pada Desember 2006, UPI kehilangan banyak wilayahnya setelah kalah dalam pertempuran Baidoa, Bandiradley, dan Beledweyne, dan mengundurkan diri ke ibu kota, Mogadishu. Pada 28 Desember mereka meninggalkan Mogadishu dalam keadaan kacau, sementara mereka pindah ke selatan menuju Kismayo, yang memungkinkan Pemerintah Federal Sementara (PFS) dan pasukan-pasukan Ethiopia mengambil alih kota itu.[3] Setelah mencoba bertahan dalam Pertempuran Jilib, UPI meninggalkan kota Kismayo pada 1 Januari 2007. Setelah kehilangan hampir semua wilayahnya, diperkirakan bahwa UPI akan melakukan perang perang gerilya melawan pemerintah.[4]
Sejarah
Sebelum pertempuran Mogadishu kedua
Setelah jatuhnya pemerintah Somali pada 1991, sebuah sistem pengadilan Islam berdasarkan syariah menjadi sistem peradilan yang utama, yang didanai oleh pihak yang mengadu. Di kemudian hari, pengadilan ini mulai menawarkan pelayanan-pelayanan lain seperti pendidikan dan pemeliharaan kesehatan. Pengadilan ini juga bertindak sebagai pasukn kepolisian setempat, yang dibiayai oleh para pengusaha setempat, untuk mengurangi kejahatan. Pengadilan Islam ini juga bertanggung jawab dallam mencegah perampokan dan penjualan obat terlarang, serta menghentikan pertunjukan dari apa yang dianggapnya sebagai film-film porno di bioskop-biskop setempat. Penduduk Somalia hampir seluruhnya Muslim, dan lembaga-lembaga ini mulanya mendapat dukungan luas dari masyarakat.
Catatan dan rujukan
Lihat pula
Pranala luar
- (Inggris) Abdirahman Janaqow reported killed, AP/CNN, 10 Januari 2007
- (Inggris) Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project, Conoco-Somalia Declassification Project, 2006
- (Inggris) Somali deaths in fierce clashes, BBC News, 24 Maret 2006
- (Inggris) Despite ceasefire call, fighting continues in Mogadishu, Christian Science Monitor, 10 Mei 2006
- (Inggris) Warring Somali ministers warned, BBC News, 13 Mei 2006
- (Inggris) U.S. Secretly Backing Warlords in Somalia, Washington Post, 17 Mei 2006
- (Inggris) Islamic Force, Warlords Clash in Somalia, Associated Press, 27 Mei 2006
- (Inggris) Violence Flares in Somalia (VIDEO), ogrish.com, pemutakhiran 28 Mei 2006
- (Inggris) New power emerges from the south, Somalispot.com, 4 Juni 2006
- (Inggris) Islamists seize key Somali town, BBC News, 4 Juni 2006
- (Inggris) Islamists claim control of Mogadishu, Al Jazeera News, 5 Juni 2006
- (Inggris) Somalia: a State of Need, IRIN Film (18 min streaming video), Desember 2006
- (Inggris) Somalia’s Islamists, Laporan International Crisis Group, 12 Desember 2005