Penyerbuan Polandia: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Setelah kampanye September, [[Negara Rahasia Polandia|gerakan perlawanan]] dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus berkontribusi dalam operasi militer Sekutu. Jerman merebut wilayah Polandia yang diduduki Soviet ketika Jerman menyerang Uni Soviet pada tanggal [[22 Juni]] [[1941]], dan kehilangan teritori pada tahun 1944 kepada tentara Merah. Setelah perang, Polandia kehilangan lebih dari 20% populasi sebelum perang dibawah pendudukan yang mendandai berakhirnya [[Negara Polandia Kedua]]. |
Setelah kampanye September, [[Negara Rahasia Polandia|gerakan perlawanan]] dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus berkontribusi dalam operasi militer Sekutu. Jerman merebut wilayah Polandia yang diduduki Soviet ketika Jerman menyerang Uni Soviet pada tanggal [[22 Juni]] [[1941]], dan kehilangan teritori pada tahun 1944 kepada tentara Merah. Setelah perang, Polandia kehilangan lebih dari 20% populasi sebelum perang dibawah pendudukan yang mendandai berakhirnya [[Negara Polandia Kedua]]. |
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==Catatan kaki== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Referensi== |
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{{Refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Cooper |first=Matthew |title=The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure |publisher=Stein and Day |location=New York |year=1978 |isbn=0-8128-2468-7}} |
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* {{cite journal |authorlink=Dariusz Baliszewski |last=Baliszewski |first=Dariusz |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=68347 |title=Wojna sukcesów |journal=[[Wprost]] |issue=1141 |date=[[2004-10-10]] |language=Polish |accessdate=2005-03-24}} |
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* {{cite journal |authorlink=Dariusz Baliszewski |last=Baliszewski |first=Dariusz |url=http://www.wprost.pl/ar/?O=66711 |title=Most honoru |journal=[[Wprost]] |issue=1138 |date=[[2004-09-19]] |language=Polish |accessdate=2005-03-24}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Marek Jan Chodakiewicz |last=Chodakiewicz |first=Marek Jan |title=Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947 |publisher=Lexington Books |year=2004 |isbn=0-7391-0484-5}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Ellis |first=John |title=[[Brute Force (book)|Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War]] |publisher=Viking Adult |edition=1st American ed. |year=1999 |isbn=0-670-80773-7}} |
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* {{cite journal |authorlink=Benjamin B. Fischer |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin B. |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/winter99-00/art6.html |title=The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field |journal=[[Studies in Intelligence]] |date=Winter 1999–2000 |accessdate=2005-12-10}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Jan T. Gross |last=Gross |first=Jan T. |title=Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia |location=Princeton |publisher=Princeton University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-691-09603-1}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Hooton |first=E. R. |year=2007 |title=Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1 |location=London |publisher=Chervron/Ian Allen |isbn=978-1-903223-71-7}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Robert M. |title=The German Campaign in Poland (1939) |publisher=Zenger |year=1980 |isbn=0-89201-064-9}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Richard C. Lukas |last=Lukas |first=Richard C. |title=Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944 |publisher=Hippocrene Books |year=2001 |isbn=0-7818-0901-0}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Majer |first=Diemut |coauthors=et al. |title=Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |year=2003 |isbn=0-8018-6493-3}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Anita J. Prazmowska |last=Prazmowska |first=Anita J. |title=Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1995 |isbn=0-521-48385-9}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Rossino |first=Alexander B. |title=Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity |location=Lawrence |publisher=University Press of Kansas |year=2003 |isbn=0-7006-1234-3}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=George Sanford (scholar) |last=Sanford |first=George |year=2005 |title=Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory |location=London, New York |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0415338735}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Peter Charles |title=Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940 |publisher=Greenhill Books |year=1998 |isbn=1-85367-329-3}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Sword |first=Keith |title=The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=1991 |isbn=0-312-05570-6}} |
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* {{cite book |authorlink=Wacław Stachiewicz |first=Wacław |last=Stachiewicz |title=Wierności dochować żołnierskiej |publisher=OW RYTM |year=1998 |isbn=83-86678-71-2 |language=Polish}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. J. P. |coauthors=Mayer, S. L. (eds.) |title=A History Of World War Two |location=London |publisher=Octopus Books |year=1974 |isbn=0-70640-399-1}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |coauthors=Gerrard, Howard |title=Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=2002 |isbn=1-84176-408-6}} |
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* {{cite book |last=Zaloga |first=Steve |title=The Polish Army 1939–1945 |location=Oxford |publisher=Osprey Publishing |year=1982 |isbn=0-85045-417-4}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Internetowa encyklopedia PWN]] |url=http://encyklopedia.pwn.pl/33490_1.html |title=KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939 |accessdate=2005-12-10 |language=Polish}} |
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* {{cite book |first=Jochen |last=Böhler |title=Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) |year=2006 |publisher=Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag |location=Frankfurt |isbn=3-596-16307-2 |language=German}} |
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{{Refend}} |
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==Pranala luar== |
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*[http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/DAP-Poland/Campaign-III.html detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents] |
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*[http://www.warmuseum.ca/cwm/newspapers/operations/poland_e.html World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939] |
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*[http://www.worldwar2database.com/html/poland.htm The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database] |
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*[http://www.achtungpanzer.com/polcamp.htm The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer] |
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*[http://www.feldgrau.com/stats.html German Statistics including September Campaign losses] |
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*[http://www.schoolshistory.org.uk/EuropeatWar/blitzkrieg_poland.htm Brief Campaign losses and more statistics] |
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*[http://worldatwar.net/wars/ww2/poland39/ Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland] |
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*[http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wwii/bluebook/blbk19.htm Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25 August 1939.] |
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*[http://ww2.boom.ru/Poland/defence.html Poland's Defence War], a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939 |
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*[http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_225.html Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland] and [http://www.historychannel.com/speeches/archive/speech_199.html Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense] |
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*[http://adolfhitler.ws/lib/proc/reply.html German reply] to British Government's ultimatum of [[3 September]] [[1939]] |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/september/1/newsid_3506000/3506335.stm Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland] [[1 September]] [[1939]]. |
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*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/static/special_report/1999/08/99/world_war_11/default.stm BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe] |
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*[http://www.ipn.gov.pl/eng/eng_vt_soviet17.html September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland] |
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*[http://www.engdahl.oilgeopolitics.net/History/MacKinder/mackinder.html Halford Mackinder's Necessary War] An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war |
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*[http://www.svetskirat.net/istorija/poljska.htm Invasion of Poland] {{sr icon}} |
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[[Kategori:Invasi]] |
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{{Link FA|en}} |
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{{Link FA|no}} |
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[[af:Inval van Pole]] |
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[[be:Польская абарончая вайна 1939]] |
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[[bg:Полска кампания (1939)]] |
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[[cs:Invaze do Polska]] |
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[[de:Polenfeldzug]] |
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[[en:Invasion of Poland (1939)]] |
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[[es:Invasión de Polonia en 1939]] |
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[[fr:Campagne de Pologne (1939)]] |
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[[it:Campagna di Polonia]] |
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[[he:המערכה בפולין]] |
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[[lv:Polijas kampaņa]] |
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[[hu:Lengyelország megszállása a második világháborúban]] |
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[[nl:Poolse campagne]] |
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[[ja:ポーランド侵攻]] |
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[[no:Felttoget i Polen i 1939]] |
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[[pl:Kampania wrześniowa]] |
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[[pt:Invasão da Polônia]] |
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[[ro:Invadarea Poloniei (1939)]] |
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[[ru:Польская кампания (1939)]] |
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[[sl:Poljska kampanja (1939)]] |
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[[fi:Puolan offensiivi]] |
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[[zh:波蘭戰役]] |
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Revisi per 3 Januari 2008 13.01
| Penyerbuan Polandia | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bagian dari Perang Dunia II | |||||||
 Kapal Jerman Schleswig-Holstein, menembak Westerplatte, 1 September 1939. | |||||||
| |||||||
| Pihak terlibat | |||||||
 Polandia |
.svg){kind=small} Nazi JermanBerkas:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923 Uni Soviet .svg){kind=small} Slowakia | ||||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | |||||||
|
Edward Rydz-Śmigły |
Fedor von Bock Gerd von Rundstedt Berkas:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923 Mikhail Kovalev (Front Belorusia), Berkas:Flag of the Soviet Union 1923 Semyon Timoshenko (Front Ukraina), Ferdinand Čatloš | ||||||
| Kekuatan | |||||||
|
Polandia: 39 divisi,[1] 16 brigadir,[1] 4.300 senapan,[1] 880 tank, 400 pesawat tempur[2] Jumlah: 950.000 |
Jerman: 56 divisi, 4 brigadir, 9.000 senapan,[2] 2.500 tank,[2] 2.315 pesawat tempur[3] Uni Soviet: 33+ divisi, 11+ brigadir, 4.959 senapan, 4.736 tank, 3.300 pesawat tempur Slowakia: 3 divisi Jumlah: 1.500.000 orang Jerman,[2] 800.000+ orang Soviet, 50.000 orang Slowakia Seluruhnya: 2.350.000+ | ||||||
| Korban | |||||||
|
Polandia: 66.000 tewas, 133.700 terluka, 694.000 ditangkap |
Jerman: 16.343 tewas,[4] 27.280 terluka, 320 hilang Uni Soviet: 737 tewas atau hilang, 1.125 terluka Slowakia: 18 tewas, 46 terluka, 11 hilang | ||||||
Invasi Polandia tahun 1939 (di Polandia juga disebut "Kampanye September", "Kampania wrześniowa," dan "Perang Defensif 1939," "Wojna obronna 1939 roku"; di Jerman, "Kampanye Polandia," "Polenfeldzug," dinamai "Fall Weiss," "Case White," oleh Jerman, dan terkadang disebut "Perang Polandia-Jerman 1939"), adalah invasi yang dilancarkan oleh Nazi Jerman, Uni Soviet, dan kontingen Slowakia yang merupakan sebab khusus Perang Dunia II.
Invasi Polandia menandai dimulainya Perang Dunia II di Eropa karena sekutu Polandia, Britania Raya, Australia dan Selandia Baru,[5] menyatakan perang kepada Jerman pada tanggal 3 September, yang segera diikuti oleh Perancis, Afrika Selatan, dan Kanada diantara lainnya. Invasi Polandia dimulai pada tanggal 1 September 1939, satu minggu setelah penandatanganan Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop, dan invasi ini berakhir pada tanggal 6 Oktober 1939, dengan Jerman dan Uni Soviet menduduki seluruh Polandia. Walaupun Britania Raya dan Perancis menyatakan perang setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia, sangan sedikit aksi militer langsung yang dilakukan (lihat Perang Phoney).
Dengan terjadinya "Serangan Polandia" palsu oleh Jerman pada tanggal 31 Agustus 1939, pada 1 September, pasukan Jerman menyerang Polandia dari utara, selatan dan barat. Pasukan Polandia terbagi menjadi tipis untuk melindungi perbatasan panjang mereka, dan segera mundur ke timur. Setelah kekalahan Polandia pada pertengahan September dalam Pertempuran Bzura, Jerman mendapat keuntungan yang tidak perlu dipersoalkan lagi. Polandia lalu mulai mundur ke tenggara, mengikuti rencana untuk memanggil bantuan pertahanan pada daerah Romanian bridgehead, tempat pasukan Polandia menunggu serangan balasan Sekutu.[6]
Pada tanggal 17 September 1939, tentara Merah Soviet menyerang daerah timur Polandia dalam kooperasi dengan Jerman.[7] Soviet mengambil daerah mereka dari pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop, yang membagi Eropa Timur untuk Nazi dan Soviet[8] Untuk menghadapi front kedua, pemerintah Polandia memilih bahwa mempertahakan Romanian bridgehead tidak lagi feasible dan memerintahkan evakuasi semua pasukan ke Romania.[9] Pada 1 Oktober, Jerman dan Uni Soviet sepenuhnya menguasai Polandia, walaupun pemerintah Polandia tidak pernah menyerah. Tanah dan Angkatan Udara Polandia yang masih ada dievakuasi ke Romania dan Hongaria. Banyak yang melarikan diri bergabung dengan pasukan Polandia di [[Perancis], Suriah, dan Britania Raya.
Setelah kampanye September, gerakan perlawanan dibentuk. Pasukan Polandia terus berkontribusi dalam operasi militer Sekutu. Jerman merebut wilayah Polandia yang diduduki Soviet ketika Jerman menyerang Uni Soviet pada tanggal 22 Juni 1941, dan kehilangan teritori pada tahun 1944 kepada tentara Merah. Setelah perang, Polandia kehilangan lebih dari 20% populasi sebelum perang dibawah pendudukan yang mendandai berakhirnya Negara Polandia Kedua.
Catatan kaki
- ^ a b c Переслегин. Вторая мировая: война между реальностями.- М.:Яуза, Эксмо, 2006, с.22; Р. Э. Дюпюи, Т. Н. Дюпюи. Всемирная история войн. — С-П,М: АСТ, кн.4, с.93
- ^ a b c d Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The 1939 Campaign Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2005
- ^ E.R Hooton, p85
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaCasualties - ^ History Group of the Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand (2005). "Overview - New Zealand and the Second World War". New Zealand's History online (dalam bahasa English). Ministry for Culture and Heritage, Wellington, New Zealand. Diakses tanggal 2007-01-15.
- ^ Baliszewski, Most honoru
- ^ Fischer 1999–2000
- ^ Cienciala, Anna M. (2004). "The Coming of the War and Eastern Europe in World War II". University of Kansas. Diakses tanggal 2006-03-15.
- ^ (Sanford 2005, pp. 20–24)
Referensi
- Cooper, Matthew (1978). The German Army 1939–1945: Its Political and Military Failure. New York: Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-2468-7.
- Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-10-10). "Wojna sukcesów". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1141). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
- Baliszewski, Dariusz (2004-09-19). "Most honoru". Wprost (dalam bahasa Polish) (1138). Diakses tanggal 2005-03-24.
- Chodakiewicz, Marek Jan (2004). Between Nazis and Soviets: Occupation Politics in Poland, 1939–1947. Lexington Books. ISBN 0-7391-0484-5.
- Ellis, John (1999). Brute Force: Allied Strategy and Tactics in the Second World War (edisi ke-1st American ed.). Viking Adult. ISBN 0-670-80773-7.
- Fischer, Benjamin B. (Winter 1999–2000). "The Katyn Controversy: Stalin's Killing Field". Studies in Intelligence. Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
- Gross, Jan T. (2002). Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-09603-1.
- Hooton, E. R. (2007). Luftwaffe at War: Gathering Storm 1933–1939 Volume 1. London: Chervron/Ian Allen. ISBN 978-1-903223-71-7 Periksa nilai: checksum
|isbn=(bantuan). - Kennedy, Robert M. (1980). The German Campaign in Poland (1939). Zenger. ISBN 0-89201-064-9.
- Lukas, Richard C. (2001). Forgotten Holocaust: The Poles Under German Occupation, 1939–1944. Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-7818-0901-0.
- Majer, Diemut (2003). Non-Germans under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe, with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-6493-3.
- Prazmowska, Anita J. (1995). Britain and Poland 1939–1943: The Betrayed Ally. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-48385-9.
- Rossino, Alexander B. (2003). Hitler Strikes Poland: Blitzkrieg, Ideology and Atrocity. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-1234-3.
- Sanford, George (2005). Katyn and the Soviet Massacre Of 1940: Truth, Justice And Memory. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415338735.
- Smith, Peter Charles (1998). Stuka Spearhead: The Lightning War from Poland to Dunkirk 1939–1940. Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-329-3.
- Sword, Keith (1991). The Soviet Takeover of the Polish Eastern Provinces, 1939–41. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 0-312-05570-6.
- Stachiewicz, Wacław (1998). Wierności dochować żołnierskiej (dalam bahasa Polish). OW RYTM. ISBN 83-86678-71-2.
- Taylor, A. J. P. (1974). A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books. ISBN 0-70640-399-1.
- Zaloga, Steve (2002). Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-84176-408-6.
- Zaloga, Steve (1982). The Polish Army 1939–1945. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 0-85045-417-4.
- "KAMPANIA WRZEŚNIOWA 1939". Internetowa encyklopedia PWN (dalam bahasa Polish). Diakses tanggal 2005-12-10.
- Böhler, Jochen (2006). Auftakt zum Vernichtungskrieg; Die Wehrmacht in Polen 1939 (Preface to the War of Annihilation: Wehrmacht in Poland) (dalam bahasa German). Frankfurt: Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag. ISBN 3-596-16307-2.
Pranala luar
- detailed outline of campaign, mainly from German documents
- World War 2 Online Newspaper Archives - The Invasion of Poland, 1939
- The Campaign in Poland at WorldWar2 Database
- The Campaign in Poland at Achtung! Panzer
- German Statistics including September Campaign losses
- Brief Campaign losses and more statistics
- Fall Weiß - The Fall of Poland
- Agreement of Mutual Assistance Between the United Kingdom and Poland.-London, 25 August 1939.
- Poland's Defence War, a fairly detailed but possibly one sided account of the Polish defense in 1939
- Radio reports on the German invasion of Poland and Nazi broadcast claiming that Germany's action is an act of defense
- German reply to British Government's ultimatum of 3 September 1939
- Headline story on BBC: Germany invades Poland 1 September 1939.
- BBC portal dedicated to the start of WW II in Europe
- September 17, 1939 - Soviet aggression on Poland
- Halford Mackinder's Necessary War An essay describing the Polish Campaign in a larger strategic context of the war
- Invasion of Poland (Serbia)