John Maynard Keynes: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Kehidupan awal dan pendidikan == |
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John Maynard Keynes lahir di Cambridge dari keluarga kelas menengah. Ayahnya John Neville Keynes, adalah ekonom dan dosen di [[Universitas Cambridge]]. |
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== Kutipan == |
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* ''"In the long run, we are all dead"'' |
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* "Pada jangka panjang, kita semua telah mati" |
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* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/index.htm J.M Keynes,The General Theory of Employment,Interest and Money, 1936] |
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== Pranala luar == |
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* {{gutenberg author|id=John_Maynard_Keynes|name=John Maynard Keynes}} |
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* {{NRA|P16231}} |
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* [http://socserv2.socsci.mcmaster.ca/~econ/ugcm/3ll3/keynes/peace.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The Economic Consequences of the Peace''] (1919) |
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* [http://csf.colorado.edu/pkt/pktauthors/Berglund.Per/Laissez/Laissez.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''The end of laissez-faire''] (1926) |
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* [http://newdeal.feri.org/misc/keynes2.htm John Maynard Keynes, ''An Open Letter to President Roosevelt''] (1933) |
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* [http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/keynes/general-theory/ John Maynard Keynes, ''The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money''] (1936) |
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* [http://www.maynardkeynes.org/keynes-career-timeline.html Keynes's Career and Biographical Timeline] |
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* [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/profiles/keynes.htm Bio, bibliography, and links] |
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* [http://www.uncg.edu/bae/people/caldwell/teaching/eco555/JOHN.pdf Short bio with birth location] |
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* [http://www.liberalhistory.org.uk/item_single.php?item_id=31&item=biography Biography of Keynes by David Gowland] |
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* [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/home/books/article-1017464/Beauty-Brain.html Beauty and the Brain] article on Keynes and Lydia |
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* [http://www.newsweek.com/id/185844 Who's This Fella Keynes, Anyway] Newsweek "Cheat Sheet" article by Matthew Philips |
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* [http://www.etoncollege.com Eton College Keynes (Economics) Society] |
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* [http://cepa.newschool.edu/het/essays/keynes/keynesrev.htm The Keynesian Revolution] |
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* [http://secularstagnation.com Essays on John Maynard Keynes and Robert Lekachman ] by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 1998–2007 ) |
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* [http://www.southerndomains.com/SouthernBanks/p2.htm Smith, Marx, Kondratieff and Keynes: Their Intellectual Life Spans, the Convergence of their Theories based upon the Long Wave Hypothesis and the Internet''] by Reuben L. Norman Jr., Ph.D. ( 6 June 1998 ) |
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* [http://www.rba.gov.au/PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP2000-04.html Keynes and Australia] by [[Donald Markwell]] , Reserve Bank of Australia (2000) |
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* [http://www.trinity.unimelb.edu.au/publications/trinity_papers/paper33 Keynes and Internatonal Economic and Political Relations] by Donald Markwell, Trinity College, University of Melbourne (2009) |
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* [[Richard Posner]], [http://www.tnr.com/article/how-i-became-keynesian How I Became a Keynesian], [[The New Republic]], 23 September 2009 |
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* [[Roy Hattersley]], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2009/sep/05/roy-hattersley-keynes-books Economic return], [[The Guardian|guardian]], 5 September 2009 |
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* [http://www.salon.com/books/feature/2009/09/24/keynes/print.html John Maynard Keynes: Don't Call it a Comeback] by ''[[Salon Magazine]]'' |
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{{lifetime|1883|1946|Keynes, John Maynard}} |
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[[Kategori:Ekonom Inggris]] |
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[[Kategori:Keluarga Keynes]] |
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[[Kategori:Ekonomi Keynesianisme]] |
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{{Inggris-bio-stub}} |
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Revisi per 19 Juni 2016 20.02
| John Maynard Keynes | |
|---|---|
 Keynes tahun 1933 | |
| Lahir | 5 Juni 1883 Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Inggris |
| Meninggal | 21 April 1946 (umur 62) Tilton, dekat Firle, Sussex, Inggris |
| Institusi | King's College, Cambridge |
| Bidang | |
| Mazhab | Ekonomi Keynesian |
| Alma mater | |
| Dipengaruhi | Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, Alfred Marshall, Arthur Pigou, Nicholas Johannsen, Knut Wicksell, Piero Sraffa, John Neville Keynes, Bertrand Russell[1] |
| Kontribusi | |
| Penghargaan
| |
    | |
John Maynard Keynes, Baron Keynes ke-1,[2] CB, FBA (/ˈkeɪnz/ KAYNZ; 5 Juni 1883 – 21 April 1946), adalah ekonom Inggris yang gagasannya mengubah teori dan praktik ekonomi makro serta kebijakan ekonomi dunia. Ia melanjutkan dan memperbaiki teori sebelumnya yang menjelaskan penyebab terjadinya siklus bisnis. Ia diakui sebagai salah satu ekonom paling berpengaruh abad ke-20 dan pendiri ekonomi makro modern.[3][4][5][6] Pemikiran-pemikirannya menjadi dasar mazhab ekonomi Keynesian dan semua turunannya.
Pada tahun 1930-an, Keynes memimpin revolusi pemikiran ekonomi yang menantang gagasan ekonomi neoklasik bahwa pasar bebas, dalam jangka pendek hingga menengah, akan mengisi seluruh lapangan pekerjaan asalkan tuntutan upah pekerja tetap fleksibel. Ia berpendapat bahwa permintaan agregat menentukan tingkat seluruh aktivitas ekonomi dan kurangnya permintaan agregat akan memicu pengangguran tingkat tinggi yang bertahan lama. Menurut ekonomi Keynesian, campur tangan pemerintah diperlukan untuk menstabilkan "kempis kembangnya" siklus aktivitas ekonomi.[7] Keynes mendukung penerapan kebijakan fiskal dan moneter untuk mencegah dampak buruk resesi dan depresi ekonomi.
Setelah [[Perang Dunia II], sejumlah ekonom Barat ternama menerima saran kebijakan Keynes. Dua puluh tahun setelah Keynes meninggal dunia tahun 1946, hampir semua negara kapitalis di dunia menerapkan kebijakan Keynes. Pengaruh Keynes memudar pada tahun 1970-an, salah satunya karena stagflasi parah yang menghambat ekonomi Inggris-Amerika sepanjang dasawarsa tersebut serta "kenaifan teori Keynesian"[8] yang dilontarkan oleh Milton Friedman, ekonom yang memprediksi krisis tersebut.[9] He and other economists had disputed the ability of government to regulate the business cycle favorably with fiscal policy.[10] Meski beberapa pihak menyebut bahwa teori moneter Friedman memengaruhi tanggapan Federal Reserve terhadap krisis keuangan global 2007–08,[11] ada pula yang menyebut bahwa kebijakan ekonomi pemerintah yang diambil pada tahun itu bagian dari kebangkitan Keynesianisme modern.[12]
Majalah Time memasukkan Keynes ke daftar Most Important People of the Century pada tahun 1999. Menurut Time, "gagasannya yang radikal, yaitu pemerintah harus membelanjakan uang yang tidak dimilikinya, mungkin berhasil mencegah runtuhnya kapitalisme."[13] The Economist menjuluki Kenyes "ekonom abad ke-20 paling terkenal di Britania Raya."[14] Selain menjadi ekonom, Keynes juga merupakan pegawai negeri, direktur Bank of England, dan anggota perkumpulan intelek Bloomsbury Group.[15]
Karya
- 1913 Indian Currency and Finance
- 1914 Ludwig von Mises's Theorie des Geldes (EJ)
- 1915 The Economics of War in Germany (EJ)
- 1919 The Economic Consequences of the Peace
- 1921 A Treatise on Probability
- 1922 The Inflation of Currency as a Method of Taxation (MGCRE)
- 1922 Revision of the Treaty
- 1923 A Tract on Monetary Reform
- 1925 Am I a Liberal? (N&A)
- 1926 The End of Laissez-Faire
- 1926 Laissez-Faire and Communism
- 1930 A Treatise on Money
- 1930 Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren
- 1931 The End of the Gold Standard (Sunday Express)
- 1931 Essays in Persuasion
- 1931 The Great Slump of 1930
- 1933 The Means to Prosperity
- 1933 An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (New York Times)
- 1933 Essays in Biography
- 1936 The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money
- 1940 How to Pay for the War: A radical plan for the Chancellor of the Exchequer
- 1949 Two Memoirs. Ed. by David Garnett (On Carl Melchior and G. E. Moore.)
Lihat pula
Catatan kaki
- ^ Bradley W. Bateman; Toshiaki Hirai; Maria Cristina Marcuzzo, ed. (2010). The Return to Keynes. Harvard University Press. hlm. 146. ISBN 9780674053540.
- ^ Jenkins, Nicholas. "John Maynard Keynes 1st Baron Keynes (I7810)". W. H. Auden – 'Family Ghosts'. Stanford University. Diakses tanggal 18 October 2011.
- ^ Daniel Yergin & Joseph Stanislaw. "book extract from The Commanding Heights" (PDF). Public Broadcasting Service. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008.
- ^ "How to kick-start a faltering economy the Keynes way". BBC. 22 October 2008. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008.
- ^ Cohn, Steven Mark (2006). Reintroducing Macroeconomics: A Critical Approach. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 111. ISBN 0-7656-1450-2.
- ^ Davis, William L, Bob Figgins, David Hedengren, and Daniel B. Klein. "Economic Professors' Favorite Economic Thinkers, Journals, and Blogs," Econ Journal Watch 8(2): 126–146, May 2011.[1]
- ^ Time Value of Money. "How John Maynard Keynes Changed the World of Economics". InvestingAnswers. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013.
- ^ "Milton Friedman". Commanding Heights. PBS. October 1, 2000. Diakses tanggal September 19, 2011.
- ^ Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman stated that, "In 1968 in one of the decisive intellectual achievements of postwar economics, Friedman not only showed why the apparent tradeoff embodied in the idea of the Phillips curve was wrong; he also predicted the emergence of combined inflation and high unemployment ... dubbed ‘stagflation.” Paul Krugman, Peddling Prosperity: Economic Sense and Nonsense in an Age of Diminished Expectations (1995) p 43 online
- ^ "To Set the Economy Right". Time magazine. 27 August 1979. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2008.
- ^ Edward Nelson, "Friedman’s Monetary Economics in Practice," Finance and Economics Discussion Series, Divisions of Research & Statistics and Monetary Affairs, Federal Reserve Board, April 13, 2011. Nelson stated, "in important respects, the overall monetary and financial policy response to the crisis can be viewed as Friedman’s monetary economics in practice." and "Friedman’s recommendations for responding to a financial crisis largely lined up with the principal financial and monetary policy measures taken since 2007." Nelson, "Review," in Journal of Economic Literature (Dec, 2012) 50#4 pp 1106-1109
- ^ Chris Giles in London, Ralph Atkins in Frankfurt and Krishna Guha in Washington. "The undeniable shift to Keynes". Financial Times. Diakses tanggal 23 January 2009.
- ^ Robert Reich (29 March 1999). "The Time 100: John Maynard Keynes". Time (magazine). Diakses tanggal 18 June 2009.
- ^ "The IMF in Britain: Toothless truth tellers". Economist.com. 11 May 2013. Diakses tanggal 2 October 2013.
- ^ "The Bloomsbury Group". Therem.net. 22 August 2007. Diakses tanggal 26 May 2012.
Referensi
- Backhouse, Roger E. and Bateman, Bradley W.. Capitalist Revolutionary: John Maynard Keynes. 2011
- Barnett, Vincent. John Maynard Keynes. London: Routledge, 2013. ISBN 978-0415567695.
- Beaudreau, Bernard C.. The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes: How the Second Industrial Revolution Passed Great Britain By. iUniverse, 2006, ISBN 0-595-41661-6
- Clark, Barry. Political Economy: A Comparative Approach. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1998, ISBN 0-275-96370-5
- Clarke, Peter. Keynes: The Twentieth Century's Most Influential Economist. Bloomsbury, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4088-0385-1
- Clarke, Peter. Keynes: The Rise, Fall and Return of the 20th Century's Most Influential Economist, Bloomsbury Press, 2009
- Davidson, Paul. John Maynard Keynes (Great Thinkers in Economics). Palgrave Macmillan, 2007, ISBN 1-4039-9623-7
- Harrod, R. F.. The Life of John Maynard Keynes. Macmillan, 1951, ISBN 1-125-39598-2
- Markwell, Donald. John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace. Oxford University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-19-829236-8, ISBN 978-0-19-829236-4
- Markwell, Donald. Keynes and Australia. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2000.[1]
- Keynes, Milo (editor). Essays on John Maynard Keynes. Cambridge University Press, 1975, ISBN 0-521-20534-4
- Moggridge, Donald Edward. Keynes. Macmillan, 1980, ISBN 0-333-29524-2
- Patinkin, Don. "Keynes, John Maynard", The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. v. 2, 1987, pp. 19–41. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-37235-2 (US Edition: ISBN 0-935859-10-1)
- Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed 1883–1920. Papermac, 1992, ISBN 0-333-57379-X (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023554-X)
- Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937. Papermac, 1994, ISBN 0-333-58499-6 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-023806-9)
- Skidelsky, Robert. John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain 1937–1946 (published in the United States as Fighting for Freedom). Papermac, 2001, ISBN 0-333-77971-1 (US Edition: ISBN 0-14-200167-8)
- Skidelsky, Robert. Keynes: The Return of the Master. PublicAffairs, 2009, ISBN 1-58648-897-X
- Wapshott, Nicholas. Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics. 2011
- Wolfe, Alan. The Future of Liberalism. New York: Random House, Inc., 2009, ISBN 0-307-38625-2
- Yergin, Daniel with Stanislaw, Joseph. The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1998, ISBN 0-684-82975-4
Bacaan lanjutan
- Bateman, Bradley (2010). The return to Keynes. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-03538-0.
- Blaug, Mark (September 1994), "Recent Biographies of Keynes", Journal of Economic Literature, University of Exeter: American Economic Association, 32 (3): 1204–1215
- Dillard, Dudley (1948). The Economics of John Maynard Keynes: The Theory of Monetary Economy. Prentice-Hall, Inc. hlm. 384. ISBN 978-1-4191-2894-3.
- Keynes, John Maynard (1998). The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (edisi ke-30 Volume Hardback). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-30766-6.
- Markwell, Donald. Keynes and Australia. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2000.
- Pecchi, Lorenzo & Gustavo Piga (2010). Revisiting Keynes. MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-51511-3.
- Skidelsky, Robert (2010). Keynes: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-959164-0.
- Syll, Lars Pålsson (2007). John Maynard Keynes. SNS Förlag. hlm. 95. ISBN 9789185695270.
- Temin, Peter & David Vines. Keynes: Useful Economics for the World Economy. MIT Press, 2014.
Pranala luar
| Cari tahu mengenai John Maynard Keynes pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya: | |
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Gambar dan media dari Commons |
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Kutipan dari Wikiquote |
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Teks sumber dari Wikisource |
- Keynes' little known but abundant definition of an economist (1924)
- Professor Robert Skildesky explains Keynes theories video
- Professor Robert Skidelsky on economist Keynes video
- Karya John Maynard Keynes di Project Gutenberg
- Karya oleh/tentang John Maynard Keynes di Internet Archive (pencarian dioptimalkan untuk situs non-Beta)
- Karya John Maynard Keynes di LibriVox (buku suara domain umum)
- Arsip-arsip yang berhubungan dengan John Maynard Keynes terdaftar di The National Archives (Britania Raya)
- Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919)
- Keynes, The end of laissez-faire (1926)
- Keynes, Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren (1930)
- Keynes, The raising of prices (1933)
- Keynes, National Self-Sufficiency (1933)
- Keynes, An Open Letter to President Roosevelt (1933)
- Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (1936)
- Booknotes interview with Robert Skidelsky on John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Freedom, 1937–1946, 28 April 2002.
- John Maynard Keynes (1883–1946). The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics. Library of Economics and Liberty (edisi ke-2nd). Liberty Fund. 2008.
| Gelar kebangsawanan | ||
|---|---|---|
| Ciptaan baru | Baron Keynes 1942–1946 |
Hilang |
Templat:Ekonomi makro-footer Templat:Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi
| Umum | |
|---|---|
| Perpustakaan nasional | |
| Basis data ilmiah | |
| Lain-lain | |
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