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==The orb-web==
==The orb-web==
--><!-- (Not identified, of questionable use) [[File:garden_orb_weaver.jpg|thumb|Orb weaver resting in web]]-->
--><!-- (Not identified, of questionable use) [[File:garden_orb_weaver.jpg|thumb|Orb weaver resting in web]]-->
[[File:Argiope sp.jpg|thumb|''Argiope'' sp. duduk pada [[:en:Web decorations|''stabilimentum'']] di tengah-tengah sarang]]
[[Berkas:Argiope sp.jpg|thumb|''Argiope'' sp. duduk pada [[:en:Web decorations|''stabilimentum'']] di tengah-tengah sarang]]
[[File:Orb weaver spiderlings.jpg|thumb|Anak-anak laba-laba di sarang dekat tempat menetas]]
[[Berkas:Orb weaver spiderlings.jpg|thumb|Anak-anak laba-laba di sarang dekat tempat menetas]]
[[File:Eriophora sp 2.jpg|thumb|Close-up [[cephalothorax]] pada ''[[Eriophora]]'' sp. (kemungkinan ''[[Eriophora heroine|E. heroine]]'' atau ''[[Eriophora pustuosa|E. pustuosa]]'']]
[[Berkas:Eriophora sp 2.jpg|thumb|Close-up [[cephalothorax]] pada ''[[Eriophora]]'' sp. (kemungkinan ''[[Eriophora heroine|E. heroine]]'' atau ''[[Eriophora pustuosa|E. pustuosa]]'']]
<!--Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat [[Spider web|webs]] with sticky spiral capture [[Spider silk|silk]]. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk. The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey [[insect]] that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting.
<!--Generally, orb-weaving spiders are three-clawed builders of flat [[Spider web|webs]] with sticky spiral capture [[Spider silk|silk]]. The building of a web is an engineering feat, begun when the spider floats a line on the wind to another surface. The spider secures the line and then drops another line from the center, making a "Y". The rest of the scaffolding follows with many radii of nonsticky silk being constructed before a final spiral of sticky capture silk. The third claw is used to walk on the nonsticky part of the web. Characteristically, the prey [[insect]] that blunders into the sticky lines is stunned by a quick bite, and then wrapped in silk. If the prey is a [[venom (poison)|venomous]] insect, such as a wasp, wrapping may precede biting.


Baris 78: Baris 78:
The two families, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The Araneidae weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the Deinopoidea use dry fibrils and sticky silk.<ref name="Garb"/><ref>{{cite book |author=William A. Shear |year=1986 |chapter=The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses |pages=364–400 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA364}}</ref> The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a [[cribellum]] – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released. They also have a [[calamistrum]] – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two families of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet there is much similarity between their web form and web construction behavior. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely [[synapomorphic]]. If the orb-weaver spiders are a [[monophyletic group]], the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage [[paraphyletic]] and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single origin or a dual origin.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan A. Coddington |year=1986 |chapter=The monophyletic origin of the orb web |pages=319–363 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA319}}</ref> However, molecular analysis provides more support for a [[monophyletic]] origin.<ref name="Blackledge_2009"/><ref name="Garb"/><ref name="Penney"/>
The two families, Deinopoidea and Araneoidea, have similar behavioral sequences and spinning apparatuses to produce architecturally similar webs. The Araneidae weave true viscid silk with an aqueous glue property, and the Deinopoidea use dry fibrils and sticky silk.<ref name="Garb"/><ref>{{cite book |author=William A. Shear |year=1986 |chapter=The evolution of web-building behavior in spiders: a third generation of hypotheses |pages=364–400 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA364}}</ref> The Deinopoidea (including the Uloboridae), have a [[cribellum]] – a flat, complex spinning plate from which the cribellate silk is released. They also have a [[calamistrum]] – an apparatus of bristles used to comb the cribellate silk from the cribellum. The Araneoidea, or the "ecribellate" spiders, do not have these two structures. The two families of orb-weaving spiders are morphologically very distinct, yet there is much similarity between their web form and web construction behavior. The cribellates retained the ancestral character, yet the cribellum was lost in the escribellates. The lack of a functional cribellum in araneoids is most likely [[synapomorphic]]. If the orb-weaver spiders are a [[monophyletic group]], the fact that only some species in the group lost a feature adds to the controversy. The cribellates are split off as a separate taxon that retained the primitive feature, which makes the lineage [[paraphyletic]] and not synonymous with any real evolutionary lineage. The morphological and behavioral evidence surrounding orb webs led to the disagreement over a single origin or a dual origin.<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan A. Coddington |year=1986 |chapter=The monophyletic origin of the orb web |pages=319–363 |editor=William A. Shear |title=Spiders: webs, behavior, and evolution |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |location=Stanford, California |isbn=978-0-8047-1203-3 |url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rc6Vz-cWickC&pg=PA319}}</ref> However, molecular analysis provides more support for a [[monophyletic]] origin.<ref name="Blackledge_2009"/><ref name="Garb"/><ref name="Penney"/>
-->
-->
==Sistematika==
== Sistematika ==
{{main|Daftar spesies Araneidae}}
{{main|Daftar spesies Araneidae}}
<!--[[File:Eriophora transmarina.jpg|thumb|''[[Eriophora transmarina]]'' dari Australia]]
<!--[[File:Eriophora transmarina.jpg|thumb|''[[Eriophora transmarina]]'' dari Australia]]
Baris 104: Baris 104:
:* [[Ursini (Araneidae)|Ursini]]
:* [[Ursini (Araneidae)|Ursini]]
:* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
:* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
::*''[[Glyptogona]]'' <small>Simon, 1884</small>
::* ''[[Glyptogona]]'' <small>Simon, 1884</small>


* [[Argiope]]
* [[Argiope]]
Baris 123: Baris 123:


* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
* ''[[incertae sedis]]''
:*''[[Artonis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
:* ''[[Artonis]]'' <small>Simon, 1895</small>
:* ''[[Colphepeira]]'' <small>Archer, 1941</small>
:* ''[[Colphepeira]]'' <small>Archer, 1941</small>
:* ''[[Enacrosoma]]'' <small>Mello-Leitão, 1932</small>
:* ''[[Enacrosoma]]'' <small>Mello-Leitão, 1932</small>
Baris 143: Baris 143:
* [[Keluarga laba-laba]]
* [[Keluarga laba-laba]]


==Referensi==
== Referensi ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist|30em}}


==Pustaka tambahan ==
== Pustaka tambahan ==
{{Commons category|Araneidae}}
{{Commons category|Araneidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Araneidae}}
{{Wikispecies|Araneidae}}
*''The Life of the Spider'' by John Crompton. Mentor, 1950.
* ''The Life of the Spider'' by John Crompton. Mentor, 1950.
*"The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 23." By C. D. Dondale, J. H. Redner, P. Paquin, and H. W. Levi. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 2003. ISBN 978-0-660-18898-0
* "The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 23." By C. D. Dondale, J. H. Redner, P. Paquin, and H. W. Levi. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 2003. ISBN 978-0-660-18898-0
*''How to Know the Spiders'' by B. J. Kaston. Dubuque, 1953.
* ''How to Know the Spiders'' by B. J. Kaston. Dubuque, 1953.
*''Spiders'' by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.
* ''Spiders'' by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.
*''Biology of Spiders'', by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996
* ''Biology of Spiders'', by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996
* Levi, H. W. (1993): The new orb-weaver genus ''Lewisepeira'' (Araneae: Araneidae). ''[[Psyche (entomological journal)|Psyche]]'' '''100''': 127–136. [http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/100/100-127.pdf PDF]
* Levi, H. W. (1993): The new orb-weaver genus ''Lewisepeira'' (Araneae: Araneidae). ''[[Psyche (entomological journal)|Psyche]]'' '''100''': 127–136. [http://psyche2.entclub.org/articles/100/100-127.pdf PDF]
* Platnick, Norman I. (2010): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ARANEIDAE.html The world spider catalog: Araneidae], version 11.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.
* Platnick, Norman I. (2010): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/ARANEIDAE.html The world spider catalog: Araneidae], version 11.5. ''American Museum of Natural History''.


== Pranala luar ==
== Pranala luar ==
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/Spidaus.html Spiders of Australia]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/australian/Spidaus.html Spiders of Australia]
*[http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/spidhome.htm Spiders of northwestern Europe]
* [http://www.xs4all.nl/~ednieuw/Spiders/spidhome.htm Spiders of northwestern Europe]
*[http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Araneae.html Araneae], Arachnology Home Pages
* [http://www.arachnology.org/Arachnology/Pages/Araneae.html Araneae], Arachnology Home Pages
*[http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch World Spider Catalog]
* [http://www.wsc.nmbe.ch World Spider Catalog]
*[http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/CritterFiles/casefile/spiders/orbweavers/orb.htm Orb weavers of Kentucky], [[University of Kentucky]]
* [http://www.uky.edu/Agriculture/CritterFiles/casefile/spiders/orbweavers/orb.htm Orb weavers of Kentucky], [[University of Kentucky]]
*[http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=13793 Pictures of ''Mangora'' species]
* [http://www.forestryimages.org/browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=13793 Pictures of ''Mangora'' species]
*[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/g_cancriformis.htm ''Gasteracantha cancriformis'', spinybacked orbweaver] on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/beneficial/g_cancriformis.htm ''Gasteracantha cancriformis'', spinybacked orbweaver] on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website
*[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/spiders/neoscona.htm ''Neoscona crucifera'' and ''N. domiciliorum''] on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website HOE
* [http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/spiders/neoscona.htm ''Neoscona crucifera'' and ''N. domiciliorum''] on the [[University of Florida]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences]] ''Featured Creatures'' website HOE


{{Araneae}}
{{Araneae}}
<!-- Familia -->

[[Kategori:Laba-laba]]
[[Kategori:Laba-laba]]
[[Kategori:Araneidae| ]] <!-- Familia -->
[[Kategori:Araneidae| ]]

Revisi per 29 Juni 2016 12.50

Araneidae
Argiope catenulata
Klasifikasi ilmiah
Kerajaan:
Animalia
Filum:
Arthropoda
Kelas:
Arachnida
Ordo:
Araneae
Subordo:
Araneomorphae
Superfamili:
Araneoidea
Famili:
Araneidae

Simon, 1895
Diversitas[1]
168 genus, 3.006 spesies

Araneidae adalah nama Latin untuk familia laba-laba pembuat sarang berbentuk roda yang paling sering ditemukan, di taman, ladang maupun hutan. Bentuk sarangnya khas menyerupai lingkaran sehingga takson ini dulunya juga dinamakan Orbiculariae.

Laba-laba dari keluarga ini mempunyai 8 mata yang serupa, kaki yang berbulu atau berduri, dan tidak mempunyai organ stridulating. Familia Araneidae berciri kosmopolitan, termasuk banyak spesies terkenal yang besar atau berwarna cerah yang sering ditemukan di taman-taman. Jumlah 3.006 spesies dalam 168 genus di seluruh dunia membuat Araneidae merupakan familia laba-laba nomor tiga terbesar setelah Salticidae dan Linyphiidae).[1] Pembuat sarang ini termasuk lebih dari 10.000 spesies dan mencakup 25% ragam laba-laba.[2]

Argiope sp. duduk pada stabilimentum di tengah-tengah sarang
Anak-anak laba-laba di sarang dekat tempat menetas
Close-up cephalothorax pada Eriophora sp. (kemungkinan E. heroine atau E. pustuosa

Sistematika

Artikel utama: Daftar spesies Araneidae

-->

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b Platnick, Norman I. (29 December 2010). "Currently valid spider genera and species". The World Spider Catalog, Version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History. Diakses tanggal 24 May 2011. 
  2. ^ Todd A. Blackledge, Nikolaj Scharff, Jonathan A. Coddington, Tamas Szüts, John W. Wenzel, Cheryl Y. Hayashi & Ingi Agnarsson (2009). "Reconstructing web evolution and spider diversification in the molecular era". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106: 5229–5234. doi:10.1073/pnas.0901377106. PMC 2656561 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 19289848. 

Pustaka tambahan

Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Araneidae.
Wikispecies mempunyai informasi mengenai Araneidae.
  • The Life of the Spider by John Crompton. Mentor, 1950.
  • "The Orb-Weaving Spiders of Canada and Alaska. Araneae: Uloboridae, Tetragnathidae, Araneidae, Theridiosomatidae. Insects and Arachnids of Canada Series, Part 23." By C. D. Dondale, J. H. Redner, P. Paquin, and H. W. Levi. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, 2003. ISBN 978-0-660-18898-0
  • How to Know the Spiders by B. J. Kaston. Dubuque, 1953.
  • Spiders by Barbara York Main. Sidney, 1976.
  • Biology of Spiders, by Rainer F. Foelix, second edition, 1996
  • Levi, H. W. (1993): The new orb-weaver genus Lewisepeira (Araneae: Araneidae). Psyche 100: 127–136. PDF
  • Platnick, Norman I. (2010): The world spider catalog: Araneidae, version 11.5. American Museum of Natural History.

Pranala luar

Diperoleh dari "https://wiki-indonesia.club/w/index.php?title=Araneidae&oldid=11702971"