Paul Kruger: Perbedaan antara revisi
Wagino Bot (bicara | kontrib) k →Bacaan tambahan: minor cosmetic change |
k Robot: Perubahan kosmetika |
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Baris 48: | Baris 48: | ||
Setelah ia meninggal di Swiss pada usia 78 tahun pada 1904, jenazahnya dikembalikan ke Afrika Selatan untuk sebuah pemakaman kenegaraan, dan dikuburkan di [[Heroes' Acre (Afrika Selatan)|Heroes' Acre]] di [[Pretoria]]. |
Setelah ia meninggal di Swiss pada usia 78 tahun pada 1904, jenazahnya dikembalikan ke Afrika Selatan untuk sebuah pemakaman kenegaraan, dan dikuburkan di [[Heroes' Acre (Afrika Selatan)|Heroes' Acre]] di [[Pretoria]]. |
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==Kehidupan awal== |
== Kehidupan awal == |
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===Keluarga dan masa kecil=== |
=== Keluarga dan masa kecil === |
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Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger lahir pada 10 Oktober 1825 di [[Whittlesea, Tanjung Timur|Bulhoek]], [[Koloni Tanjung]], sebagai anak ketiga dan putra kedua dari Casper (atau Kasper) Jan Hendrik Kruger, seorang petani, dan istrinya Elsie (Elisa; née Steyn).{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}} Keluarganya berasal dari latar belakang [[Afrikaner]] atau [[Boer]] yang memakai bahasa Belanda, umumnya Jerman, [[Huguenot]] Perancis dan Belanda.{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Kruger|1902|p = 3}} Keturunan pihak ayahnya telah ada di Afrika Selatan sejak 1713, ketika Jacob Krüger, dari [[Berlin]], datang ke [[Cape Town]] sebagai prajurit berusia 17tahun di pelayanan [[Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda]]. |
Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger lahir pada 10 Oktober 1825 di [[Whittlesea, Tanjung Timur|Bulhoek]], [[Koloni Tanjung]], sebagai anak ketiga dan putra kedua dari Casper (atau Kasper) Jan Hendrik Kruger, seorang petani, dan istrinya Elsie (Elisa; née Steyn).{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}} Keluarganya berasal dari latar belakang [[Afrikaner]] atau [[Boer]] yang memakai bahasa Belanda, umumnya Jerman, [[Huguenot]] Perancis dan Belanda.{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}}{{sfn|Kruger|1902|p = 3}} Keturunan pihak ayahnya telah ada di Afrika Selatan sejak 1713, ketika Jacob Krüger, dari [[Berlin]], datang ke [[Cape Town]] sebagai prajurit berusia 17tahun di pelayanan [[Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda]]. |
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Paul Kruger dibaptis di Cradock pada 19 Maret 1826{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}} |
Paul Kruger dibaptis di Cradock pada 19 Maret 1826{{sfn|Meintjes|1974|pp = 1–4}} |
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==Catatan dan referensi== |
== Catatan dan referensi == |
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;Catatan kaki |
;Catatan kaki |
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{{reflist|group=n|colwidth=35em}} |
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;Artikel surat kabar dan jurnal |
;Artikel surat kabar dan jurnal |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
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|title=Another Road to the Raid: The Neglected Role of the Boer-Bagananwa War As a Factor in the Coming of the Jameson Raid, 1894–1895 |
|title=Another Road to the Raid: The Neglected Role of the Boer-Bagananwa War As a Factor in the Coming of the Jameson Raid, 1894–1895 |
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|last=Makhura |
|last=Makhura |
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Baris 76: | Baris 76: | ||
|doi=10.2307/2637024 |
|doi=10.2307/2637024 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite news |
* {{cite news |
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|title=Furgler und Dürrenmatt verdrängen Kruger |
|title=Furgler und Dürrenmatt verdrängen Kruger |
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|date=9 June 2009 |
|date=9 June 2009 |
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Baris 88: | Baris 88: | ||
;Sumber online |
;Sumber online |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite journal |
* {{cite journal |
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|title=Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus [Paul] (1825–1904) |
|title=Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus [Paul] (1825–1904) |
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|last=Davenport |
|last=Davenport |
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Baris 99: | Baris 99: | ||
|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/41290 |
|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/41290 |
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|ref=harv}} {{ODNBsub}} |
|ref=harv}} {{ODNBsub}} |
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*{{cite news |
* {{cite news |
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|title=Swiss authorities rename Paul Kruger Street |
|title=Swiss authorities rename Paul Kruger Street |
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|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/24/us-swiss-street-idUSTRE54N00820090524 |
|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/05/24/us-swiss-street-idUSTRE54N00820090524 |
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Baris 106: | Baris 106: | ||
|accessdate=27 February 2015 |
|accessdate=27 February 2015 |
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|ref={{harvid|Reuters|2009}}}} |
|ref={{harvid|Reuters|2009}}}} |
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*{{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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|title=Krugerrand: International Information Supplement 2014 |
|title=Krugerrand: International Information Supplement 2014 |
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|url=http://www.goldbarsworldwide.com/PDF/BC_2_Krugerrand.pdf |
|url=http://www.goldbarsworldwide.com/PDF/BC_2_Krugerrand.pdf |
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Baris 115: | Baris 115: | ||
|format=pdf |
|format=pdf |
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|ref={{harvid|Grendon International Research|2014}}}} |
|ref={{harvid|Grendon International Research|2014}}}} |
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*{{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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|title=Kruger House, Church Street West, Pretoria |
|title=Kruger House, Church Street West, Pretoria |
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|url=http://www.sahra.org.za/node/33628 |
|url=http://www.sahra.org.za/node/33628 |
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Baris 124: | Baris 124: | ||
|accessdate=27 February 2015 |
|accessdate=27 February 2015 |
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|ref={{harvid|SAHRA a}}}} |
|ref={{harvid|SAHRA a}}}} |
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*{{cite web |
* {{cite web |
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|title=Boekenhoutfontein, Rustenburg District |
|title=Boekenhoutfontein, Rustenburg District |
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|url=http://www.sahra.org.za/sites/922630007 |
|url=http://www.sahra.org.za/sites/922630007 |
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Baris 137: | Baris 137: | ||
;Daftar pustaka |
;Daftar pustaka |
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{{refbegin|colwidth=35em}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|chapter=The British, Boers and Africans in South Africa, 1850–80 |
|chapter=The British, Boers and Africans in South Africa, 1850–80 |
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|last=Bhebe |
|last=Bhebe |
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Baris 153: | Baris 153: | ||
|isbn=978-92-3-101712-4 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Disraeli |
|title=Disraeli |
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|last=Blake |
|last=Blake |
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Baris 164: | Baris 164: | ||
|oclc=400326 |
|oclc=400326 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=South Africa Highlights |
|title=South Africa Highlights |
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|last=Briggs |
|last=Briggs |
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Baris 173: | Baris 173: | ||
|isbn=978-1-84162-368-9 |
|isbn=978-1-84162-368-9 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Majuba 1881: The Hill of Destiny |
|title=Majuba 1881: The Hill of Destiny |
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|series=Campaign |
|series=Campaign |
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Baris 184: | Baris 184: | ||
|isbn=978-1-85532-503-6 |
|isbn=978-1-85532-503-6 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Cecil Rhodes and His Time |
|title=Cecil Rhodes and His Time |
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|last=Davidson |
|last=Davidson |
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Baris 195: | Baris 195: | ||
|isbn=978-5-01-001828-3 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination, and Development |
|title=An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination, and Development |
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|last=Feinstein |
|last=Feinstein |
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Baris 206: | Baris 206: | ||
|isbn=978-0-521-85091-9 |
|isbn=978-0-521-85091-9 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Film Propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II Cinema |
|title=Film Propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II Cinema |
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|last=Fox |
|last=Fox |
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Baris 216: | Baris 216: | ||
|isbn=978-1-85973-896-2 |
|isbn=978-1-85973-896-2 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|chapter=The Spread of Christianity among Whites and Blacks in Transorangia |
|chapter=The Spread of Christianity among Whites and Blacks in Transorangia |
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|last1=Hexham |
|last1=Hexham |
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Baris 233: | Baris 233: | ||
|isbn=978-0-520-20940-4 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Lord Milner and South Africa |
|title=Lord Milner and South Africa |
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|last=Iwan-Müller |
|last=Iwan-Müller |
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Baris 242: | Baris 242: | ||
|oclc=3809086 |
|oclc=3809086 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Founders and Followers: Johannesburg Jewry, 1887–1915 |
|title=Founders and Followers: Johannesburg Jewry, 1887–1915 |
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|last1=Kaplan |
|last1=Kaplan |
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|isbn=978-0-947461-09-6 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Boer Wars (2): 1898–1902 |
|title=Boer Wars (2): 1898–1902 |
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|series=Men-at-Arms |
|series=Men-at-Arms |
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Baris 265: | Baris 265: | ||
|isbn=978-1-85532-613-2 |
|isbn=978-1-85532-613-2 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Memoirs of Paul Kruger, Four Times President of the South African Republic |
|title=The Memoirs of Paul Kruger, Four Times President of the South African Republic |
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|last=Kruger |
|last=Kruger |
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Baris 275: | Baris 275: | ||
|oclc=14911933 |
|oclc=14911933 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881 |
|title=The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881 |
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|last=Laband |
|last=Laband |
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Baris 285: | Baris 285: | ||
|isbn=978-1-317-86846-0 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present |
|title=A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present |
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|last=Lulat |
|last=Lulat |
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Baris 294: | Baris 294: | ||
|isbn=978-0-313-32061-3 |
|isbn=978-0-313-32061-3 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Fall of Kruger's Republic |
|title=The Fall of Kruger's Republic |
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|last=Marais |
|last=Marais |
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Baris 303: | Baris 303: | ||
|oclc=245764701 |
|oclc=245764701 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Real Kruger and the Transvaal |
|title=The Real Kruger and the Transvaal |
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|last1=McKenzie |
|last1=McKenzie |
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Baris 316: | Baris 316: | ||
|oclc=9147677 |
|oclc=9147677 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=President Steyn: A Biography |
|title=President Steyn: A Biography |
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|last=Meintjes |
|last=Meintjes |
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Baris 327: | Baris 327: | ||
|oclc=64838 |
|oclc=64838 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=President Paul Kruger: A Biography |
|title=President Paul Kruger: A Biography |
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|last=Meintjes |
|last=Meintjes |
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Baris 337: | Baris 337: | ||
|isbn=978-0-304-29423-7 |
|isbn=978-0-304-29423-7 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa |
|title=Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa |
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|last=Meredith |
|last=Meredith |
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Baris 348: | Baris 348: | ||
|isbn=978-1586484736 |
|isbn=978-1586484736 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Touring in South Africa |
|title=Touring in South Africa |
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|last1=Olivier |
|last1=Olivier |
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Baris 360: | Baris 360: | ||
|isbn=978-1-77007-142-1 |
|isbn=978-1-77007-142-1 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Gold! Gold! Gold!: The Johannesburg Gold Rush |
|title=Gold! Gold! Gold!: The Johannesburg Gold Rush |
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|last=Rosenthal |
|last=Rosenthal |
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Baris 370: | Baris 370: | ||
|oclc=62020 |
|oclc=62020 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power |
|title=The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power |
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|last=Rotberg |
|last=Rotberg |
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|isbn=978-0-19-504968-8 |
|isbn=978-0-19-504968-8 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Jews in South Africa: A History |
|title=The Jews in South Africa: A History |
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|last1=Saron |
|last1=Saron |
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Baris 393: | Baris 393: | ||
|oclc=494679231 |
|oclc=494679231 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=[[Sailing Alone Around the World]] |
|title=[[Sailing Alone Around the World]] |
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|last=Slocum |
|last=Slocum |
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Baris 404: | Baris 404: | ||
|oclc=5109620 |
|oclc=5109620 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika |
|title=Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika |
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|editor1-last=Van der Walt |
|editor1-last=Van der Walt |
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|display-editors=1 |
|display-editors=1 |
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|ref={{harvid|Van der Walt et al.|1951}}}} |
|ref={{harvid|Van der Walt et al.|1951}}}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945 |
|title=Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945 |
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|last=Welch |
|last=Welch |
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Baris 431: | Baris 431: | ||
|isbn=978-1-86064-520-4 |
|isbn=978-1-86064-520-4 |
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|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Gold: A World Survey |
|title=Gold: A World Survey |
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|last=Weston |
|last=Weston |
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{{refend}} |
{{refend}} |
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==Bacaan tambahan== |
== Bacaan tambahan == |
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{{Commons category|Paul Kruger}} |
{{Commons category|Paul Kruger}} |
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{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus|Paul Kruger}} |
{{NIE Poster|year=1905|Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus|Paul Kruger}} |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger: His Life and Times |
|title=Paul Kruger: His Life and Times |
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|last=Fisher |
|last=Fisher |
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Baris 456: | Baris 456: | ||
|isbn=978-0436157035 |
|isbn=978-0436157035 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger, ''Volume 1: 1825–83'' |
|title=Paul Kruger, ''Volume 1: 1825–83'' |
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|last=Krüger |
|last=Krüger |
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Baris 466: | Baris 466: | ||
|oclc=8384883 |
|oclc=8384883 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger, ''Volume 2: 1883–1904'' |
|title=Paul Kruger, ''Volume 2: 1883–1904'' |
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|last=Krüger |
|last=Krüger |
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Baris 476: | Baris 476: | ||
|oclc=8384883 |
|oclc=8384883 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger, His Life and Times |
|title=Paul Kruger, His Life and Times |
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|last=Nathan |
|last=Nathan |
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Baris 485: | Baris 485: | ||
|oclc=222482253 |
|oclc=222482253 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=The Rise and Fall of Krugerism |
|title=The Rise and Fall of Krugerism |
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|last1=Scobie |
|last1=Scobie |
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Baris 496: | Baris 496: | ||
|oclc=9145335 |
|oclc=9145335 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Die Staatsopvattinge van Paul Kruger |
|title=Die Staatsopvattinge van Paul Kruger |
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|last=Smit |
|last=Smit |
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Baris 506: | Baris 506: | ||
|oclc=35091695 |
|oclc=35091695 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger and His Times |
|title=Paul Kruger and His Times |
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|last=Statham |
|last=Statham |
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Baris 516: | Baris 516: | ||
|oclc=2538117 |
|oclc=2538117 |
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|ref=harv}} |
|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book |
* {{cite book |
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|title=Paul Kruger en de Opkomst van de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek |
|title=Paul Kruger en de Opkomst van de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek |
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|last=Van Oordt |
|last=Van Oordt |
Revisi per 25 Oktober 2016 23.37
Paul Kruger | |
---|---|
Presiden Republik Afrika Selatan ke-5 | |
Masa jabatan 9 Mei 1883 – 10 September 1900 | |
Anggota Triumvirate | |
Masa jabatan 8 Agustus 1881 – 9 Mei 1883 Menjabat bersama M W Pretorius dan Piet Joubert | |
Pengganti Petahana | |
Informasi pribadi | |
Lahir | Stephanus Johannes Paulus Kruger Tanggal tidak terbaca. Angka tahun harus memiliki 4 digit (gunakan awalan nol untuk tahun < 1000). Bulhoek, Koloni Tanjung |
Meninggal | 14 Juli 1904 Clarens, Vaud, Swiss | (umur 78)
Makam | Heroes' Acre, Pretoria, Afrika Selatan |
Suami/istri |
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Anak | 17 |
Tanda tangan | |
Sunting kotak info • L • B |
Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger (/ˈkruːɡər/; Belanda: [ˈkryχər]; 10 Oktober 1825 – 14 Juli 1904) adalah seorang pemimpin politik dan militer yang menjabat sebagai Presiden Republik Afrika Selatan (atau Transvaal) dari 1883 sampai 1900. Berjuluk Oom Paul ("Paman Paul"), ia datang dengan pengaruh internasional sebagai wajah penyebab Boer—Transvaal dan Negara Merdeka Orange—melawan Britania saat Perang Boer Kedua pada 1899–1902, dan disebut sebagai personifikasi dari keAfrikaneran. Ia masih menjadi figur yang kontroversial dan divisif; orang-orang menghormatinya sebagai pahlawan foklor yang tragis, sementara para kritikus memandangnya sebagai penjaga obstinate dari sebuah penyebab yang tidak tepat.
Lahir di timur Koloni Tanjung, Kruger mengambil bagian dalam Great Trek ketika masa kecil pada akhir 1830an. Ia tidak pernah mendapatkan pendidikan dari Alkitab dan mempercayai bahwa Bumi itu datar. Sebagai seorang protégé dari pemimpin Voortrekker Andries Pretorius, ia menyaksikan penandatanganan Konvensi Sungai Pasir dengan Britania pada 1852 dan pada dekade berikutnya ia memainkan peran penting di Republik Afrika Selatan, menyerukan komando-komandonya dan ikut dalam persengketaan antara para pemimpin dan faksi rival Boer. Pada 1863 ia terpilih menjadi Komandan-Jenderal, sebuah jabatan yang dipegang selama satu dekade sebelum ia mengundurkan diri setelah terpilihnya Presiden Thomas François Burgers.
Kruger dilantik menjadi Wakil Presiden pada 1877, tak lama sebelum Republik Afrika Selatan dianeksasi oleh Britania sebagai Transvaal. Pada tiga tahun berikutnya, ia mengepalai dua deputasi ke London dan menjadi figur utama dari gerakan pengembalian kemerdekaan Republik Afrika Selatan, dengan kemenangan Boer pada Perang Boer Pertama pada 1880–81. Kruger menjabat sampai 1883 sebagai anggota triumvirate eksekutif, kemudian menjadi Prosiden terpilih. Pada 1884, ia mengepalai deputasi ketiga pada Konvensi London, dimana Britania mensahkan Republik Afrika Selatan sebagai negara merdeka secara penuh.
Setelah ia meninggal di Swiss pada usia 78 tahun pada 1904, jenazahnya dikembalikan ke Afrika Selatan untuk sebuah pemakaman kenegaraan, dan dikuburkan di Heroes' Acre di Pretoria.
Kehidupan awal
Keluarga dan masa kecil
Stephanus Johannes Paulus "Paul" Kruger lahir pada 10 Oktober 1825 di Bulhoek, Koloni Tanjung, sebagai anak ketiga dan putra kedua dari Casper (atau Kasper) Jan Hendrik Kruger, seorang petani, dan istrinya Elsie (Elisa; née Steyn).[1] Keluarganya berasal dari latar belakang Afrikaner atau Boer yang memakai bahasa Belanda, umumnya Jerman, Huguenot Perancis dan Belanda.[1][2] Keturunan pihak ayahnya telah ada di Afrika Selatan sejak 1713, ketika Jacob Krüger, dari Berlin, datang ke Cape Town sebagai prajurit berusia 17tahun di pelayanan Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda.
Paul Kruger dibaptis di Cradock pada 19 Maret 1826[1]
Catatan dan referensi
- Catatan kaki
- Referensi
- ^ a b c Meintjes 1974, hlm. 1–4.
- ^ Kruger 1902, hlm. 3.
- Artikel surat kabar dan jurnal
- Makhura, Tlou John (1995). "Another Road to the Raid: The Neglected Role of the Boer-Bagananwa War As a Factor in the Coming of the Jameson Raid, 1894–1895". Journal of Southern African Studies. London: Taylor & Francis. 21 (2): 257–267. doi:10.2307/2637024.
- "Furgler und Dürrenmatt verdrängen Kruger". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (dalam bahasa German). Zurich. 9 June 2009. hlm. 16.
- Sumber online
- Davenport, T R H (2004). "Kruger, Stephanus Johannes Paulus [Paul] (1825–1904)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (edisi ke-online). Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/41290. berlangganan atau keanggotan Perpustakaan Umum Britania Raya diperlukan
- "Swiss authorities rename Paul Kruger Street". Reuters. 23 May 2009. Diakses tanggal 27 February 2015.
- "Krugerrand: International Information Supplement 2014" (pdf). East Fremantle, Western Arustralia: Grendon International Research. 2014. Diakses tanggal 28 February 2015.
- "Kruger House, Church Street West, Pretoria". Cape Town: South African Heritage Resources Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 February 2015.
- "Boekenhoutfontein, Rustenburg District". Cape Town: South African Heritage Resources Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 27 February 2015. Diakses tanggal 27 February 2015.
- Daftar pustaka
- Bhebe, Ngwabi (2000) [1989]. "The British, Boers and Africans in South Africa, 1850–80". Dalam Ade Ajayi, J F. Africa in the Nineteenth Century Until the 1880s. General History of Africa. Paris: UNESCO. hlm. 144–178. ISBN 978-92-3-101712-4.
- Blake, Robert (1967) [1966]. Disraeli. New York: St Martin's Press. OCLC 400326.
- Briggs, Philip (2012). South Africa Highlights. Chalfont St Peter, England: Bradt Travel Guides. ISBN 978-1-84162-368-9.
- Castle, Ian (1996). Majuba 1881: The Hill of Destiny. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-503-6.
- Davidson, Apollon (1988) [1984]. Cecil Rhodes and His Time (edisi ke-First English). Moscow: Progress Publishers. ISBN 978-5-01-001828-3.
- Feinstein, Charles (2005). An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination, and Development (edisi ke-First). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-85091-9.
- Fox, Jo (2007). Film Propaganda in Britain and Nazi Germany: World War II Cinema. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-85973-896-2.
- Hexham, Irving; Poewe, Karla (1997). "The Spread of Christianity among Whites and Blacks in Transorangia". Dalam Elphick, Richard; Davenport, Rodney. Christianity in South Africa: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. hlm. 121–134. ISBN 978-0-520-20940-4.
- Iwan-Müller, E B (1902). Lord Milner and South Africa. London: Heinemann. OCLC 3809086.
- Kaplan, Mendel; Robertson, Marian (1991). Founders and Followers: Johannesburg Jewry, 1887–1915. Cape Town: Vlaeberg Publishers. ISBN 978-0-947461-09-6.
- Knight, Ian (2000). Boer Wars (2): 1898–1902. Men-at-Arms. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85532-613-2.
- Kruger, Paul (1902). The Memoirs of Paul Kruger, Four Times President of the South African Republic. Trans. Alexander Teixeira de Mattos. Toronto: George N Morang & Co. OCLC 14911933.
- Laband, John (2014) [2005]. The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War, 1880–1881. Abingdon, England & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-86846-0.
- Lulat, Y G-M (2005). A History of African Higher Education from Antiquity to the Present. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-32061-3.
- Marais, J S (1961). The Fall of Kruger's Republic. Oxford: Clarendon Press. OCLC 245764701.
- McKenzie, Fred A; Du Plessis, C N T; Bunce, Charles T (1900). The Real Kruger and the Transvaal. New York: Street & Smith. OCLC 9147677.
- Meintjes, Johannes (1969). President Steyn: A Biography (edisi ke-First). Cape Town: Nasionale Boekhandel. OCLC 64838.
- Meintjes, Johannes (1974). President Paul Kruger: A Biography (edisi ke-First). London: Cassell. ISBN 978-0-304-29423-7.
- Meredith, Martin (2007). Diamonds, Gold, and War: The British, the Boers, and the Making of South Africa (edisi ke-First). New York: PublicAffairs. ISBN 978-1586484736.
- Olivier, Willie; Olivier, Sandra (2005) [2001]. Touring in South Africa. Cape Town: Struik Publishers. ISBN 978-1-77007-142-1.
- Rosenthal, Eric (1970). Gold! Gold! Gold!: The Johannesburg Gold Rush. London: Macmillan. OCLC 62020.
- Rotberg, Robert I (1988). The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power (edisi ke-First). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-504968-8.
- Saron, Gustav; Hotz, Louis (1955). The Jews in South Africa: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. OCLC 494679231.
- Slocum, Joshua (1901) [1900]. Sailing Alone Around the World. New York: The Century Company. OCLC 5109620.
- Van der Walt, A J H; et al., ed. (1951). Geskiedenis van Suid-Afrika (dalam bahasa Afrikaans). 1. Cape Town: Nasionale-Boekhandel. OCLC 504431401.
- Welch, David (2001) [1983]. Propaganda and the German Cinema, 1933–1945. London: I B Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-520-4.
- Weston, Rae (2012) [1983]. Gold: A World Survey. Abingdon, England & New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-63053-5.
Bacaan tambahan
- Fisher, John (1974). Paul Kruger: His Life and Times. London: Secker & Warburg. ISBN 978-0436157035.
- Krüger, D W (1961). Paul Kruger, Volume 1: 1825–83 (dalam bahasa Afrikaans). Johannesburg: Dagbreek-Boekhandel. OCLC 8384883.
- Krüger, D W (1963). Paul Kruger, Volume 2: 1883–1904 (dalam bahasa Afrikaans). Johannesburg: Dagbreek-Boekhandel. OCLC 8384883.
- Nathan, Manfred (1941). Paul Kruger, His Life and Times. Durban: Knox. OCLC 222482253.
- Scobie, John; Abercrombie, H R (1900). The Rise and Fall of Krugerism. London: Heinemann. OCLC 9145335.
- Smit, F P (1951). Die Staatsopvattinge van Paul Kruger (dalam bahasa Afrikaans). Pretoria: J L van Schaik. OCLC 35091695.
- Statham, Francis Reginald (1898). Paul Kruger and His Times. London: Fisher Unwin. OCLC 2538117.
- Van Oordt, Johan Frederik (1898). Paul Kruger en de Opkomst van de Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek (dalam bahasa Dutch). Amsterdam: Dusseau. OCLC 10634821.