Konflik Xinjiang: Perbedaan antara revisi
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan |
k Robot: Perubahan kosmetika |
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'''Konflik Xinjiang'''<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | title = The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur identity, Language, Policy, and Political discourse | publisher = East West center | format = PDF}}</ref> adalah sebuah perjuangan separatis yang sedang terjadi<ref name=american.edu>{{Citation | url = http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/xinjiang.htm | title = Uyghur Separatist conflict | publisher = American}}</ref> di provinsi barat jauh [[Tiongkok]], [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{Citation | page = 52 | last1 = Ismail | first1 = Mohammed Sa'id | first2 = Mohammed Aziz | last2 = Ismail | title = Moslems in the Soviet Union and China | others = Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service | place = Tehran, [[Iran|IR]] | type = Privately printed pamphlet | volume = 1 | year = 1960 |origyear=Hejira 1380}} translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, 19 September 1960.</ref> Kelompok separatis [[Uighur]] mengklaim bahwa wilayah tersebut, yang mereka sebut sebagai [[Turkestan Timur]], bukanlah bagian dari Tiongkok, namun merupakan [[Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua]] yang didukung Soviet yang [[Inkorporasi Xinjiang ke dalam Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|diinkorporasikan]] oleh RRT pada 1949 dan sejak itu berada dibawah pendudukan Tiongkok. Gerakan separatis tersebut dipimpin oleh organisasi-organisasi [[militan]] [[Islamisme|Islamis]] [[orang Turkic|Turkic]], yang paling terkanal adalah [[gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur]], melawan [[Pemerintahan Tiongkok|pemerintahan nasional di Beijing]]. |
'''Konflik Xinjiang'''<ref>{{Citation | url = http://www.eastwestcenter.org/fileadmin/stored/pdfs/PS015.pdf | title = The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur identity, Language, Policy, and Political discourse | publisher = East West center | format = PDF}}</ref> adalah sebuah perjuangan separatis yang sedang terjadi<ref name=american.edu>{{Citation | url = http://www1.american.edu/ted/ice/xinjiang.htm | title = Uyghur Separatist conflict | publisher = American}}</ref> di provinsi barat jauh [[Tiongkok]], [[Xinjiang]].<ref>{{Citation | page = 52 | last1 = Ismail | first1 = Mohammed Sa'id | first2 = Mohammed Aziz | last2 = Ismail | title = Moslems in the Soviet Union and China | others = Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service | place = Tehran, [[Iran|IR]] | type = Privately printed pamphlet | volume = 1 | year = 1960 |origyear=Hejira 1380}} translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, 19 September 1960.</ref> Kelompok separatis [[Uighur]] mengklaim bahwa wilayah tersebut, yang mereka sebut sebagai [[Turkestan Timur]], bukanlah bagian dari Tiongkok, namun merupakan [[Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua]] yang didukung Soviet yang [[Inkorporasi Xinjiang ke dalam Republik Rakyat Tiongkok|diinkorporasikan]] oleh RRT pada 1949 dan sejak itu berada dibawah pendudukan Tiongkok. Gerakan separatis tersebut dipimpin oleh organisasi-organisasi [[militan]] [[Islamisme|Islamis]] [[orang Turkic|Turkic]], yang paling terkanal adalah [[gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur]], melawan [[Pemerintahan Tiongkok|pemerintahan nasional di Beijing]]. |
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==Latar belakang== |
== Latar belakang == |
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===Kebangkitan sebelumnya=== |
=== Kebangkitan sebelumnya === |
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{{main|Pemberontakan Kumul|Kerusuhan Charkhlik||Pemberontakan Ili}} |
{{main|Pemberontakan Kumul|Kerusuhan Charkhlik||Pemberontakan Ili}} |
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[[Peperangan Xinjiang]] adalah serangkaian konflik bersenjata yang terjadi pada awal dan pertengahan abad ke-20, pada [[Masa Pemimpin Perang]] di [[Republik Tiongkok]]; dan saat [[Perang Saudara Tiongkok]], yang berujung pada berdirinya [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Peperangan tersebut juga memainkan peran penting dalam [[gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur]]. |
[[Peperangan Xinjiang]] adalah serangkaian konflik bersenjata yang terjadi pada awal dan pertengahan abad ke-20, pada [[Masa Pemimpin Perang]] di [[Republik Tiongkok]]; dan saat [[Perang Saudara Tiongkok]], yang berujung pada berdirinya [[Republik Rakyat Tiongkok]]. Peperangan tersebut juga memainkan peran penting dalam [[gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur]]. |
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==Akibat== |
== Akibat == |
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Sebanyak 2,500+ orang tewas dalam konlfik Xinjiang sejak 1989. |
Sebanyak 2,500+ orang tewas dalam konlfik Xinjiang sejak 1989. |
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===2013=== |
=== 2013 === |
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===2014=== |
=== 2014 === |
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Sekitar 500{{#tag:ref|Lihat [http://www.mail.com/int/news/world/2597698-blasts-clashes-chinas-restive-region-kill-12.html#.2394-stage-set1-3 Blasts, clashes in China's restive region kill 12 - World news<!-- Bot generated title -->] |
Sekitar 500{{#tag:ref|Lihat [http://www.mail.com/int/news/world/2597698-blasts-clashes-chinas-restive-region-kill-12.html#.2394-stage-set1-3 Blasts, clashes in China's restive region kill 12 - World news<!-- Bot generated title -->] |
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* {{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-china-attack-idUSBREA200OQ20140301|work=Reuters|title=At least 28 die in 'terrorist' attack at Chinese train station: reports|date=1 March 2014}} |
* {{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/01/us-china-attack-idUSBREA200OQ20140301|work=Reuters|title=At least 28 die in 'terrorist' attack at Chinese train station: reports|date=1 March 2014}} |
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| Baris 63: | Baris 63: | ||
* {{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-09/25/c_127035563.htm|title=40 rioters dead in Luntai county violence in Xinjiang|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2014}}}} orang tewas dalam konflik Xinjiang pada 2014. |
* {{cite web|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-09/25/c_127035563.htm|title=40 rioters dead in Luntai county violence in Xinjiang|publisher=|accessdate=22 October 2014}}}} orang tewas dalam konflik Xinjiang pada 2014. |
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===2015=== |
=== 2015 === |
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==Lihat pula== |
== Lihat pula == |
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*[[Hak asasi manusia di Tiongkok]] |
* [[Hak asasi manusia di Tiongkok]] |
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*[[Hak asasi etnis minoritas di Tiongkok]] |
* [[Hak asasi etnis minoritas di Tiongkok]] |
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==Catatan== |
== Catatan == |
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{{Reflist|30em}} |
{{Reflist|30em}} |
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==Referensi== |
== Referensi == |
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* {{cite book|title=Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia|editor-first=Ildikó|editor-last=Bellér-Hann|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NKCU3BdeBbEC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0754670414|issn=1759-5290|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{citation|title=The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land|first=Gardner|last=Bovingdon|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=0231519419}} |
* {{citation|title=The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land|first=Gardner|last=Bovingdon|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=2010|isbn=0231519419}} |
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*{{cite news|last= BURNS|first= JOHN F.|date=July 6, 1983|title= ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/06/world/on-soviet-china-border-the-thaw-is-just-a-trickle.html|newspaper=The New York Times|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|last= BURNS|first= JOHN F.|date=July 6, 1983|title= ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE|url= http://www.nytimes.com/1983/07/06/world/on-soviet-china-border-the-thaw-is-just-a-trickle.html|newspaper=The New York Times|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History|first=Michael E.|last=Clarke|volume=|edition=|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1136827064|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History|first=Michael E.|last=Clarke|volume=|edition=|year=2011|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jRhHphtBg-QC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1136827064|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |title= The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949|last1= Dickens |first1=Mark |last2= |first2= |date=1990 |website= OXUS COMMUNICATIONS |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}} |
* {{cite web |url=http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |title= The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949|last1= Dickens |first1=Mark |last2= |first2= |date=1990 |website= OXUS COMMUNICATIONS |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Contemporary China - An Introduction|first=Michael|last=Dillon|volume=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=g25_AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134290543|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Contemporary China - An Introduction|first=Michael|last=Dillon|volume=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=g25_AgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134290543|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest|first=Michael|last=Dillon|volume=|edition=|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1ia-2lDtGH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134360967|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest|first=Michael|last=Dillon|volume=|edition=|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=1ia-2lDtGH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134360967|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|first=Andrew D. W.|last=Forbes|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0521255147|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|first=Andrew D. W.|last=Forbes|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|url=http://books.google.com/?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0521255147|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China|first=Rebiya|last=Kadeer|others=Alexandra Cavelius|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Kales Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eUfsjYQU-lwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0979845610|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China|first=Rebiya|last=Kadeer|others=Alexandra Cavelius|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2009|publisher=Kales Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=eUfsjYQU-lwC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0979845610|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China|editor1-first=Leong H.|editor1-last=Liew|editor2-first=Shaoguang|editor2-last=Wang|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZavAkGUNdSkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203404297|accessdate=9 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China|editor1-first=Leong H.|editor1-last=Liew|editor2-first=Shaoguang|editor2-last=Wang|volume=|edition=|year=2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=ZavAkGUNdSkC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203404297|accessdate=9 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=China's Ethnic Minorities and Globalisation|first=Colin|last=Mackerras|author2=Professor and Head of School of Asian and International Studies Colin Mackerras|volume=|edition=|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3EWAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134392885|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=China's Ethnic Minorities and Globalisation|first=Colin|last=Mackerras|author2=Professor and Head of School of Asian and International Studies Colin Mackerras|volume=|edition=|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3EWAAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134392885|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite journal |last=Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L.|last2= |first2= |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=11 May 2014}} |
* {{cite journal |last=Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L.|last2= |first2= |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=11 May 2014}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231139241|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231139241|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=China's Search for Security|first1=Andrew James|last1=Nathan|first2=Andrew|last2=Scobell|last=|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=etRkjLv8AosC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231511647|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=China's Search for Security|first1=Andrew James|last1=Nathan|first2=Andrew|last2=Scobell|last=|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=etRkjLv8AosC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231511647|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana|last2=Raschke|last=|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313365407|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat|first1=J. Todd|last1=Reed|first2=Diana|last2=Raschke|last=|volume=|edition=|year=2010|publisher=ABC-CLIO|url=http://books.google.com/?id=5I2b_hrJO8sC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0313365407|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|last=|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107862|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|first1=Justin Jon|last1=Rudelson|first2=Justin Ben-Adam|last2=Rudelson|last=|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=http://books.google.com/?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231107862|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite news|last=RYAN|first= William l.|date= Jan 2, 1969|title= Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363|newspaper= The Lewiston Daily Sun|page=3|location=|publisher=|accessdate= 12 May 2014}} |
* {{cite news|last=RYAN|first= William l.|date= Jan 2, 1969|title= Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1928&dat=19690102&id=ylsgAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UGQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=4665,144363|newspaper= The Lewiston Daily Sun|page=3|location=|publisher=|accessdate= 12 May 2014}} |
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*{{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|editor-first=S. Frederick|editor-last=Starr|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland|editor-first=S. Frederick|editor-last=Starr|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|url=http://books.google.com/?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0765613182|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|volume=|edition=|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jTVjWTllOGgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1136113304|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Islam Outside the Arab World|first1=Ingvar|last1=Svanberg|first2=David|last2=Westerlund|volume=|edition=|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=jTVjWTllOGgC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1136113304|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=May 28, 2010|title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street|url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm|newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek|page=1|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=May 28, 2010|title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street|url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm|newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek|page=1|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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*{{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=2010-05-28 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street|url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213|newspaper= Gazeta.kz|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=2010-05-28 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street|url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213|newspaper= Gazeta.kz|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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*{{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street|url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html|newspaper= Transitions Online|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street|url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html|newspaper= Transitions Online|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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*{{cite book|title=China and the New International Order|editor1-first=Gungwu|editor1-last=Wang|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mXXnd81uoMoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203932269|accessdate=9 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=China and the New International Order|editor1-first=Gungwu|editor1-last=Wang|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=Taylor & Francis|url=http://books.google.com/?id=mXXnd81uoMoC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0203932269|accessdate=9 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security|first=Martin I.|last=Wayne|volume=|edition=|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2ybmWJXjxUYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134106238|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security|first=Martin I.|last=Wayne|volume=|edition=|year=2007|publisher=Routledge|url=http://books.google.com/?id=2ybmWJXjxUYC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1134106238|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives|editor1-first=John|editor1-last=Wong|editor2-first=Yongnian|editor2-last=Zheng|volume=|edition=|year=2002|publisher=World Scientific|url=http://books.google.com/?id=cEdQ1IuJFH4C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=981270650X|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite book|title=Central Asia Monitor|others=Contributor Institute for Democratic Development|volume=|edition=|year=1993|publisher=Central Asia Monitor|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cQppAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
* {{cite book|title=Central Asia Monitor|others=Contributor Institute for Democratic Development|volume=|edition=|year=1993|publisher=Central Asia Monitor|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=cQppAAAAMAAJ|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014|ref = {{harvid||}} }} |
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*{{cite news|author= AP |date=January 31, 1967|title=Turkestan Refugees Report Raids on Chinese Sinkiang |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513|newspaper= The New York Times|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|author= AP |date=January 31, 1967|title=Turkestan Refugees Report Raids on Chinese Sinkiang |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513|newspaper= The New York Times|page=|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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*{{cite news|author= UPI |date=Sep 22, 1981|title=Radio war aims at China Moslems |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513|newspaper= The Montreal Gazette|page=11|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
* {{cite news|author= UPI |date=Sep 22, 1981|title=Radio war aims at China Moslems |url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1946&dat=19810922&id=3oAxAAAAIBAJ&sjid=9KQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5348,448513|newspaper= The Montreal Gazette|page=11|location=|publisher=|accessdate=12 May 2014 }} |
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{{Ketegangan Xinjiang}} |
{{Ketegangan Xinjiang}} |
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Revisi per 26 Oktober 2016 13.02
| Konflik Xinjiang | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||||
| Pihak terlibat | ||||||||
 Tiongkok |
 PRRTT (1969-1989) FRSTT (1969-1989)Didukung oleh: Uni Soviet (1969-1989) Republik Rakyat Mongolia (1960-1989) |
 TIP ETIM ETLO (dibubarkan)Didukung oleh: ETIC Al-Qaeda[1][2] Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan[3] Gerakan Islamis Uzbekistan[4]Perhimpunan Solidaritas dan Pendidikan Turkistan Timur (ETESA)[5] | ||||||
| Tokoh dan pemimpin | ||||||||
|
Hu Jintao |
Yusupbek Mukhlisi |
Berkas:Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.jpg Abdullah Mansour[6] Berkas:Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.jpg Hasan Mahsum † Berkas:Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.jpg Abdul Haq † Berkas:Flag of Turkistan Islamic Party.jpg Abdul Shakoor al-Turkistani † | ||||||
| Pasukan | ||||||||
| Tentara Pengungsi Minoritas Xinjiang[7] | ||||||||
Konflik Xinjiang[8] adalah sebuah perjuangan separatis yang sedang terjadi[9] di provinsi barat jauh Tiongkok, Xinjiang.[10] Kelompok separatis Uighur mengklaim bahwa wilayah tersebut, yang mereka sebut sebagai Turkestan Timur, bukanlah bagian dari Tiongkok, namun merupakan Republik Turkestan Timur Kedua yang didukung Soviet yang diinkorporasikan oleh RRT pada 1949 dan sejak itu berada dibawah pendudukan Tiongkok. Gerakan separatis tersebut dipimpin oleh organisasi-organisasi militan Islamis Turkic, yang paling terkanal adalah gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur, melawan pemerintahan nasional di Beijing.
Latar belakang
Kebangkitan sebelumnya
Peperangan Xinjiang adalah serangkaian konflik bersenjata yang terjadi pada awal dan pertengahan abad ke-20, pada Masa Pemimpin Perang di Republik Tiongkok; dan saat Perang Saudara Tiongkok, yang berujung pada berdirinya Republik Rakyat Tiongkok. Peperangan tersebut juga memainkan peran penting dalam gerakan kemerdekaan Turkestan Timur.
Akibat
Sebanyak 2,500+ orang tewas dalam konlfik Xinjiang sejak 1989.
2013
2014
Sekitar 500[11] orang tewas dalam konflik Xinjiang pada 2014.
2015
Lihat pula
Catatan
- ^ Potter 2013, pp. 71-74.
- ^ FOREIGN TERRORIST ORGANIZATIONS p. 237.
- ^ Potter 2013, p. 74.
- ^ "Beijing, Kunming, Urumqi and Guangzhou: The Changing Landscape of Anti-Chinese Jihadists". Yayasan Jamestown. 23 Maei 2014.
- ^ Zenn, Jacob (October 10, 2014). "An Overview of Chinese Fighters and Anti-Chinese Militant Groups in Syria and Iraq". China Brief. The Jamestown Foundation. 14 (19). Diakses tanggal 14 June 2015.
- ^ MacLean, William (2013-11-23). "Islamist group calls Tiananmen attack 'jihadi operation': SITE". Reuters.
- ^ "Xinjiang". Diakses tanggal 29 Juni 2015.
- ^ The Xinjiang Conflict: Uyghur identity, Language, Policy, and Political discourse (PDF), East West center
- ^ Uyghur Separatist conflict, American
- ^ Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id; Ismail, Mohammed Aziz (1960) [Hejira 1380], Moslems in the Soviet Union and China (Privately printed pamphlet), 1, Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service, Tehran, IR, hlm. 52 translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, 19 September 1960.
- ^ Lihat Blasts, clashes in China's restive region kill 12 - World news
- "At least 28 die in 'terrorist' attack at Chinese train station: reports". Reuters. 1 March 2014.
- "BBC News - Xinjiang station attack: President Xi Jinping urges action". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2014.
- "BBC News - Urumqi attack kills 31 in China's Xinjiang region". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2014.
- "BBC News - China Xinjiang: Police kill 13 attackers". BBC News. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2014.
- "Almost 100 killed during attacks in China's Xinjiang last week". Reuters. Diakses tanggal 22 October 2014.
- "40 rioters dead in Luntai county violence in Xinjiang". Diakses tanggal 22 October 2014.
Referensi
- Bellér-Hann, Ildikó, ed. (2007). Situating the Uyghurs Between China and Central Asia (edisi ke-illustrated). Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. ISBN 0754670414. ISSN 1759-5290. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Bovingdon, Gardner (2010), The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0231519419
- BURNS, JOHN F. (July 6, 1983). "ON SOVIET-CHINA BORDER, THE THAW IS JUST A TRICKLE". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Clarke, Michael E. (2011). Xinjiang and China's Rise in Central Asia - A History. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 1136827064. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Dickens, Mark (1990). "The Soviets in Xinjiang 1911-1949". OXUS COMMUNICATIONS. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Dillon, Michael (2008). Contemporary China - An Introduction. Routledge. ISBN 1134290543. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Dillon, Michael (2003). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Far Northwest. Routledge. ISBN 1134360967. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Forbes, Andrew D. W. (1986). Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949 (edisi ke-illustrated). CUP Archive. ISBN 0521255147. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Kadeer, Rebiya (2009). Dragon Fighter: One Woman's Epic Struggle for Peace with China. Alexandra Cavelius (edisi ke-illustrated). Kales Press. ISBN 0979845610. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Liew, Leong H.; Wang, Shaoguang, ed. (2004). Nationalism, Democracy and National Integration in China. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0203404297. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2014.
- Mackerras, Colin; Professor and Head of School of Asian and International Studies Colin Mackerras (2003). China's Ethnic Minorities and Globalisation. Routledge. ISBN 1134392885. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Meehan, Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. (May–June 1980). "Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead". Air University Review. Diakses tanggal 11 May 2014.
- Millward, James A. (1998). Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864 (edisi ke-illustrated). Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804729336. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Millward, James A. (2007). Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231139241. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Nathan, Andrew James; Scobell, Andrew (2013). China's Search for Security (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231511647. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 0313365407. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Rudelson, Justin Jon; Rudelson, Justin Ben-Adam (1997). Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road (edisi ke-illustrated). Columbia University Press. ISBN 0231107862. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- RYAN, William l. (Jan 2, 1969). "Russians Back Revolution in Province Inside China". The Lewiston Daily Sun. hlm. 3. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Starr, S. Frederick, ed. (2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland (edisi ke-illustrated). M.E. Sharpe. ISBN 0765613182. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Svanberg, Ingvar; Westerlund, David (2012). Islam Outside the Arab World. Routledge. ISBN 1136113304. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Tinibai, Kenjali (May 28, 2010). "China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street". Bloomberg Businessweek. hlm. 1. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Tinibai, Kenjali (2010-05-28). "Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street". Gazeta.kz. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Tinibai, Kenjali (27 May 2010). "Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street". Transitions Online. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- Wang, Gungwu; Zheng, Yongnian, ed. (2008). China and the New International Order (edisi ke-illustrated). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0203932269. Diakses tanggal 9 March 2014.
- Wayne, Martin I. (2007). China's War on Terrorism: Counter-Insurgency, Politics and Internal Security. Routledge. ISBN 1134106238. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Wong, John; Zheng, Yongnian, ed. (2002). China's Post-Jiang Leadership Succession: Problems and Perspectives. World Scientific. ISBN 981270650X. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014.
- Central Asia Monitor. Contributor Institute for Democratic Development. Central Asia Monitor. 1993. Diakses tanggal 10 March 2014. horizontal tab character di
|others=pada posisi 12 (bantuan) - AP (January 31, 1967). "Turkestan Refugees Report Raids on Chinese Sinkiang". The New York Times. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.
- UPI (Sep 22, 1981). "Radio war aims at China Moslems". The Montreal Gazette. hlm. 11. Diakses tanggal 12 May 2014.