Eva Perón: Perbedaan antara revisi
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After sixteen years, the military finally revealed the location of Evita's body. It had been buried in a crypt in [[Milan|Milan, Italy]], under the name "María Maggi". In [[1971]], the body was exhumed and flown to [[Spain]], where Juan Perón maintained the corpse in his home. In [[1973]], Juan Perón came out of exile and returned to Argentina, becoming president for the third time. Perón died in office in [[1974]]. [[Isabel Perón]], who had been elected vice-president, thus became the first female president in the world. It was Isabel who had Evita's body returned to Argentina and (briefly) displayed beside Juan Perón's. The body was later buried in the Duarte family tomb in [[La Recoleta Cemetery]], [[Buenos Aires]]. |
After sixteen years, the military finally revealed the location of Evita's body. It had been buried in a crypt in [[Milan|Milan, Italy]], under the name "María Maggi". In [[1971]], the body was exhumed and flown to [[Spain]], where Juan Perón maintained the corpse in his home. In [[1973]], Juan Perón came out of exile and returned to Argentina, becoming president for the third time. Perón died in office in [[1974]]. [[Isabel Perón]], who had been elected vice-president, thus became the first female president in the world. It was Isabel who had Evita's body returned to Argentina and (briefly) displayed beside Juan Perón's. The body was later buried in the Duarte family tomb in [[La Recoleta Cemetery]], [[Buenos Aires]]. |
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Extra measures were taken by the government to secure Evita's tomb. There is a trapdoor in the tomb's marble floor, which leads to a compartment that contains two coffins. Under the first compartment is a second trapdoor and a second compartment. That is where Evita's coffin rests. The tomb is said to be secure enough to withstand a bomb attack, even a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] attack. |
Extra measures were taken by the government to secure Evita's tomb. There is a trapdoor in the tomb's marble floor, which leads to a compartment that contains two coffins. Under the first compartment is a second trapdoor and a second compartment. That is where Evita's coffin rests. The tomb is said to be secure enough to withstand a bomb attack, even a [[nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] attack. --> |
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==Allegations of Nazi and Fascist sympathizing== |
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: "''The difficulty in understanding [[Peronism]] and its two protagonists -- Perón and Evita -- stems above all from the fact that Perón sympathized with the [[Axis]] powers in [[1944]] and [[1945]], when he was a colonel and Minister of War. That blunder made him unacceptable to the U.S. The seeds of the idea that Evita shared his sentiments were also planted during that time. But Evita was more or less Perón's clandestine lover then and thought only of holding on to her man and surviving. She lacked not only any political ideology but also influence and power in either Perón's household or the political life of Argentina.... It is true that Perón facilitated the entrance of [[Nazi]] criminals to Argentina in 1947 and 1948, thereby hoping to acquire advanced technology developed by the Germans during the war. But Evita played no part.''" -- Tomás Eloy Martínez, Director of the Latin American program at Rutgers University[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970120/cinema.the_woman.html] |
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Of all the myths that have circled around Evita in the more than 50 years since her death, perhaps the most notorious myth is that she was a Nazi sympathizer. |
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It has been reported that this myth of Evita's support for Nazism is largely responsible for the negative portrayal of Eva Perón in the [[Broadway theatre|Broadway]] version of the musical "[[Evita]]." When the musical debuted in [[West End theatre|London]] on June 21, 1978, the portrayal of Evita was comparatively sympathetic. By the musical's debut in [[New York City]] in 1979, the structure of the production had been reworked considerably, with some songs being omitted entirely, and what resulted was a far more unsympathetic depiction of Eva Perón. |
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In literature about the production of the musical it has been speculated that this reworking of the musical to portray Evita as a villain was in large part done in response to the fear of reprimand, perhaps even boycotts, by the large Jewish population of New York City. The producers were likely fearful that if they portrayed Evita too kindly in the musical, all the while the public viewed Evita as a Nazi sympathizer and therefore anti-Semitic, then the producers and writers themselves would also be viewed in that context. Even after the musical was reworked to depict Evita in a more negative light, the writers and producers were ''still'' met with criticism for creating a musical that was viewed by some as glorifying a Nazi and Fascist sympathizer. [http://www.web.apc.org/~ara/documents/news/evita.html][http://www.dailyrepublican.com/madonna-evita.html][http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19970103/REVIEWS/701030302/1023] |
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Early versions of this myth of Nazi sympathizing emerged during Juan Perón's first term as president. Some detractors forged documents that were circulated around Argentina and England during Peron's first term. These documents made it appear that Evita, who at the time was still an actress and Perón's mistress, had met with Nazis in [[Patagonia]] to arrange for the smuggle of Nazi loot into the country. Other opponents of Peronism circulated the idea that Peronism was simply a South American version of Nazism and Fascism. In recent years, books such as "The Real Odessa: How Peron Brought Nazi War Criminals to Argentina" have portrayed Eva Perón as playing a significant role in helping Nazi criminals escape justice. (The authors of this book capitalized on Evita's image recognition by publishing a picture of Evita on the book's cover. [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1862075522/qid=1131725006/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/104-0977048-7628726?v=glance&s=books&n=507846]) |
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The truth, according to many scholars, is that Juan and Eva Perón, and the movement they founded, known as [[Peronism]], had no official ties to Nazism or fascism, and there was no official [[anti-Semitism]] in Perón's Argentina. As a nationalist, Juan Perón had indeed sided with Axis powers during [[World War II]], but it was regarding matters of nationalism and not anti-Semitism. Further, this was at a point before he had known Evita, and before Evita herself had become politically active. Therefore, Eva Perón herself cannot in any true sense be described as having been a Nazi or fascist idiological sympathizer. |
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Many Jewish scholars have pointed out that Juan Perón's Argentina was a relatively comfortable place for Jewish people to live. |
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In his dissertation titled "The Jews and Perón: Communal Politics and National Identity in Peronist Argentina, 1946-1955" Lawrence D. Bell writes, "Despite the claims of Perón's detractors in the United States and elsewhere that he was anti-Semitic and in sympathy with European Fascism, Perón in fact demonstrated a considerable amount of pragmatism in his dealings with Argentina's 250,000 strong Jewish population." [http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?osu1039034580] |
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In the book "Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem: 1950-2000 From an American Point of View," [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0964924773/ref=cm_bg_d/104-0977048-7628726?v=glance] Lawrence Levine writes, "The American government demonstrated no knowledge of Perón's deep admiration for [[Italy]] (and his distaste for [[Germany]], whose culture he found too rigid). Nor did they appreciate that although anti-Semitism existed in Argentina, Perón's own views and his political associations were not anti-Semitic. They paid no attention to the fact that Perón sought out the Jewish community in Argentina to assist in developing his policies and that one of his most important allies in organizing the industrial sector was [[Jose Ber Gelbard]], a Jewish immigrant from Poland." |
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:"''Peronism was not fascism. Some of Peronism's adherents had a fascist outlook and mentality. Perón himself admired [[Mussolini]] and the idea of the [[corporate state]]. Some of the trappings of Peronism recalled the ambiance of the [[Black Shirts]]. But all this was relatively superficial. No fascist society was ever erected on a mass base of laboring and dispossessed hordes. In its own description of identity, Peronism rejected the Facist parallel. It was more intimately grounded in the national history and [[ethos]] than was any [[European]] fascism. The structure of the Peronist state after the constitutional amendments of 1949 remained that of the old Argentine democratic order. |
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:"''Peronism was not nazism. Again, on the extreme fringes of the nationalist elements collected in the right-wing Nationalist Liberation Alliance and among a small number of of pro-Axis military officers, there were Nazi sympathizers. And Buenos Aires was a center of German [[espionage]] and propaganda activity during parts of the [[World War II|Second World War]]. But Peronism's main thrust reflected no adherence to Nazi principles. There were occasionally minor aggressions against synagogues (and Protestant churches) and the police reaction was not always rigorous, but Peronism as such had no anti-Semitic or other racial bias. As Ambassador Messersmith reported at length in May 1947, "There is not as much social discrimination against Jews here as there is right in [[New York]] or in most places at home..."'' -- Robert D. Crassweller, "Peron and the Enigmas of Argentina" [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0393305430?v=glance] |
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==Evita as popular culture myth and icon== |
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:"''In her own country, her story is at last part of history, arousing the sort of peaceful controversy one might expect from so astonishing a career. In the rest of the world, however, she has attained the condition of [[apotheosis]]''," Nicholas Frasier, biographer of Evita. |
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[[Image:Evitaoriginalcastrecording.jpg|thumb|right|The cover of the 1979 American Broadway Original Cast Recording of ''Evita''.]] |
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Shortly before her death, Evita said, "Volveré y seré milliones," which translates into, "I will return and I will be millions." Evita herself would perhaps be surprised by how prophetic her words turned out to be. By the late 20th century, Evita had been transformed into a popular culture icon that had transcended Argentine politics. She was made the subject of numerous articles, books, stage plays, and musicals, ranging from the gossipy biography by Mary Main called [[The Woman with the Whip]], to the B-grade film "Little Mother" [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070327/], and a [[1981]] [[TV movie]] called "Evita Peron" with [[Faye Dunaway]] in the title role [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082347/]. |
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But none of the other renderings of Evita's life were nearly as successful as the [[Musical theater|musical]], ''[[Evita]]''. Co-produced by [[Tim Rice]] and [[Andrew Lloyd Webber]], with [[Julie Covington]] in the title role for the original [[concept album]]. [[Elaine Paige]] would later be cast in the title role when the concept album was converted into a musical stage production on [[London's West End]]. But it was [[Patti LuPone]]'s 1978 [[Tony Award]]-winning Broadway performance that ultimately fulfilled the historical Eva Perón's statement of eventual immortality. As early as 1978, the Broadway musical was considered as the basis for a movie, with everyone from Patti LuPone, to [[Liza Minnelli]], to [[Michelle Pfeiffer]], to [[Meryl Streep]], being considered for the title role. After a nearly 20-year production delay, [[Madonna (entertainer)|Madonna]] was cast in the title role of the film version of the musical. Madonna would later win the Golden Globe Award for "Best Actress in a Musical or Comedy." |
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Also in 1996, in response to the movie starring Madonna, and in an attempt to offer a more politically accurate depiction of Evita's life, an Argentine film company released "Eva Perón: The True Story" starring Argentine actress Esther Goris in the title role [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00013D4DG/104-0977048-7628726?v=glance&n=130&n=507846&s=dvd&v=glance]. This movie was the 1996 Argentine submission for the [[Academy Award|Oscar]] in the category of "Best Foreign Film." |
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In a 1996 essay, English author Nicholas Fraser wrote that Evita was the perfect popular culture icon for our times. During her reign as first lady of Argetina, Fraser wrote, Evita was often criticized by her detractors for turning national political life into show business. During Evita's time it was virtually unheard-of for a former actress to take part in political life. In our current age this is not the case. Former actors and entertainers, from [[Ronald Reagan]], to [[Sonny Bono]], to [[Arnold Schwarzenegger]], have taken public political offices. Fraser wrote that in this way Evita was ahead of her time and is therefore perhaps "the perfect minor deity" for our age of "electric celebrity." |
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:"''She was far from being a saint, despite the veneration of millions of Argentines, but she was not a villain either. Human beings are full of contradictions and labyrinthine complexities. Rarely do they resemble their portrayal in the musicals of Hollywood and Broadway.''" -- Tomas Eloy Martinez, author of "Santa Evita" [http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0679768149/104-0977048-7628726?v=glance&n=283155&v=glance] and Director of the Latin American program at [[Rutgers University]], in an online article for [[Time Magazine]]. [http://www.time.com/time/magazine/1997/int/970120/cinema.the_woman.html] |
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==Further reading== |
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===Biographies of Eva Perón=== |
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[[Image:Busto Eva Perón-La Plata-1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Bust of Eva Perón at [[La Plata]]]] |
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* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0393315754/ref=cm_bg_d/002-1025326-2648049?v=glance Evita: The Real Life of Eva Peron] by Marysa Navarro and Nicholas Fraser |
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* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226791440/ref=cm_bg_d/002-1025326-2648049?v=glance Eva Peron: The Myths of a Woman] by Julie M. Taylor |
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* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/B0002V7NSE/qid=1120709085/sr=8-1/ref=pd_bbs_ur_1/002-1025326-2648049?v=glance&s=dvd&n=507846 Evita: The Woman Behind the Myth], a video documentary produced by A&E's Biography series. |
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* [http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0396078346/qid=1120709283/sr=8-1/ref=sr_8_xs_ap_i1_xgl14/002-1025326-2648049?v=glance&s=books&n=507846 Evita: The Woman with the Whip] by Mary Main |
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===References=== |
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*Guareschi, Roberto (Nov. 5, 2005). "Not quite the Evita of Argentine legend". ''[[New Straits Times]]'', p. 21. |
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*[http://ukinet.com/la-times.htm Tobar, Hector] (Los Angeles Times, 2003)] |
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*[http://libcom.org/history/articles/1919-eva-evita-peron/ Heath, Nick] (People's History, UK) |
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*[http://www.icarodigital.com.ar/numero11/eldamero/tortura2/tortenarg.htm Benitez, Marcelo Manuel] (Icarodigital, AR) |
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*[http://sabio.arizona.edu/search/X?(nudelman)+and+(era)+and+(terror)&l=&b=&SORT=A&m=&p=&Da=&Db= Nudelman,Santiago] <!--[http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v1=6&ti=1,6&Search_Arg=nudelman+tortura+argentina&Search_Code=FT*&PID=25458&CNT=25&SEQ=20051110203714&SID=1 Nudelman, Santiago]--> (Buenos Aires, 1960; Chiefly draft resolutions and declarations presented by Nudelman as a member of the Cámara de Diputados of the Argentine Republic during the Perón administration) |
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*[http://www.casahistoria.net/peron.htm casahistoria pages on Perón] Les Fearns site, also links to Eva Perón pages |
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*[http://remember.org/guide/Facts.root.nazi.htmlJusticialism Extracts (in English) from Juan Domingo Perón, Peronist Doctrine] Edited by the Peronist Party. (Buenos Aires, 1952). Modern History Sourcebook |
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*[http://web.archive.org/web/20040410153117/http:/edsall-historypage.org/html/20_truths_peron.html The Twenty Truths of the Peronist Movement (1940s)] The Justicialist movement’s core tenets. |
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*[http://lanic.utexas.edu/project/arl/pm/sample2/argentin/peron/ Juan Domingo Perón Argentine Presidential Messages] Well indexed dating from 1946 onwards. The actual documents are shown as photocopied images. Note: Downloading can be slow! University of Texas. --> |
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=== Pranala luar === |
=== Pranala luar === |
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Revisi per 21 Desember 2005 09.51
'María Eva Duarte de Perón (lebih dikenal dengan nama Evita (7 Mei 1919 – 26 Juli 1952) adalah istri kedua Presiden Argentina Juan Domingo Perón (1895–1974) dan Ibu Negara Argentina sejak 1946 hingga wafatnya pada 1952. Meskipun ia tidak pernah secara resmi terpilih menjadi tokoh politik, sebagai Ibu Negara ia akhirnya memiliki lebih banyak kekuasaan dan pengaruh dalam pemerintahan daripada siapapun, kecuali suaminya. Di antara kaum miskin dan kelas pekerja Argentia, ia mempunyai kharisma yang tidak banyak tandingannya di luar monarkhi
Evita menciptakan Yayasan Eva Perón, sebuah yayasan amal yang membangun ribuan rumah dan sekolah untuk kaum perempuan dan kaum miskin dan untuk pertama kalinya dalam sejarah Argentina menjamin tidak ada ketimpangan dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan untuk warganya. [1]. Evita juga memimpin pembentukan Partai Peronis Perempuan, yang merupakan partai politik perempuan pertama di negaranya.
Pada 1951, ia mengadakan kampanye agar dimungkinkan mencalonkan diri menjadi Wakil Persiden Argentina. Hal ini ditentang oleh militer Argentina, kaum elit, dan akhirnya suaminya sendiri. Andaikan Evita terpilih, ia akan menjadi wakil presiden perempuan pertama di dunia. (Gelar ini akhirnya jatuh ke tangan istri ketiga Perón, Isabel Perón, yang ironisnya berusaha meniru Evita.) Pada 1952 Evita mendapat gelar resmi "Pemimpin Rohani Bangsa".