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Revisi per 31 Maret 2017 21.14

Jerman Amerika
Deutschamerikaner
Galeri gambar
Daerah dengan populasi signifikan
Amerika Serikat Di seluruh wilayah Amerika Serikat, kecuali untuk New England
Pluralitas di Pennsylvania[1] dan Negara-negara bagian tengah barat[2]
Bahasa
Inggris (Dialek Inggris Amerika) dan Jerman
Agama
Kelompok etnik terkait

Kelompok etnis Jerman Amerika (bahasa Jerman: Deutschamerikaner) terdiri dari orang-orang yang memiliki darah Jerman secara menyeluruh atau sebagian. Kelompok etnis tersebut merupakan kelompok etnis terbesar di Amerika Serikat, yang terdiri dari sekitar 50 juta orang.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] Kelompok tersebut terdiri dari sekitar ⅓ dari diaspora Jerman di dunia.[11][12][13]

Tidak ada negara-negara Jerman yang memiliki koloni Amerika. Pada 1670an, kelompok-kelompok imigran Jerman signifikan pertama datang ke koloni-koloni Britania, utamanya bermukim di New York dan Pennsylvania. Imigrasi berlanjut dalam jumlah yang sangat besar pada abad ke-19, dengan delapan juga orang datang dari Jepang. Pada pertengahan abad kesembilan belas (antara 1820 sampai 1870) lebih dari tujuh setengah juta imigran datang ke Amerika Serikat — lebih dari dua kali lipatnya populasi di negara asalnya. Pada 2010, populasi mereka bertumbuh menjadi 49.8 juta warga negara, menandakan penambahan 6 juta orang sejak 2000.

Jerman Amerika mendirikan taman kanak-kanak pertama di Amerika Serikat,[14] memperkenalkan tradisi pohon Natal,[15][16] dan mempelopori makanan-makanan Amerika populer seperti hot dog dan hamburger.[17]

Referensi

  1. ^ "The Germans in America". 2014-04-24. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-12. 
  2. ^ "Ancestry of the Population by State: 1980 - Table 3" (PDF). Diakses tanggal 2012-11-11. 
  3. ^ One Nation Under God: Religion in Contemporary American Society, p. 120.
  4. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama Census 2008 ACS Ancestry estimates
  5. ^ Sharing the Dream: White Males in a Multicultural America By Dominic J. Pulera.
  6. ^ Reynolds Farley, 'The New Census Question about Ancestry: What Did It Tell Us?', Demography, Vol. 28, No. 3 (August 1991), pp. 414, 421.
  7. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Lawrence Santi, 'The Use of Nativity Data to Estimate Ethnic Characteristics and Patterns', Social Science Research, Vol. 14, No. 1 (1985), pp. 44-6.
  8. ^ Stanley Lieberson and Mary C. Waters, 'Ethnic Groups in Flux: The Changing Ethnic Responses of American Whites', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Vol. 487, No. 79 (September 1986), pp. 82-86.
  9. ^ Mary C. Waters, Ethnic Options: Choosing Identities in America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), p. 36.
  10. ^ From Census Bureau, "S0201. Selected Population Profile in the United States" 2006-2008 data
  11. ^ Germans and foreigners with an immigrant background. 156 is the estimate which counts all people claiming ethnic German ancestry in the U.S., Brazil, Argentina, and elsewhere.
  12. ^ "Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia" by Jeffrey Cole (2011), page 171.
  13. ^ "Report on German population". Histclo.com. 4 February 2010. Diakses tanggal 2013-01-07. 
  14. ^ "404 Error: File Not Found". Diakses tanggal 17 Maret 2015. 
  15. ^ "The History of Christmas", Gareth Marples, diakses tanggal 2 Desember 2006 
  16. ^ Harvard Office of News and Public Affairs. "Professor Brought Christmas Tree to New England". Diakses tanggal 17 Maret 2015. 
  17. ^ Lihat catatan surat kabar

Daftar pustaka

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  • Efford, Alison Clark. German Immigrants: Race and Citizenship in the Civil War Era. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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  • Ernst, Robert. Immigrant Life in New York City, 1825-1863 (1949), detailed coverage of Germans and Irish.
  • Faust, Albert Bernhardt. The German Element in the United States with Special Reference to Its Political, Moral, Social, and Educational Influence. 2 vol (1909). vol. 1, vol. 2
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  • German Historical Institute. Immigrant Entrepreneurship: German-American Business Biographies, 1720 to the Present. (2010, updated continually)
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  • Jensen, Richard. The Winning of the Midwest, Social and Political Conflict 1888–1896. (1971). Voting behavior of Germans, prohibition, language, and school issues.
  • Johnson, Hildegard B. "The Location of German Immigrants in the Middle West". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 41 (1951): 1–41.
  • Jordon, Terry G. German Seed in Texas Soil: Immigrant Farmers in Nineteenth-century Texas. (1966).
  • Kamphoefner, Walter D. and Wolfgang Helbich, eds. German-American Immigration and Ethnicity in Comparative Perspective. Madison, Wisconsin: Max Kade Institute, University of Wisconsin–Madison (2004).
  • Kamphoefner, Walter D., "Uprooted or Transplanted? Reflections on Patterns of German Immigration to Missouri," Missouri Historical Review, 103 (Jan. 2009), 71-89.
  • Kamphoefner, Walter D. "Immigrant Epistolary and Epistemology: On the Motivators and Mentality of Nineteenth-Century German Immigrants." Journal of American Ethnic History (2009): 34-54. in JSTOR, on deep-reading their letters
  • Kazal, Russell A. Becoming Old Stock: The Paradox of German-American Identity. (2004).
  • Keller, Christian B. "Flying Dutchmen and Drunken Irishmen: The Myths and Realities of Ethnic Civil War Soldiers," Journal of Military History, 73 (January 2009), 117–145.
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  • Turk, Eleanor L. "Germans in Kansas: Review Essay". Kansas History: A Journal of the Central Plains 28 (Spring 2005): 44–71.
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Historiografi

  • Hustad, Bradley Jake. "Problems in Historiography: The Americanization of German Ethnics." (MA thesis, Mankato State University, 2013). online
  • Kazal, Russell A. "Revisiting Assimilation: The Rise, Fall, and Reappraisal of a Concept". American Historical Review 100 (1995): 437–71.
  • Ortlepp, Anke. "Deutsch-Athen Revisited: Writing the History of Germans in Milwaukee" in Margo Anderson and Victor Greene (eds.), Perspectives on Milwaukee's Past. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2009.
  • Miller, Zane L. "Cincinnati Germans and the Invention of an Ethnic Group", Queen City Heritage: The Journal of the Cincinnati Historical Society 42 (Fall 1984): 13–22.
  • Parish, Peter J., ed. (2013). Reader's Guide to American History. Taylor & Francis. hlm. 294–95. 

Sumber primer

  • Kamphoefner, Walter D., and Wolfgang Helbich (Eds.). Germans in the Civil War; The Letters They Wrote Home. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
  • Kamphoefner, Walter D., Wolfgang Johannes Helbich and Ulrike Sommer (Eds.). News from the Land of Freedom: German Immigrants Write Home. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991.
  • "German". Chicago Foreign Language Press Survey. Chicago Public Library Omnibus Project of the Works Progress Administration of Illinois. 1942 – via Newberry Library.  (English translations of selected German-language newspaper articles, 1855-1938).

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