Negara Presidi: Perbedaan antara revisi
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== Daftar pustaka == |
== Daftar pustaka == |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=David |last=Abulafia |authorlink=David Abulafia |pages=145–60 |title=The Mouse and the Elephant: Relations between the Kings of Naples and the Lordship of Piombino in the Fifteenth Century |encyclopedia=Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy |editor-first1=Bernadette |editor-last1=Paton |editor-first2=John Easton |editor-last2=Law |publisher=Ashgate |year=2010}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=David |last=Abulafia |authorlink=David Abulafia |pages=145–60 |title=The Mouse and the Elephant: Relations between the Kings of Naples and the Lordship of Piombino in the Fifteenth Century |encyclopedia=Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy |editor-first1=Bernadette |editor-last1=Paton |editor-first2=John Easton |editor-last2=Law |publisher=Ashgate |year=2010}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de Llano |first=J. |title=Razón de estado y geoestrategia en la política italiana de Carlos II: Florencia y los presidios, 1677–1681 |journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia |volume=173 |year=1976 |pages=297–358}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de Llano |first=J. |title=Razón de estado y geoestrategia en la política italiana de Carlos II: Florencia y los presidios, 1677–1681 |journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia |volume=173 |year=1976 |pages=297–358}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=Franco |last=Angiolini |title=I presidios di Toscana: ''cadena de oro'' e ''llave y freno'' de Italia |encyclopedia=Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500–1700) |editor-first1=Enrique |editor-last1=García Hernán |editor-first2=Davide |editor-last2=Maffi |volume=1 |year=2006 |pages=171–88}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=Franco |last=Angiolini |title=I presidios di Toscana: ''cadena de oro'' e ''llave y freno'' de Italia |encyclopedia=Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500–1700) |editor-first1=Enrique |editor-last1=García Hernán |editor-first2=Davide |editor-last2=Maffi |volume=1 |year=2006 |pages=171–88}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=Edward |last=Armstrong |authorlink=Edward Armstrong (historian) |title=The Bourbon Governments in France and Spain II (1727–46) |pages=145–67 |editor-first1=A. W. |editor-last1=Ward |editor-first2=G. W. |editor-last2=Prothero |editor-first3=Stanley |editor-last3=Leathes |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Modern History, Volume VI: The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1909}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |first=Edward |last=Armstrong |authorlink=Edward Armstrong (historian) |title=The Bourbon Governments in France and Spain II (1727–46) |pages=145–67 |editor-first1=A. W. |editor-last1=Ward |editor-first2=G. W. |editor-last2=Prothero |editor-first3=Stanley |editor-last3=Leathes |encyclopedia=The Cambridge Modern History, Volume VI: The Eighteenth Century |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1909}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Berte-Langereau |first=Jack |title=L'Espagne et le royaume d'Etrurie |journal=Hispania |volume=15 |issue=60 |year=1955 |pages=353–460}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Berte-Langereau |first=Jack |title=L'Espagne et le royaume d'Etrurie |journal=Hispania |volume=15 |issue=60 |year=1955 |pages=353–460}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Fernand |last=Braudel |authorlink=Fernand Braudel |title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |origyear=1966}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Fernand |last=Braudel |authorlink=Fernand Braudel |title=The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1 |publisher=University of California Press |year=1995 |origyear=1966}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Giuseppe |last=Caciagli |title=Lo Stato dei Presidi |location=Pontedera |publisher=Arnera |year=1992}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Giuseppe |last=Caciagli |title=Lo Stato dei Presidi |location=Pontedera |publisher=Arnera |year=1992}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Corretti |first=Alessandro |title=Le fortezze d'altura dell'isola d'Elba: lo stato della questione |journal=Aristonothos: Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico |volume=5 |year=2012 |pages=347–70}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Corretti |first=Alessandro |title=Le fortezze d'altura dell'isola d'Elba: lo stato della questione |journal=Aristonothos: Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico |volume=5 |year=2012 |pages=347–70}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Demaria |first=Giacinto |title=La Guerra di Castro, e la Spedizione de' Presidii (1639–1649) |journal=Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, ser. 3 |volume=4 |year=1898 |pages=191–256}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |last=Demaria |first=Giacinto |title=La Guerra di Castro, e la Spedizione de' Presidii (1639–1649) |journal=Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, ser. 3 |volume=4 |year=1898 |pages=191–256}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Frederik |last=Dhondt |title=Balance of Power and Norm Hierarchy: Franco-British Diplomacy after the Peace of Utrecht |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2015}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Frederik |last=Dhondt |title=Balance of Power and Norm Hierarchy: Franco-British Diplomacy after the Peace of Utrecht |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2015}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Gregory |last=Hanlon |title=The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2002}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Gregory |last=Hanlon |title=The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |year=2002}} |
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*{{cite book |last1=Mallett |first1=Michael |last2=Shaw |first2=Christine |title=The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2012 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |last1=Mallett |first1=Michael |last2=Shaw |first2=Christine |title=The Italian Wars, 1494–1559 |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2012 |ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |first=Miguel A. |last=Martin |title=The Secret Clause: Britain and Spanish Ambitions in Italy 1712–31 |journal=European History Quarterly |year=1976 |volume=6 |pages=407–25 |doi=10.1177/026569147600600401}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |first=Miguel A. |last=Martin |title=The Secret Clause: Britain and Spanish Ambitions in Italy 1712–31 |journal=European History Quarterly |year=1976 |volume=6 |pages=407–25 |doi=10.1177/026569147600600401}} |
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*{{cite book |ref=harv |first=Samuel |last=Maunder |authorlink=Samuel Maunder |title=The History of the World, Volume II |editor-first=John |editor-last=Inman |location=New York |publisher=Henry Bill |year=1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyworldcom00maungoog}} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Samuel |last=Maunder |authorlink=Samuel Maunder |title=The History of the World, Volume II |editor-first=John |editor-last=Inman |location=New York |publisher=Henry Bill |year=1860 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyworldcom00maungoog}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Menning |first=Ralph |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last2=Frey |editor-first2=Marsha |title=Stato dei Presidi |encyclopedia=The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27884-6 |pages=421–22}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Menning |first=Ralph |editor-last1=Frey |editor-first1=Linda |editor-last2=Frey |editor-first2=Marsha |title=Stato dei Presidi |encyclopedia=The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary |year=1995 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-27884-6 |pages=421–22}} |
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*{{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |encyclopedia=The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850 |editor-first=Frederick C. |editor-last=Schneid |title=Italy, Piedmont and French Anti-Habsburg Strategy, 1690–1748 |pages=68–82 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2012}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |ref=harv |last=Paoletti |first=Ciro |encyclopedia=The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850 |editor-first=Frederick C. |editor-last=Schneid |title=Italy, Piedmont and French Anti-Habsburg Strategy, 1690–1748 |pages=68–82 |location=Leiden |publisher=Brill |year=2012}} |
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*{{cite journal |ref=harv |first=Eladi |last=Romero García |title=El señorío de Piombino: Un ejemplo de influencia institucional hispánica en la Italia del siglo XVI |journal=Hispania |year=1986 |volume=46 |issue=164 |pages=503–18}} |
* {{cite journal |ref=harv |first=Eladi |last=Romero García |title=El señorío de Piombino: Un ejemplo de influencia institucional hispánica en la Italia del siglo XVI |journal=Hispania |year=1986 |volume=46 |issue=164 |pages=503–18}} |
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[[Kategori:Bekas negara di Semenanjung Italia|Presidi]] |
[[Kategori:Bekas negara di Semenanjung Italia|Presidi]] |
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[[Kategori:Sejarah Toscana]] |
[[Kategori:Sejarah Toscana]] |
Revisi per 23 Agustus 2017 05.06
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Toscana_y_Presidios.png/170px-Toscana_y_Presidios.png)
Negara Presidi (bahasa Italia: Stato dei Presidi, yang berarti "negara garnisun-garnisun"[1]) adalah sebuah negara kecil yang pernah berdiri di Italia dari tahun 1557 hingga 1801. Negara seluas 300 km2 ini mencakup lima kota yang terletak di pesisir Toscana, yaitu Porto Ercole, Porto Santo Stefano, Orbetello, Talamone dan Ansedonia, ditambah dengan pulau kecil Giannutri dan benteng Porto Longone di pulau Elba.[2][3] Wilayah ini merupakan entitas yang terpisah dari Kerajaan Napoli dan telah melalui tiga periode sejarah. Dari tahun 1557 hingga 1707, Presidi merupakan wilayah yang dikendalikan oleh Spanyol Habsburg dan diperintah oleh wali raja Habsburg di Napoli. Kemudian, dari tahun 1708 hingga 1733, wilayah ini jatuh ke tangan Wangsa Habsburg Austria dan masih dikendalikan oleh wali raja di Napoli. Pada akhirnya Presidi menjadi wilayah yang bergantung kepada raja-raja Bourbon Spanyol di Napoli dari tahun 1733 hingga 1801. Negara ini dibubarkan setelah disepakatinya Perjanjian Firenze pada tanggal 28 Maret 1801 ketika Raja Napoli menyerahkan negara ini kepada Republik Perancis Pertama. Perancis kemudian memberikan wilayah Presidi kepada Kerajaan Etruria.[2] Setelah jatuhnya Perancis pada tahun 1814, Kongres Wina pada tahun 1815 mengatur bahwa wilayah ini akan menjadi bagian dari Keharyapatihan Toscana.
Catatan kaki
- ^ Paoletti 2012, hlm. 69.
- ^ a b Menning 1995, hlm. 421–22.
- ^ Angiolini 2006, hlm. 171.
Daftar pustaka
- Abulafia, David (2010). "The Mouse and the Elephant: Relations between the Kings of Naples and the Lordship of Piombino in the Fifteenth Century". Dalam Paton, Bernadette; Law, John Easton. Communes and Despots in Medieval and Renaissance Italy. Ashgate. hlm. 145–60.
- Alcalá-Zamora y Queipo de Llano, J. (1976). "Razón de estado y geoestrategia en la política italiana de Carlos II: Florencia y los presidios, 1677–1681". Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia. 173: 297–358.
- Angiolini, Franco (2006). "I presidios di Toscana: cadena de oro e llave y freno de Italia". Dalam García Hernán, Enrique; Maffi, Davide. Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica: política, estrategia y cultura en la Europa moderna (1500–1700). 1. hlm. 171–88.
- Armstrong, Edward (1909). "The Bourbon Governments in France and Spain II (1727–46)". Dalam Ward, A. W.; Prothero, G. W.; Leathes, Stanley. The Cambridge Modern History, Volume VI: The Eighteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 145–67.
- Berte-Langereau, Jack (1955). "L'Espagne et le royaume d'Etrurie". Hispania. 15 (60): 353–460.
- Braudel, Fernand (1995) [1966]. The Mediterranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II, Volume 1. University of California Press.
- Caciagli, Giuseppe (1992). Lo Stato dei Presidi. Pontedera: Arnera.
- Corretti, Alessandro (2012). "Le fortezze d'altura dell'isola d'Elba: lo stato della questione". Aristonothos: Scritti per il Mediterraneo antico. 5: 347–70.
- Demaria, Giacinto (1898). "La Guerra di Castro, e la Spedizione de' Presidii (1639–1649)". Miscellanea di Storia Italiana, ser. 3. 4: 191–256.
- Dhondt, Frederik (2015). Balance of Power and Norm Hierarchy: Franco-British Diplomacy after the Peace of Utrecht. Leiden: Brill.
- Hanlon, Gregory (2002). The Twilight of a Military Tradition: Italian Aristocrats and European Conflicts, 1560–1800. Taylor and Francis.
- Mallett, Michael; Shaw, Christine (2012). The Italian Wars, 1494–1559. Pearson Education.
- Martin, Miguel A. (1976). "The Secret Clause: Britain and Spanish Ambitions in Italy 1712–31". European History Quarterly. 6: 407–25. doi:10.1177/026569147600600401.
- Maunder, Samuel (1860). Inman, John, ed. The History of the World, Volume II. New York: Henry Bill.
- Menning, Ralph (1995). "Stato dei Presidi". Dalam Frey, Linda; Frey, Marsha. The Treaties of the War of the Spanish Succession: An Historical and Critical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. hlm. 421–22. ISBN 978-0-313-27884-6.
- Paoletti, Ciro (2012). "Italy, Piedmont and French Anti-Habsburg Strategy, 1690–1748". Dalam Schneid, Frederick C. The Projection and Limitations of Imperial Powers, 1618–1850. Leiden: Brill. hlm. 68–82.
- Romero García, Eladi (1986). "El señorío de Piombino: Un ejemplo de influencia institucional hispánica en la Italia del siglo XVI". Hispania. 46 (164): 503–18.