Baal-Zefon: Perbedaan antara revisi

← Revisi sebelumnya Revisi selanjutnya →

Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan

Sebaris

Revisi per 22 Januari 2018 21.05

Sebuah ilustrasi Baal-Zefon dalam Infernal Dictionary oleh Collin de Plancy.

Baal-Zefon (Baal-zephon atau Baalzephon, lebih tepatnya Baʿal Zaphon atau Ṣaphon (bahasa Ibrani: בעל צפון‎; bahasa Akkadia: ^dim Be-el ḫur.sag Ḫa-zi; bahasa Hurri: Tšb Ḫlbğ ),^[1] adalah suatu bentuk dewa badai Kanaan, Baʿal (harafiah: "Tuhan"), dalam perannya sebagai dewa Gunung Zaphon;^[1]^{[n 1]} ia diidentifikasi dalam naskah-naskah Ugarit seperti Hadad.^[6]^[7] Karena pentingnya gunung dan lokasinya, nama itu secara metonymously menandakan "utara" dalam bahasa ibrani;^[8] nama ini oleh karena itu kadang-kadang keliru diberikan dalam terjemahan sebagai Dewa Utara (Lord of the North).^{[n 2]} Dia disamakan dengan dewa Yunani Zeus dalam bentuk Zeus Kasios dan kemudian dengan dewa Romawi Jupiter Casius.

Karena Baʿal Zaphon dianggap sebagai pelindung dari perdagangan maritim, maka tempat-tempat suci telah dibangun untuk menghormatinya di sekitar Mediterania oleh para pengikutnya, orang Kanaan dan Fenisia.^[1] Dengan demikian, "Baal-zephon" juga menjadi nama tempat, terutama di lokasi yang disebutkan dalam kitab Suci ibrani' Kitab Keluaran sebagai lokasi di mana orang-orang Israel secara ajaib menyeberangi Laut Merah selama mereka eksodus dari Mesir.

Dewa

Nama Baʿal Zaphon tidak pernah muncul dalam teks-teks mitologi yang ditemukan di Ugarit. Sebaliknya, nama itu muncul dalam panduan untuk ritual dan dalam surat-surat, di mana digunakan untuk membedakan bentuk Baʿal dari yang lain seperti Baʿal Ugarit.^[1] Penggambaran dewa ini paling awal ditemukan — dalam postur berdiri mengangkang dan memukul dua gunung—bertarikh abad ke-18 SMbc.^[1] Penggambaran lain menunjukkan dia dimahkotai dan membawa sebuah tongkat.^[1] Sebagai pelindung perdagangan maritim, pelipisnya juga diberi nazar batu jangkar.^[1] Perjanjian antara Esarhadon dan Raja Baʿal dari Tirus menempatkan Baʿal Zaphon pada urutan ketiga di belakang Baʿal Shamem dan Baʿal Malage.^[1] Selain bait-nya di Jebel Aqra dan Ugarit, Baʿal Zaphon diketahui telah disembah di Tirus dan Carthage dan menjabat sebagai kepala dewa koloni di Tahpanes.^[1]

Sebuah surat pada abad ke-14 SM dari raja Ugarit kepada firaun Mesir menempatkan Baʿal Zaphon setara dengan dewa Amun.^[1] Kuil Zeus Kasios dipastikan berada di Mesir, Athena, Epidauros, Delos, Corfu, Sisilia, dan Spanyol; yang terakhir ini menyebutkan lokasinya di perbatasan Romawi-Jerman pada abad ke-3.^[1]

Lokasi

Teks Asyur dari milenium ke-1 SM menyebutkan Baʿal Zaphon sebagai nama gunung itu sendiri.^[1] Gunung itu juga dipuja tersendiri oleh penduduk setempat.^[8]

Kitab Exodus and Numbers dalam Hebrew Scriptures mencatat bahwa Israelites diperintahkan oleh YHVH untuk berkemah di depan tempat yang bernama "Baal-Zefon" supaya terlihat terjebat dan memancing Firaun untuk mengejar mereka:^[10]^[11]^[1]^[1]^{[n 3]}

Speak unto the children of Israel, that they turn and encamp before Pihahiroth, between Migdol and the sea, over against Baalzephon: before it shall ye encamp by the sea. For Pharaoh will say of the children of Israel, They are entangled in the land, the wilderness hath shut them in. And I will harden Pharaoh's heart, that he shall follow after them; and I will be honoured upon Pharaoh, and upon all his host; that the Egyptians may know that I am the Lord. And they did so.^[14]

Gmirkin mengidentifikasi tempat itu sebagai Arsinoe di Teluk Suez. Sebuah teks geografi zaman Ptolemaic di Museum Kairo memuat daftar empat benteng perbatasan, yang ketiga adalah "Midgol dan Baʿal Zaphon". Dalam konteks ini, tampaknya telah terletak pada rute ke pantai Laut Merah, mungkin di tepi kanal dari Pitom ke lokasi dekat Arsinoe.^[1] Rohl mengusulkan Tell Defenneh.^[16]

Lihat pula

Catatan

^ This location is usually associated with the modern Jebel Aqra on the Syrio-Turkish border,^[2] but that identification has been challenged by Liverani^[3] based on Albright's claim that the Amarna letters' Ṣapuna does not refer to the mountain near Ugarit but to a city named Ṣapuma or Ṣabuma at the mouth of the Jabbok.^[4] In 1967, Ross^[siapa?] placed it in "the Shephelah region, not far from the kingdom of Gezer.^{[butuh rujukan]} Vita rejected the identification of Ṣabuma with the Biblical Zaphon, proposing it instead referred to Zebʿoim.^[5]
^ As, for example, by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.^[9]
^ Eissfeldt argued that the Biblical mention of Baʿal Zaphon actually referred to the god having originally received credit for the salvation of the Israelites,^[12] but it is usually accepted as a placename.^[13]

Referensi

Kutipan

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ().
^ Fox (2009), hlm. 243–258.
^ Liverani (1998).
^ Albright (1943).
^ Vita (2005).
^ Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. hlm. 216.
^ The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. 2010. hlm. 168.
^ ^a ^b DDD, "Zaphon".
^ ISBE (1996), hlm. 381.
^ Exod. 14:2-4:HE.
^ Num. 33:7:HE.
^ Eissfeldt (1932).
^ Niehr (1999), hlm. 153.
^ Exod. 14:2-4:KJV (KJV).
^ Exod. 14:2-4:KJV (KJV).
^ Rohl 2003.

Daftar pustaka

Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, ed. (1999), "Zaphon", Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing .
Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B., ed. (2000), Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible, Grand Rapids: Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-2400-4 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan) .
Bromiley, Geoffrey W., ed. (1996), International Standard Bible Encyclopedia, Grand Rapids: Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8028-3781-3 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan) .
Albright, William F. (1943), "Two Little Understood Amarna Letters from the Middle Jordan Valley", Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, No. 89 .
Eissfeldt, O. (1932), Baal Zaphon, Zeus Kasios, und der Durchzug der Israeliten durchs Meer, Halle .
Fox, Robin Lane (2009), Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, New York: Knopf .
Gmirkin, Russell E. (2006), Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus, T. & T. Clark, ISBN 978-0-567-02592-0 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan) .
Liverani, Mario (1998), Le lettere di el-Amarna 1. Le lettere dei "Piccoli Re", Brescia . (Italia)
Rohl, David (2003), From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible, Arrow, ISBN 0099415666 More than one of |ISBN= dan |isbn= specified (bantuan)

.

Niehr, H. (1999), "Baal-zaphon", dalam Toorn, Karel van der; Becking, Bob; Horst, Pieter Willem van der, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 2nd ed., Grand Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing .
Vita, Juan-Pablo (2005), "Der biblische Ortsname Zaphon und die Amarnabriefe EA 273-274", Ugarit-Forschungen, No. 37 . (Jerman)

Pranala luar

Jewish Encyclopedia: Baal-zephon

[6] This location is usually associated with the modern Jebel Aqra on the Syrio-Turkish border,^[2] but that identification has been challenged by Liverani^[3] based on Albright's claim that the Amarna letters' Ṣapuna does not refer to the mountain near Ugarit but to a city named Ṣapuma or Ṣabuma at the mouth of the Jabbok.^[4] In 1967, Ross^[siapa?] placed it in "the Shephelah region, not far from the kingdom of Gezer.^{[butuh rujukan]} Vita rejected the identification of Ṣabuma with the Biblical Zaphon, proposing it instead referred to Zebʿoim.^[5]

[11] As, for example, by the International Standard Bible Encyclopedia.^[9]

[16] Eissfeldt argued that the Biblical mention of Baʿal Zaphon actually referred to the god having originally received credit for the salvation of the Israelites,^[12] but it is usually accepted as a placename.^[13]

[FOOTNOTE-1] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ().

[FOOTNOTEFox2009243–258-2] Fox (2009), hlm. 243–258.

[FOOTNOTELiverani1998-3] Liverani (1998).

[FOOTNOTEAlbright1943-4] Albright (1943).

[FOOTNOTEVita2005-5] Vita (2005).

[blok-7] Spencer L. Allen (2015). The Splintered Divine: A Study of Istar, Baal, and Yahweh Divine Names and Divine Multiplicity in the Ancient Near East. hlm. 216.

[8] The Sin of the Calf: The Rise of the Bible's Negative Attitude Toward the Golden Calf. 2010. hlm. 168.

[FOOTNOTE''DDD'',_"Zaphon"-9] DDD, "Zaphon".

[FOOTNOTE''ISBE''1996[https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC&pg=PA381_381]-10] ISBE (1996), hlm. 381.

[12] Exod. 14:2-4:HE.

[13] Num. 33:7:HE.

[FOOTNOTEEissfeldt1932-14] Eissfeldt (1932).

[FOOTNOTENiehr1999153-15] Niehr (1999), hlm. 153.

[17] Exod. 14:2-4:KJV (KJV).

[18] Exod. 14:2-4:KJV (KJV).

[FOOTNOTERohl2003-19] Rohl 2003.

[1]

[n 1]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[n 2]

[10]

[11]

[n 3]

[14]

[16]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[9]

[12]

[13]

@@ Baris 28: / Baris 28: @@
 === Daftar pustaka ===
 * {{Citation|title=[[Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible]], ''2nd ed.''|date=1999|ref={{harvid|''DDD'', "Zaphon"}}|contribution=Zaphon|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA927|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Toorn|editor2-last=Becking|editor3-last=Horst|editor-first=Karel van der|editor2-first=Bob|editor3-first=Pieter Willem van der|editor-link=Karel van der Toorn|editor3-link=Pieter Willem van der Horst}}.
-* {{Citation|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC|ref={{harvid|''EDB''|2000}}|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Freedman|editor2-last=Myers|editor3-last=Beck|editor-first=David Noel|editor2-first=Allen C.|editor3-first=Astrid B.|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|ISBN=978-0-8028-2400-4}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]] .
+* {{Citation|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|date=2000|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P9sYIRXZZ2MC|ref={{harvid|''EDB''|2000}}|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm B. Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Freedman|editor2-last=Myers|editor3-last=Beck|editor-first=David Noel|editor2-first=Allen C.|editor3-first=Astrid B.|isbn=978-0-8028-2400-4|ISBN=978-0-8028-2400-4}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) .
-* {{Citation|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|date=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC|ref={{harvid|''ISBE''|1996}}|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Bromiley|editor-first=Geoffrey W.|isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3|ISBN=978-0-8028-3781-3}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]] .
+* {{Citation|title=International Standard Bible Encyclopedia|date=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BW_1mt4oebQC|ref={{harvid|''ISBE''|1996}}|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Bromiley|editor-first=Geoffrey W.|isbn=978-0-8028-3781-3|ISBN=978-0-8028-3781-3}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) .
 * {{Citation|last=Albright|first=William F.|title=Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, ''No.&nbsp;89''|date=1943|author-link=William F. Albright|contribution=Two Little Understood Amarna Letters from the Middle Jordan Valley}}.
 * {{Citation|last=Eissfeldt|first=O.|title=Baal Zaphon, Zeus Kasios, und der Durchzug der Israeliten durchs Meer|date=1932|location=Halle}}.
 * {{Citation|last=Fox|first=Robin Lane|title=Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer|date=2009|author-link=Robin Lane Fox|location=New York|publisher=Knopf}}.
-* {{Citation|last=Gmirkin|first=Russell E.|title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7lSWFMCX4C|year=2006|publisher=T.&nbsp;& T. Clark|isbn=978-0-567-02592-0|ISBN=978-0-567-02592-0}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]] .
+* {{Citation|last=Gmirkin|first=Russell E.|title=Berossus and Genesis, Manetho and Exodus|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9_7lSWFMCX4C|year=2006|publisher=T.&nbsp;& T. Clark|isbn=978-0-567-02592-0|ISBN=978-0-567-02592-0}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) .
 * {{Citation|last=Liverani|first=Mario|title=Le lettere di el-Amarna 1. Le lettere dei "Piccoli Re"|date=1998|author-link=Mario Liverani|location=Brescia}}. (Italia)
-* {{Citation|last=Rohl|first=David|title=From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible|date=2003|publisher=Arrow|isbn=0099415666|ISBN=0099415666}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]]) [[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]] .
+* {{Citation|last=Rohl|first=David|title=From Eden to Exile: The Epic History of the People of the Bible|date=2003|publisher=Arrow|isbn=0099415666|ISBN=0099415666}}More than one of <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;ISBN=</code> dan <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">&#x7C;isbn=</code> specified ([[Bantuan:CS1 errors#redundant parameters|bantuan]])
+.
 * {{Citation|last=Niehr|first=H.|title=[[Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible]], ''2nd ed.''|date=1999|contribution=Baal-zaphon|contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&pg=PA152|location=Grand Rapids|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|editor-last=Toorn|editor2-last=Becking|editor3-last=Horst|editor-first=Karel van der|editor2-first=Bob|editor3-first=Pieter Willem van der|editor-link=Karel van der Toorn|editor3-link=Pieter Willem van der Horst}}.
 * {{Citation|last=Vita|first=Juan-Pablo|title=Ugarit-Forschungen, ''No.&nbsp;37''|date=2005|contribution=Der biblische Ortsname Zaphon und die Amarnabriefe EA 273-274|contribution-url=https://docs.google.com/gview?a=v&q=cache%3A9ocihIYyyzgJ%3Adigital.csic.es%2Fbitstream%2F10261%2F12491%2F1%2FOrtsname%2520Zaphon.pdf+Zaphon&hl=en&gl=ch&sig=AFQjCNHth3E4YxFxDayoLKL6Uw58IVrHkA&pli=1}}. (Jerman)
@@ Baris 41: / Baris 42: @@
 == Pranala luar ==
 * [http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=23&letter=B Jewish Encyclopedia: Baal-zephon]
+[[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]]
+[[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]]
+[[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]]
+[[Kategori:Pages with citations having redundant parameters]]