Tirthankara: Perbedaan antara revisi
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* {{citation |last=Jain |first=Champat Rai |authorlink=Champat Rai Jain |title=Jainism, Christianity and Science |publisher=[[The Indian Press]] |location=[[Allahabad]] |date=1930 |url=https://archive.org/details/JainismChristianityAndScience |quote={{PD-notice}} |ref={{sfnref|Champat Rai Jain|1930}} }} |
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*{{citation |
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|first1=Jyotindra |
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|last2=Fischer |
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|first2=Eberhard |
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|title=Jaina Iconography, Part 12- Iconography of religions: Indian religions |
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|year=1978 |
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|publisher=BRILL |
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|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gFZ7vQ2jwlEC |
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|isbn=978-9004052598}} |
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[[Kategori:Jainisme]] |
[[Kategori:Jainisme]] |
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Revisi per 28 Januari 2018 11.01
Dalam agama Jainisme, tirthankara (bahasa Sansekerta: tīrthaṅkara) adalah guru dharma yang maha mengetahui yang mengajarkan cara untuk membebaskan diri dari siklus kematian dan kehidupan yang disebut saṃsāra. Menurut penganut agama Jain, ajaran Jain mulai dilupakan seiring berjalannya waktu. Kemudian, ada satu orang yang berhasil menolak hal-hal duniawi untuk menaklukkan samsara dengan kemampuannya sendiri. Setelah Tirthankara mencapai keadaan "Kevala Jnana" (maha mengetahui), ia mendirikan kembali ajaran Jainisme. Tirthankara menyediakan jalan bagi orang lain untuk mengikutinya agar terbebas dari "samsara" dan mencapai "moksha" (pembebasan).[1][2][3]
Menurut penganut Jainisme, terdapat dua puluh empat tirthankara untuk setiap pertengahan siklus waktu Jain. Tirthankara yang pertama adalah Rishabhanatha, sementara yang terakhir untuk pertengahan siklus saat ini adalah Mahavira (599-527 SM).[3][4] Pendahulunya yang menjadi tirthankara ke-23, Parshvanatha, merupakan tokoh sejarah.[5]
Ajaran tirthankara disusun di dalam kitab yang disebut "Agama". Semua tirthankara mengajarkan filsafat dan etika yang sama. Walaupun mereka dihormati oleh penganut Jainisme, diyakini rahmat mereka dapat dinikmati oleh semua makhluk hidup tanpa memandang agama mereka.
Tirthankara diberi julukan Jina (pemenang), yang berarti seseorang yang telah menaklukkan musuh-musuh dari dalam seperti amarah, kebergantungan, kebanggaan dan ketamakan.[1] Mereka terbebas dari segala hawa nafsu. Setelah mencapai keadaan "maha mengetahui", mereka terbebas dari delapan belas ketidaksempurnaan, seperti rasa lapar, haus, mengantuk, dll.
Daftar 24 tirthankara
Periode saat ini
Berikut adalah daftar 24 tirthankara yang diurutkan secara kronologis:[2][6][7]
| No. | Name | Lambang | Warna | Tinggi |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Rishabhanatha (Adinatha) | Banteng | Emas | 500 dhanuṣa |
| 2 | Ajitanatha | Gajah | Emas | 450 dhanuṣa |
| 3 | Sambhavanatha | Kuda | Emas | 400 dhanuṣa |
| 4 | Abhinandananatha | Monyet | Emas | 350 dhanuṣa |
| 5 | Sumatinatha | Angsa | Emas | 300 dhanuṣa |
| 6 | Padmaprabha | Padma | Merah | 250 dhanuṣa |
| 7 | Suparshvanatha | Swastika | Emas | 200 dhanuṣa |
| 8 | Chandraprabha | Bulan Sabit | Putih | 150 dhanuṣa |
| 9 | Pushpadanta | Buaya atau Makara | Putih | 100 dhanuṣa |
| 10 | Shitalanatha | Shrivatsa | Emas | 90 dhanuṣa |
| 11 | Shreyanasanatha | Badak | Emas | 80 dhanuṣa |
| 12 | Vasupujya | Kerbau | Merah | 70 dhanusa |
| 13 | Vimalanatha | Babi hutan | Emas | 60 dhanusa |
| 14 | Anantanatha | Landak menurut Digambara Elang menurut Śvētāmbara |
Emas | 50 dhanuṣa |
| 15 | Dharmanatha | Vajra | Emas | 45 dhanuṣa |
| 16 | Shantinatha | Antelope atau rusa | Emas | 40 dhanuṣa |
| 17 | Kunthunatha | Kambing | Emas | 35 dhanuṣa |
| 18 | Aranatha | Nandyavarta atau ikan | Emas | 30 dhanuṣa |
| 19 | Māllīnātha | Kalasha | Biru | 25 dhanuṣa |
| 20 | Munisuvrata | Kura-kura | Hitam | 20 dhanuṣa |
| 21 | Naminatha | Teratai biru | Emas | 15 dhanuṣa |
| 22 | Neminatha | Shankha | Hitam | 10 dhanuṣa |
| 23 | Parshvanatha | Ular | Biru | 9 hatha |
| 24 | Mahavira | Singa | Emas | 7 hatha |
Catatan kaki
- ^ a b Sangave 2006, hlm. 16.
- ^ a b Britannica Tirthankar Definition, Encyclopaedia Britannica
- ^ a b Taliaferro & Marty 2010, hlm. 286.
- ^ Sanghvi, Vir (14 September 2013), Rude Travel: Down The Sages, Hindustan Times
- ^ Zimmer 1953, hlm. 182-183.
- ^ Vijay K. Jain 2015, hlm. 181-208.
- ^ Tirthankara (EMBLEMS OR SYMBOLS) pdf
Daftar pustaka
- Balcerowicz, Piotr (2009), Jainism and the definition of religion (edisi ke-1st), Mumbai: Hindi Granth Karyalay, ISBN 978-81-88769-29-2
- Cort, John E. (2010) [1953], Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-538502-1
- Cort, John E. (2001), Jains in the World: Religious Values and Ideology in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780195132342
- Doniger, Wendy, ed. (1999), Encyclopedia of World Religions, Merriam-Webster, ISBN 0-87779-044-2
- Dundas, Paul (2002) [1992], The Jains (edisi ke-Second), London and New York: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-26605-X
- George, Vensus A. (2008), Paths to the Divine: Ancient and Indian, XII, The Council for Research in Values and Philosophy, ISBN 978-1-56518-248-6
- Jain, Champat Rai (1930), Jainism, Christianity and Science, Allahabad: The Indian Press,
Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam ranah publik. - Jain, Jyotindra; Fischer, Eberhard (1978), Jaina Iconography, Part 12- Iconography of religions: Indian religions, BRILL, ISBN 978-9004052598
- Jain, Vijay K. (2015), Acarya Samantabhadra's Svayambhustotra: Adoration of The Twenty-four Tirthankara, Vikalp Printers, ISBN 978-81-903639-7-6, Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam ranah publik.
- Jain, Vijay K. (2011), Acharya Umasvami's Tattvarthsutra (edisi ke-1st), Uttarakhand: Vikalp Printers, ISBN 81-903639-2-1, Artikel ini memuat teks dari sumber tersebut, yang berada dalam ranah publik.
- Pramansagar, Muni (2008), Jain Tattvavidya, India: Bhartiya Gyanpeeth, ISBN 978-81-263-1480-5
- Rao, P Raghunadha (2007) [1988], Indian Heritage and Culture, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 9788120709300
- Sangave, Vilas Adinath (2006) [1990], Aspects of Jaina religion (edisi ke-5), Bharatiya Jnanpith, ISBN 81-263-1273-4
- Shah, K. R. (2011), The Philosophy of welfare economics of Dr. Amartya Sen and Jain Philosophy, Trafford Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4269-5023-0
- Shah, Natubhai (2004) [First published in 1998], Jainism: The World of Conquerors, I, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 81-208-1938-1
- Umakant Premanand Shah (1987). Jaina Rupa Mandana - Jaina Iconography (dalam bahasa Inggris). Abhinav Publication. ISBN 81-7017-218-7. OL 2509818M. Wikidata Q40348271.
- Singh, Upinder (2016), A History of Ancient and Early Medieval India: From the Stone Age to the 12th Century, Pearson Education, ISBN 978-93-325-6996-6
- Taliaferro, Charles; Marty, Elsa J. (2010), A Dictionary of Philosophy of Religion, A&C Black, ISBN 1441111972
- Wiley, Kristi L. (2009), The A to Z of Jainism, Scarecrow Press, ISBN 9780810868212
- Zimmer, Heinrich (1953) [April 1952], Campbell, Joseph, ed., Philosophies Of India, London, E.C. 4: Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd, ISBN 978-81-208-0739-6
- Babb, Lawrence A. (1996), Absent Lord: Ascetics and Kings in a Jain Ritual Culture, University of California Press
