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Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" "catalyst" for [[glasnost]], yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for ‘glasnost’|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12403612/ns/world_news-europe/t/chernobyl-cover-up-catalyst-glasnost/|accessdate = 2015-06-21|date = 24 April 2006|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>
Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai [[budaya keamanan]] di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.<ref name=Kagarlitsky>{{cite book |title=The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations |chapter=Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change|last=Kagarlitsky|first=Boris|editor=[[Mary Kaldor]] |editor2=Gerald Holden |editor3=[[Richard A. Falk]] |year=1989|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=0-86091-962-5}}</ref><ref name=Kagarlitsky group=notes>"No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness ([[glasnost]]) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of [[Communist Party of Soviet Union|KPSS]]), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of [[perestroika]] than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334</ref> Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" "catalyst" for [[glasnost]], yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".<ref>{{Cite web|title = Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for ‘glasnost’|url = http://www.nbcnews.com/id/12403612/ns/world_news-europe/t/chernobyl-cover-up-catalyst-glasnost/|accessdate = 2015-06-21|date = 24 April 2006|publisher = [[Associated Press]]}}</ref>


== Ngentot ==
== Referensi ==
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Revisi per 12 April 2018 10.46

51°23′22″N 30°05′56″E / 51.38944°N 30.09889°E / 51.38944; 30.09889

Bencana Chernobyl
Reaktor nuklir setelah meledak. Reaktor 4 (tengah). Bangunan turbin (kiri bawah). Reaktor 3 (kanan tengah).
Tanggal26 April 1986 (1986-04-26) (38 tahun lalu)
Waktu01:23 (Waktu Moskwa UTC+3)
LokasiPripyat, Ukrainian SSR, Uni Soviet
PenyebabLedakan inti yang tidak sengaja ketika sedang dimatikan darurat akibat kegagalan daya
Tewas31 (langsung)

"Bencana Chernobyl", kecelakaan reaktor nuklir Chernobyl, atau hanya "Chernobyl", adalah kecelakaan reaktor nuklir terburuk dalam sejarah. Pada tanggal 26 April 1986 pukul 01:23:40 pagi (UTC+3), reaktor nomor empat di Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Nuklir Chernobyl yang terletak di Uni Soviet di dekat Pripyat di Ukraina meledak. Akibatnya, isotop radioaktif dalam jumlah besar tersebar ke atmosfer di seluruh kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Bencana nuklir ini dianggap sebagai kecelakaan nuklir terburuk sepanjang sejarah, dan merupakan satu dari dua kecelakaan yang digolongkan dalam level 7 pada Skala Kejadian Nuklir Internasional (kecelakaan yang lainnya adalah Bencana nuklir Fukushima Daiichi).[1] Jumlah pekerja yang dilibatkan untuk menanggulangi bencana ini sekitar 500.000 orang, dan menghabiskan dana sebesar 18 miliar rubel dan mempengaruhi ekonomi Uni Soviet.[2] Ribuan penduduk terpaksa diungsikan dari kota ini.

Sisa-sisa dari gedung reaktor No.4 ditutupi sebuah sarkofagus besar (pelindung radiasi) pada bulan Desember 1986, ketika bahan yang berada dalam reaktor telah memasuki fasa shut-down; pelindung ini dibuat secepat mungkin sebagai occupational safety untuk pekerja reaktor lainnya di pembangkit listrik tersebut.[3][4]

Bencana ini memicu peningkatan keamanan pada semua reaktor Soviet sisanya di RBMK (Chernobyl No.4), dimana 11 diantaranya terus menyediakan listrik hingga tahun 2013.[5][6]

Ulasan

Lokasi pembangkit listrik nuklir Chernobyl
Kota hantu Pripyat dengan pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya tidak jauh.

Bencana dimulai ketika sedang dilakukan pengujian sistem tanggal 26 April 1986 di reaktor nomor 4 pembangkit Chernobyl yang letaknya dekat Pripyat dan dekat dengan perbatasan administratif dengan Belarus dan Sungai Dnieper. Kemudian terjadi lonjakan energi secara tiba-tiba dan tak diduga, dan ketika sedang mencoba mematikan darurat, terjadi lonjakan daya sangat tinggi yang menyebabkan tangki reaktor pecah diikuti serangkaian ledakan uap. Kejadian ini melepaskan moderator neutron grafit di reaktor ke udara, sehingga menyala.[7][diskusikan] Kebakaran yang dihasilkan berlangsung seminggu penuh dan melepaskan debu partikel radioaktif ke atmosfer secara meluas, termasuk Pripyat. Debu kemudian tersebar ke kawasan Uni Soviet bagian barat dan Eropa. Menurut data resmi pasca-Soviet,[8][9] sekitar 60% debu jatuh di Belarus.

36 jam setelah insiden ini, otoritas Soviet memberlakukan zona eksklusi 10-kilometer yang menyebabkan evakuasi cepat 49.000 orang beserta hewan mereka, terutama dari pusat populasi terbesar dekat reaktor, kota Pripyat.[10] Meskipun tidak dikomunikasikan saat itu, evakuasi langsung setelah insiden tidak disarankan karena jalanan keluar kota dipenuhi dengan debu yang berisi partikel nuklir didalamnya, kotanya sendiri cukup aman karena diuntungkan oleh arah angin, sehingga penduduk disarankan untuk berdiam di rumah sebelum dievakuasi sebelum arah angin berubah.[10]

Karena debu terus menerus dihasilkan, zona evakuasi diperbesar dari 10 menjadi 30 km sekitar seminggu setelah insiden, mengakibatkan 68.000 penduduk lagi harus dievakuasi, termasuk dari kota Chernobyl sendiri.[10] Survei dan deteksi dari zona terisolasi menyebutkan bahwa total ada sekitar 135.000 orang pengungsi "jangka panjang".[10] Jumlah ini naik hampir 3 kali lipat menjadi 350.000 orang pada dekade setelahnya, 1986-2000.[11][12]

Rusia, Ukraina, dan Belarusia terbebani dengan dekontaminasi terus menerus dan biaya kompensasi bulanan[13][14][15] akibat bencana Chernobyl.

Bencana ini meningkatkan perhatian mengenai reaktor fisi di seluruh dunia dan ratusan proposal reaktor, termasuk diantaranya yang sedang dibangun di Chernobyl (No.5 dan 6) akhirnya dibatalkan.

Insiden ini juga meningkatkan perhatian mengenai budaya keamanan di industri tenaga nuklir Soviet, menurunkan pertumbuhan industri dan memaksa pemerintah untuk lebih terbuka mengenai prosedurnya.[16][notes 1] Pemerintah yang berusaha menutup-nutupi bencana ini menjadi "katalis" "catalyst" for glasnost, yang "memuluskan jalan bagi reformasi yang berakhir pada kolapsnya Soviet".[17]

Referensi

  1. ^ "No one believed the first newspaper reports, which patently understated the scale of the catastrophe and often contradicted one another. The confidence of readers was re-established only after the press was allowed to examine the events in detail without the original censorship restrictions. The policy of openness (glasnost) and 'uncompromising criticism' of outmoded arrangements had been proclaimed at the 27th Congress (of KPSS), but it was only in the tragic days following the Chernobyl disaster that glasnost began to change from an official slogan into an everyday practice. The truth about Chernobyl that eventually hit the newspapers opened the way to a more truthful examination of other social problems. More and more articles were written about drug abuse, crime, corruption and the mistakes of leaders of various ranks. A wave of 'bad news' swept over the readers in 1986–87, shaking the consciousness of society. Many were horrified to find out about the numerous calamities of which they had previously had no idea. It often seemed to people that there were many more outrages in the epoch of perestroika than before although, in fact, they had simply not been informed about them previously." -Kagarlitsky pp. 333–334

Referensi

  1. ^ Black, Richard (12 April 2011) Fukushima: As Bad as Chernobyl? BBC News.
  2. ^ From interviews with Mikhail Gorbachev, Hans Blix and Vassili Nesterenko. The Battle of Chernobyl. Discovery Channel.  Relevant video locations: 31:00, 1:10:00.
  3. ^ Chernobyl Gallery timeline
  4. ^ Чернобыль, Припять, Чернобыльская АЭС и зона отчуждения. ""Shelter" object description". Chornobyl.in.ua. Diakses tanggal 8 May 2012. 
  5. ^ http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/nuclear-power-reactors/appendices/rbmk-reactors.aspx RBMK Reactors Appendix to Nuclear Power Reactors. WNA.2016
  6. ^ rbmk nuclear power plants: generic safety issues - IAEA 1996
  7. ^ "Frequently Asked Chernobyl Questions". International Atomic Energy Agency – Division of Public Information. May 2005. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 23 February 2011. Diakses tanggal 23 March 2011. 
  8. ^ ICRIN Project (2011). International Chernobyl Portal chernobyl.info. Diakses tanggal 2011. 
  9. ^ Environmental consequences of the Chernobyl accident and their remediation: Twenty years of experience. Report of the Chernobyl Forum Expert Group ‘Environment’ (PDF). Vienna: International Atomic Energy Agency. 2006. hlm. 180. ISBN 92-0-114705-8. Diakses tanggal 13 March 2011. 
  10. ^ a b c d [Nuclear Disasters & The Built Environment: A Report to the Royal Institute ...By Philip Steadman, Simon Hodgkinson pp 55]
  11. ^ "Table 2.2 Number of people affected by the Chernobyl accident (to December 2000)" (PDF). The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002. hlm. 32. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2010. 
  12. ^ "Table 5.3: Evacuated and resettled people" (PDF). The Human Consequences of the Chernobyl Nuclear Accident. UNDP and UNICEF. 22 January 2002. hlm. 66. Diakses tanggal 17 September 2010. 
  13. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama spectrum.ieee.org
  14. ^ Chernobyl in Perspective, James Peron, 2006
  15. ^ "Now, liquidators must go to court routinely to get their monthly payments adjusted so that they keep up with inflation. While there are laws dictating that liquidators are entitled to cost-of-living adjustments, the Federal Employment Service does not increase compensation payments until ordered to do so by a court, liquidators said." By Anastasiya Lebedev Apr. 25 2006
  16. ^ Kagarlitsky, Boris (1989). "Perestroika: The Dialectic of Change". Dalam Mary Kaldor; Gerald Holden; Richard A. Falk. The New Detente: Rethinking East-West Relations. United Nations University Press. ISBN 0-86091-962-5. 
  17. ^ "Chernobyl cover-up a catalyst for 'glasnost'". Associated Press. 24 April 2006. Diakses tanggal 2015-06-21. 

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