Sentimen anti-Jerman: Perbedaan antara revisi
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[[Berkas:British Empire Union WWI poster.jpg|thumb|Poster anti-Jerman dari Britania, sekitar tahun 1919, menyerukan boikot terhadap barang-barang Jerman dan menggambarkan pebisnis Jerman yang menjual produk mereka di Britania sebagai "wajah lain" tentara Jerman yang melakukan kekejaman selama tahun 1914-1918 (poster ''British Empire Union'')]] |
[[Berkas:British Empire Union WWI poster.jpg|thumb|Poster anti-Jerman dari Britania, sekitar tahun 1919, menyerukan boikot terhadap barang-barang Jerman dan menggambarkan pebisnis Jerman yang menjual produk mereka di Britania sebagai "wajah lain" tentara Jerman yang melakukan kekejaman selama tahun 1914-1918 (poster ''British Empire Union'')]] |
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'''Sentimen anti-Jerman''' (atau '''Jermanofobia''') didefinisikan sebagai penentangan atau rasa takut terhadap [[Jerman]], [[bangsa Jerman|penduduk]], [[Budaya Jerman|budaya]], dan [[bahasa Jerman]].<ref>{{cite book |title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=2000 |location= |pages= |url= |doi= |id= |isbn=0-395-82517-2 |author= executive editor, Joseph P. Pickett}}</ref> Kebalikannya adalah [[Jermanofilia]]. Sentimen ini sebagian besar dimulai bertepatan dengan [[penyatuan Jerman]] pertengahan abad ke-19, yang membuat negara baru itu menjadi saingan [[kekuatan besar]] Eropa berdasarkan ekonomi, manufaktur, dan militer. |
'''Sentimen anti-Jerman''' (atau '''Jermanofobia''') didefinisikan sebagai penentangan atau rasa takut terhadap [[Jerman]], [[bangsa Jerman|penduduk]], [[Budaya Jerman|budaya]], dan [[bahasa Jerman]].<ref>{{cite book |title=American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition |publisher=[[Houghton Mifflin]] |year=2000 |location= |pages= |url= |doi= |id= |isbn=0-395-82517-2 |author= executive editor, Joseph P. Pickett}}</ref> Kebalikannya adalah [[Jermanofilia]]. Sentimen ini sebagian besar dimulai bertepatan dengan [[penyatuan Jerman]] pertengahan abad ke-19, yang membuat negara baru itu menjadi saingan [[kekuatan besar]] Eropa berdasarkan ekonomi, manufaktur, dan militer. |
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== Abad ke-19 == |
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===Rusia=== |
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In the 1860s Russia experienced an outbreak of Germanophobia, mainly restricted to a small group of writers in [[St. Petersburg]] who had united around a right-wing newspaper. It began in 1864 with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that [[Poland]] be given autonomy and that the privileges of the German barons in the [[Baltic republics]] and [[Finland]] be preserved. [[Mikhail Katkov]] published a harsh criticism of the article in the ''[[Moscow News]]'', which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans, some of which featured direct attacks on Germans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marietta Stepaniants |title=Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=45–47 |isbn=9781351905145 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uVFBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63}}</ref> |
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== Referensi == |
== Referensi == |
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Revisi per 16 Oktober 2018 11.55
Sentimen anti-Jerman (atau Jermanofobia) didefinisikan sebagai penentangan atau rasa takut terhadap Jerman, penduduk, budaya, dan bahasa Jerman.[2] Kebalikannya adalah Jermanofilia. Sentimen ini sebagian besar dimulai bertepatan dengan penyatuan Jerman pertengahan abad ke-19, yang membuat negara baru itu menjadi saingan kekuatan besar Eropa berdasarkan ekonomi, manufaktur, dan militer.
Abad ke-19
Rusia
In the 1860s Russia experienced an outbreak of Germanophobia, mainly restricted to a small group of writers in St. Petersburg who had united around a right-wing newspaper. It began in 1864 with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that Poland be given autonomy and that the privileges of the German barons in the Baltic republics and Finland be preserved. Mikhail Katkov published a harsh criticism of the article in the Moscow News, which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans, some of which featured direct attacks on Germans.[3]
Referensi
- ^ Pearl James (2009). Picture This: World War I Posters and Visual Culture. U of Nebraska Press. hlm. 68.
- ^ executive editor, Joseph P. Pickett (2000). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
- ^ Marietta Stepaniants (2017). Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam. Routledge. hlm. 45–47. ISBN 9781351905145.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Dekker, Henk, and Lutsen B. Jansen. "Attitudes and stereotypes of young people in the Netherlands with respect to Germany." in The puzzle of Integration: European Yearbook on Youth Policy and Research 1 (1995): 49–61. excerpt
- DeWitt, Petra. Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War I (Ohio University Press, 2012)., on USA
- Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 (April 1994): 238–259.
- Lipstadt, Deborah E. "America and the Memory of the Holocaust, 1950–1965." Modern Judaism (1996) 16#3 pp: 195–214.
- Scully, Richard. British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914 (2012)
- Tischauser, Leslie V. The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941. (1990).
- Wingfield, Nancy M. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing National Identity in the Czech Lands, 1945 to 1948." East European Politics & Societies (2000) 14#2 pp: 246–267. Argues that anti-German attitudes were paramount
- Yndigegn, Carsten. "Reviving Unfamiliarity—The Case of Public Resistance to the Establishment of the Danish–German Euroregion." European Planning Studies 21.1 (2013): 58–74. Abstract
Pranala luar
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Anti-German propaganda.
- "Nobody Would Eat Kraut": Lola Gamble Clyde on Anti-German Sentiment in Idaho During World War I (Oral history courtesy of Latah County Historical Society)
- "Get the Rope!" Anti-German Violence in World War I-era Wisconsin (from History Matters, a project of the American Social History Project/Center for Media and Learning)
- "We Had to Be So Careful" A German Farmer's Recollections of Anti-German Sentiment in World War I (Oral history courtesy of Latah County Historical Society)
- Article from Der Spiegel 31/10.2006 on Polish–German Relations
- Article from Allan Hall in The Scotsman 11 July 2003: "Why do we still laugh at Germany?"
- Newspaper articles from 1918, describing the lynching of Robert Prager in Collinsville, Illinois
- Bank weathered anti-German hysteria, Great Depression – Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)
- German-language paper under suspicion during WW I – Pantagraph (Bloomington, Illinois newspaper)