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Sentimen anti-Jerman (atau Jermanofobia) didefinisikan sebagai penentangan atau rasa takut terhadap Jerman, penduduk, budaya, dan bahasa Jerman.^[2] Kebalikannya adalah Jermanofilia. Sentimen ini sebagian besar dimulai bertepatan dengan penyatuan Jerman pertengahan abad ke-19, yang membuat negara baru itu menjadi saingan kekuatan besar Eropa berdasarkan ekonomi, manufaktur, dan militer.

Abad ke-19

Rusia

Pada tahun 1860-an Rusia mengalami wabah Germanophobia, terutama terbatas pada sekelompok kecil penulis di Sankt-Petersburg yang telah bersatu di sekitar surat kabar sayap kanan. It began in 1864 with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that Poland be given autonomy and that the privileges of the German barons in the Baltic republics and Finland be preserved. Mikhail Katkov published a harsh criticism of the article in the Moscow News, which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans, some of which featured direct attacks on Germans.^[3]

Referensi

^ Pearl James (2009). Picture This: World War I Posters and Visual Culture. U of Nebraska Press. hlm. 68.
^ executive editor, Joseph P. Pickett (2000). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.
^ Marietta Stepaniants (2017). Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam. Routledge. hlm. 45–47. ISBN 9781351905145.

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Dekker, Henk, and Lutsen B. Jansen. "Attitudes and stereotypes of young people in the Netherlands with respect to Germany." in The puzzle of Integration: European Yearbook on Youth Policy and Research 1 (1995): 49–61. excerpt
DeWitt, Petra. Degrees of Allegiance: Harassment and Loyalty in Missouri's German-American Community during World War I (Ohio University Press, 2012)., on USA
Ellis, M. and P. Panayi. "German Minorities in World War I: A Comparative Study of Britain and the USA", Ethnic and Racial Studies 17 (April 1994): 238–259.
Lipstadt, Deborah E. "America and the Memory of the Holocaust, 1950–1965." Modern Judaism (1996) 16#3 pp: 195–214.
Scully, Richard. British Images of Germany: Admiration, Antagonism & Ambivalence, 1860–1914 (2012)
Tischauser, Leslie V. The Burden of Ethnicity: The German Question in Chicago, 1914–1941. (1990).
Wingfield, Nancy M. "The Politics of Memory: Constructing National Identity in the Czech Lands, 1945 to 1948." East European Politics & Societies (2000) 14#2 pp: 246–267. Argues that anti-German attitudes were paramount
Yndigegn, Carsten. "Reviving Unfamiliarity—The Case of Public Resistance to the Establishment of the Danish–German Euroregion." European Planning Studies 21.1 (2013): 58–74. Abstract

Pranala luar

[1] Pearl James (2009). Picture This: World War I Posters and Visual Culture. U of Nebraska Press. hlm. 68.

[2] xecutive editor, Joseph P. Pickett (2000). American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-82517-2.

[3] Marietta Stepaniants (2017). Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam. Routledge. hlm. 45–47. ISBN 9781351905145.

[1]

[2]

[3]

@@ Baris 7: / Baris 7: @@
 == Abad ke-19 ==
 ===Rusia===
-In the 1860s Russia experienced an outbreak of Germanophobia, mainly restricted to a small group of writers in [[St. Petersburg]] who had united around a right-wing newspaper. It began in 1864 with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that [[Poland]] be given autonomy and that the privileges of the German barons in the [[Baltic republics]] and [[Finland]] be preserved. [[Mikhail Katkov]] published a harsh criticism of the article in the ''[[Moscow News]]'', which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans, some of which featured direct attacks on Germans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marietta Stepaniants |title=Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=45–47 |isbn=9781351905145 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uVFBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63}}</ref>
+Pada tahun 1860-an Rusia mengalami wabah Germanophobia, terutama terbatas pada sekelompok kecil penulis di [[Sankt-Petersburg]] yang telah bersatu di sekitar surat kabar sayap kanan. It began in 1864 with the publication of an article by a writer (using the pseudonym "Shedoferotti") who proposed that [[Poland]] be given autonomy and that the privileges of the German barons in the [[Baltic republics]] and [[Finland]] be preserved. [[Mikhail Katkov]] published a harsh criticism of the article in the ''[[Moscow News]]'', which in turn caused a flood of angry articles in which Russian writers expressed their irritation with Europeans, some of which featured direct attacks on Germans.<ref>{{cite book |author=Marietta Stepaniants |title=Religion and Identity in Modern Russia: The Revival of Orthodoxy and Islam |publisher=Routledge |year=2017 |pages=45–47 |isbn=9781351905145 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uVFBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT63}}</ref>
 == Referensi ==