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Several of Boethius' writings, which were largely influential during the Middle Ages, drew from the thinking of [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] and [[Iamblichus]].<ref name="an">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Anicius Manlius SeverinusBoethius. Internet. Availablefrom http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/; accessed November 7, 2009.</ref> Boethius wrote a commentary on the ''[[Isagoge]]'' by [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]],<ref name="CE">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius}}</ref> which highlighted the existence of the [[problem of universals]]: whether these concepts are subsistent entities which would exist whether anyone thought of them, or whether they only exist as ideas. This topic concerning the [[ontological]] nature of universal ideas was one of the most vocal controversies in [[medieval philosophy]].
Several of Boethius' writings, which were largely influential during the Middle Ages, drew from the thinking of [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]] and [[Iamblichus]].<ref name="an">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Anicius Manlius SeverinusBoethius. Internet. Availablefrom http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/boethius/; accessed November 7, 2009.</ref> Boethius wrote a commentary on the ''[[Isagoge]]'' by [[Porphyry (philosopher)|Porphyry]],<ref name="CE">{{Cite CE1913|wstitle=Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius}}</ref> which highlighted the existence of the [[problem of universals]]: whether these concepts are subsistent entities which would exist whether anyone thought of them, or whether they only exist as ideas. This topic concerning the [[ontological]] nature of universal ideas was one of the most vocal controversies in [[medieval philosophy]].


Besides these advanced philosophical works, Boethius is also reported to have translated important Greek texts for the topics of the [[quadrivium]] <ref name="kt"/> His loose translation of [[Nicomachus]]'s treatise on arithmetic (''De institutione arithmetica libri duo'') and his textbook on music (''De institutione musica libri quinque'', unfinished) contributed to medieval education.<ref name="CE"/> ''De arithmetica'' begins with modular arithmetic, such as even and odd, evenly even, evenly odd, and oddly even. He then turns to unpredicted complexity by categorizing numbers and parts of numbers.<ref name="vb">Schrader, Dorothy V. "De Arithmetica, Book I, of Boethius." Mathematics Teacher 61 (1968):615-28.</ref>
Besides these advanced philosophical works, Boethius is also reported to have translated important Greek texts for the topics of the [[quadrivium]]<ref name="kt"/> His loose translation of [[Nicomachus]]'s treatise on arithmetic (''De institutione arithmetica libri duo'') and his textbook on music (''De institutione musica libri quinque'', unfinished) contributed to medieval education.<ref name="CE"/> ''De arithmetica'' begins with modular arithmetic, such as even and odd, evenly even, evenly odd, and oddly even. He then turns to unpredicted complexity by categorizing numbers and parts of numbers.<ref name="vb">Schrader, Dorothy V. "De Arithmetica, Book I, of Boethius." Mathematics Teacher 61 (1968):615-28.</ref>
His translations of [[Euclid]] on geometry and [[Ptolemy]] on astronomy,<ref name="a">Masi, Michael. "The Liberal Arts and Gerardus Ruffus’ Commentary on the Boethian De Arithmetica." The Sixteenth Century Journal 10 (Summer 1979): 24.</ref> if they were completed, no longer survive. Boethius made Latin translations of Aristotle's ''De interpretatione'' and ''Categories'' with commentaries.<ref name="m"/> In his article ''The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries'', [[James Stuart Beedie]] sites Boethius as the reason Aristotle’s works were popular in the Middle Ages, as Boethius preserved many of the philosopher’s works.<ref>Beddie, J. S. (1930). The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries. Speculum, (1). 3.</ref>
His translations of [[Euclid]] on geometry and [[Ptolemy]] on astronomy,<ref name="a">Masi, Michael. "The Liberal Arts and Gerardus Ruffus’ Commentary on the Boethian De Arithmetica." The Sixteenth Century Journal 10 (Summer 1979): 24.</ref> if they were completed, no longer survive. Boethius made Latin translations of Aristotle's ''De interpretatione'' and ''Categories'' with commentaries.<ref name="m"/> In his article ''The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries'', [[James Stuart Beedie]] sites Boethius as the reason Aristotle’s works were popular in the Middle Ages, as Boethius preserved many of the philosopher’s works.<ref>Beddie, J. S. (1930). The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries. Speculum, (1). 3.</ref>


Revisi per 21 Desember 2018 08.56

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boëthius
Boethius mengajar murid-muridnya
(initial dalam naskah bahasa Italia Consolation of Philosophy tahun 1385.)
Lahir480 M
Roma, Kerajaan Odoacer
Meninggal524 M (usia sekitar 44)
Pavia, Kerajaan Ostrogothik
Karya terkenalThe Consolation of Philosophy
EraZaman Purba Akhir
KawasanNorthern Italy
AliranNeoplatonisme
Minat utama
persoalan universal, teologi, musik
Gagasan penting
The Wheel of Fortune
Dipengaruhi
Memengaruhi
Saint Severinus Boethius
Dihormati diGereja Katolik Roma, Gereja Ortodoks
Tempat ziarahSan Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia, Italia
Pesta23 Oktober
MemengaruhiAugustine of Hippo
DipengaruhiThomas Aquinas

Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius adalah seorang filsuf Romawi.[1] Ia lahir di kota Roma sekitar tahun 480.[1] Boethius pernah menjabat sebagai seorang pejabat tinggi di bawah pemerintahan Kaisar Theodoric.[2] Ia dituduh sebagai pengkhianat lalu dibuang ke tempat pengasingan.[2] Akhirnya, Boethius dihukum mati pada tahun 525.[1][2]

Pemikiran Boethius memiliki pengaruh penting terhadap filsafat pada akhir era Filsafat Klasik dan juga awal masa Abad Pertengahan.[1] Selain itu, terjemahan dan komentar Boethius terhadap karya-karya Aristotels juga amat memengaruhi seluruh sejarah filsafat setelahnya.[1] Karya Boethius yang paling terkenal berjudul "Tentang Penghiburan dari Filsafat" yang ditulis sewaktu ia dalam pembuangan.[2] Isi karya tersebut adalah refleksi terhadap hakikat kebahagiaan manusia, serta mengenai masalah kejahatan.[1] Selain itu, karya itu juga mendiskusikan tema-tema seperti takdir, kesempatan, kehendak bebas manusia, dan sebagainya.[1]

Makam Boethius in San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia.

Karya

Bidang matematika
  • De arithmetica (On Arithmetic, c. 500–506) adapted translation of the Introductionis Arithmeticae by Nicomachus of Gerasa (c. 160 – c. 220).
  • De musica (On Music, probably composed after the De arithmetica), based on a lost work by Nicomachus of Gerasa and on Ptolemy’s Harmonica.
  • Possibly a treatise on geometry, extant only in fragments[3]
Bidang logika
A) Terjemahan
B) Komentari
  • In Isagogen Porphyrii commenta (two commentaries, the first based on a translation by Marius Victorinus, (c. 504–509); the second based on Boethius’ own translation (after 510).
  • In Categorias Aristotelis (c. 510)
  • In librum Aristotelis de interpretatione Commentaria minora (c. 513–16)
  • In librum Aristotelis de interpretatione Commentaria majora (c. 513–16)
  • Scholia in Aristotelis Analytica Priora (translations from other Greek Commentators) (c. 520–23)
  • Commentaria in Topica Ciceronis (incomplete: the end the sixth book and the seventh are missing)
Makalah asli
  • De divisione (515–520?)
  • De syllogismo cathegorico (505–506)
  • Introductio ad syllogismos cathegoricos (c. 523)
  • De hypotheticis syllogismis
  • De topicis differentiis (c. 522–23)
  • Opuscola Sacra (theological Treatises)
    • De Trinitate (c. 520–21)
    • Utrum Pater et Filius et Spiritus Sanctus de divinitate substantialiter praedicentur (Whether Father and Son and Holy Spirit are Substantially Predicated of the Divinity)
    • Quomodo substantiae in eo quod sint bonae sint cum non sint substantialia bona (How Substances are Good in that they Exist, when They are not Substantially Good)
    • De fide Catholica
    • Contra Eutychen et Nestorium (Against Eutyches and Nestorius)
  • De consolatione Philosophiae (523–24).
Lady Philosophy dan Boethius dari Consolation, (Ghent, 1485)

Opuscula sacra

Boethius menulis makalah teologi Kristen, yang mendukung Katolikisme dan menentang Arianisme maupun bentuk-bentuk heterodoks lain dari kekristenan.[4]

Lima karya teologi yang dikenal:[5]

  • De Trinitate – "Trinitas"
  • Utrum Pater et filius et Spiritus Sanctus de divinitale substantialiter praedicentur – "Apakah Bapa, Putra, dan Roh Kudus secara substansial dipredikasi Ilahi"[6]
  • Quomodo substantiae
  • De fide catholica - mengenai iman Katolik
  • Contra Eutychen et Nestorium – "Melawan Eutyches dan Nestorius," dari sekitar tahun 513

Karya-karya teologinya berperan penting pada pemikiran filsafat Abad Pertengahan, termasuk bidang-bidang logika, ontologi, dan metafisika.[7]

Sejarah penerimaan

"Roda Boethius" ("The Boethian Wheel") adalah sebuah model untuk keyakinan Boethius bahwa sejarah adalah suatu roda,[8] yang sering digunakan Boethius dalam tulisannya Consolation. Model ini sangat populer di sepanjang Abad Pertengahan, dan masih sering terlihat sampai sekarang. Pada waktu roda itu berputar, mereka yang mempunyai kuasa dan kekayaan akan berubah menjadi debu; orang-orang dapat bangkit dari kemiskinan dan kelaparan menjadi orang besar, sementara orang-orang besar akan jatuh dengan perputaran roda itu. Pada Abad Pertengahan banyak digambarkan dalam relik-relik seni yang melukiskan kebangkitan dan kejatuhan manusia. Pemerian "Roda Boethius" dapat ditemukan dalam tulisan-tulisan Abad Pertengahan dari Romance of the Rose sampai Chaucer.[9]

Penghormatan

Makam Boethius di San Pietro in Ciel d'Oro, Pavia.

Boethius diakui sebagai martir bagi iman Katolik oleh Roman Martyrology. Upacaranya diadakan di Pavia dan di gereja 'Church of Santa Maria' di Portico di Roma. Hari peringatannya adalah 23 Oktober.[10] Ia dinyatakan sebagai santo oleh Sacred Congregation of Rites pada tahun 1883, dan Paus Benedict XVI menjelaskan relevansi Boethius terhadap pengajaran Kristen modern dengan menghubungkan ajarannya dengan pemahaman kehendak Ilahi (Providence).[11][12]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ a b c d e f g (Inggris) Scott MacDonald. 1999. "Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus". In The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. Robert Audi, ed. 878-879. London: Cambridge University Press.
  2. ^ a b c d (Indonesia) P.A. van der Weij. 2000. Filsuf-Filsuf Besar tentang Manusia. Yogyakarta: Kanisius. Hal. 71-76.
  3. ^ Folkerts, Menso, ed. (1970). Boethius’ Geometrie II. Ein mathematisches Lehrbuch des Mittelalters. Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner. 
  4. ^ Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus. Consolation of Philosophy. Translated by W. V. Cooper.London: J.M. Dent and Company, 1902.
  5. ^ Noel Harold Kaylor; Philip Edward Phillips (3 May 2012), A Companion to Boethius in the Middle Ages, BRILL, hlm. 15–, ISBN 978-90-04-18354-4, diakses tanggal 19 January 2013 
  6. ^ Kent Emery; Russell Friedman; Andreas Speer (5 March 2011), Philosophy and Theology in the Long Middle Ages: A Tribute to Stephen F. Brown, BRILL, hlm. 95–, ISBN 978-90-04-16942-5, diakses tanggal 19 January 2013 
  7. ^ Bradshaw, David (2009). "The Opuscula sacra: Boethius and theology": 105–128. doi:10.1017/CCOL9780521872669.006. 
  8. ^ Boethius, Consolation of Philosophy, trans. Victor Watts (rev. ed.), Penguin, 1999, p.24 n.1.
  9. ^ The Middle Ages, The Wheel of Fortunes. Internet. Available from http://www.themiddleages.net/wheel_of_fortune.html; accessed November 4, 2009.
  10. ^ Roman Martyrology
  11. ^ General Audience of Pope Benedict XVI, 12 March 2008
  12. ^ Benedictine Monks of St. Augustine's Abbey, The Book of Saints, 6th ed., 1989, p. 507

Referensi

Dialectica, 1547

Karya yang tersedia online

Bibliografi

  • Attwater, Donald; Catherine Rachel John (1995). The Penguin Dictionary of Saints. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-051312-4. OCLC 34361179. 
  • Baird, Forrest E.; Walter Kaufmann (2008). From Plato to Derrida. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-158591-6. 
  • Chadwick, Henry (1981). Boethius, the Consolations of Music, Logic, Theology, and Philosophy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-826549-2. OCLC 8533668. 
  • Colish, Marcia L. (2002). Medieval Foundations of the Western Intellectual Tradition, 400-1400. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07852-8. OCLC 185694056. 
  • Magee, John (1989). Boethius on Signification and Mind. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9-0040-9096-7. 
  • Marenbon, John (2004). Boethius. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-513407-9. OCLC 186379876. 
  • Marenbon, John (2009). The Cambridge Companion to Boethius. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-52-187266-9. 
  • Suto, Taki (2011). Boethius on Mind, Grammar and Logic. A Study of Boethius' Commentaries on Peri Hermeneias. Cambridge: Brill. ISBN 978-9004214187. 
  • Westfall, Joseph (2008). "Boethius: Kierkegaard and The Consolation". Dalam Stewart, Jon. Kierkegaard and the Patristic and Medieval Traditions. Ashgate. hlm. 207–222. ISBN 9780754663911. 

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