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| image =Nasir al-Din Tusi.jpg
| image =Nasir al-Din Tusi.jpg
| image_size =
| image_size =
| caption =Iranian stamp for the 700th anniversary of his death
| caption =Perangko Iran untuk peringatan 700 tahun kematiannya
| name = '''Nasīr al-Dīn Tūsī'''
| name = '''Nashiruddin ath-Thusi'''
| title= Khawaja Nasir
| title= Khawaja Nasir
| birth_date = 18 February 1201 <br/>[[Tus, Iran|Tus]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
| birth_date = 18 Februari 1201 <br/>[[Tus, Iran|Tus]], [[Greater Khorasan|Khorasan]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1274|06|26|1201|02|18}} <br/>[[Al-Kadhimiya Mosque]], [[Kadhimiya]], [[Baghdad]], [[Ilkhanate]]
| death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1274|06|26|1201|02|18}} <br/>[[Al-Kadhimiya Mosque]], [[Kadhimiya]], [[Baghdad]], [[Ilkhanat]]
| ethnicity = [[Persian people|Persian]]
| ethnicity = [[bangsa Persia|Persia]]
| region = Persia
| region = Persia
| Maddhab = [[Twelver]]
| Maddhab = [[Imamiyyah]]
| school_tradition= [[Avicennism]]
| school_tradition= [[Ibnu Sinaisme]]
| main_interests = [[Kalam]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|Islamic Philosophy]], [[Islamic astronomy|Astronomy]], [[Islamic mathematics|Mathematics]], [[Islamic medicine|Biology and Medicine]], [[Islamic physics|Physics]], [[Islamic science|Science]]
| main_interests = [[Kalam]], [[Early Islamic philosophy|Islamic Philosophy]], [[Islamic astronomy|Astronomy]], [[Islamic mathematics|Mathematics]], [[Islamic medicine|Biology and Medicine]], [[Islamic physics|Physics]], [[Islamic science|Science]]
| notable_ideas= [[Spherical trigonometry]], [[Tusi couple]]
| notable_ideas= [[Spherical trigonometry]], [[Tusi couple]]
Baris 22: Baris 22:
}}
}}


'''Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī''' ({{lang-fa|محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی}}&lrm; 24 Februari 1201&nbsp;– 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai '''Nashiruddin ath-Thusi''' ({{lang-fa|نصیر الدین طوسی|links=no}}; atau hanya '''Tusi''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|i}}<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tusi "Tusi"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> di Barat), adalah seorang [[polymatik]], arsitek, [[falsafah Islam awal|filsuf]], [[Kedokteran di dunia Islam Abad Pertengahan|dokter]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan di dunia Islam Abad Pertengahan|ilmuwan]], and [[kalam|ulama]] [[bangsa Persia|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennison|first1=Amira K.|title=The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-15227-2 |page=204 |quote=Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Arthur |last2=Boum|first2=Aomar |title=A Concise History of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-4963-3 |quote=Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bar Hebraeus |authorlink1=Bar Hebraeus|last2=Joosse|first2=Nanne Pieter George|title=A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYV3AAAAMAAJ|year=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14133-9|page=11|quote=the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k5iy4RvAwcC |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.}}</ref><ref>Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7914-6799-6}}. page 199</ref><ref>Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). {{ISBN|1-86064-523-2}}. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|authorlink1=Thomas F. Glick|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven John|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|authorlink3=Faith Wallis|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7|quote=drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Laet|first=Sigfried J. de |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC|year=1994|publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=908|quote=the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirchandani|first=Vinnie|title=The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC&pg=PA300|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76845-7|page=300|quote=Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...}}</ref>
'''Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī''' ({{lang-fa|محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی}}&lrm; 24 Februari 1201&nbsp;– 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai '''Nashiruddin ath-Thusi''' ({{lang-fa|نصیر الدین طوسی|links=no}}; atau hanya '''Tusi''' {{IPAc-en|ˈ|t|uː|s|i}}<ref>[http://www.dictionary.com/browse/tusi "Tusi"]. ''[[Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary]]''.</ref> di Barat), adalah seorang [[polymatik]], arsitek, [[falsafah Islam awal|filsuf]], [[Kedokteran Islam abad pertengahan|dokter]], [[Ilmu pengetahuan Islam abad pertengahan|ilmuwan]], and [[kalam|ulama]] [[bangsa Persia|Persia]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bennison|first1=Amira K.|title=The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire |date=2009 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven |isbn=978-0-300-15227-2 |page=204 |quote=Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Goldschmidt|first1=Arthur |last2=Boum|first2=Aomar |title=A Concise History of the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSOdBAAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Avalon Publishing |isbn=978-0-8133-4963-3 |quote=Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ...}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author1=Bar Hebraeus |authorlink1=Bar Hebraeus|last2=Joosse|first2=Nanne Pieter George|title=A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eYV3AAAAMAAJ|year=2004 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-14133-9|page=11|quote=the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Seyyed Hossein Nasr|title=Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0k5iy4RvAwcC |year=2006 |publisher=State University of New York Press |isbn=978-0-7914-6800-5 |page=167 |quote=In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works.}}</ref><ref>Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"</ref><ref>Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-7914-6799-6}}. page 199</ref><ref>Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). {{ISBN|1-86064-523-2}}. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Glick|first1=Thomas F.|authorlink1=Thomas F. Glick|last2=Livesey|first2=Steven John|last3=Wallis|first3=Faith|authorlink3=Faith Wallis|title=Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SaJlbWK_-FcC|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-96930-7|quote=drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Laet|first=Sigfried J. de |title=History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC|year=1994|publisher=UNESCO |isbn=978-92-3-102813-7|page=908|quote=the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mirchandani|first=Vinnie|title=The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7bP_KlooLwC&pg=PA300|year=2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76845-7|page=300|quote=Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ...}}</ref>
He is often considered the creator of [[trigonometry]] as a mathematical discipline in its own right.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|title=Al-Tusi_Nasir biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-science/islamic-mathematics/4BF4D143150C0013552902EE270AF9C2|title=the cambridge history of science|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din-bio|title=ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.}}</ref>
He is often considered the creator of [[trigonometry]] as a mathematical discipline in its own right.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Al-Tusi_Nasir.html|title=Al-Tusi_Nasir biography|website=www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/the-cambridge-history-of-science/islamic-mathematics/4BF4D143150C0013552902EE270AF9C2|title=the cambridge history of science|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tusi-nasir-al-din-bio|title=ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica|last=electricpulp.com|website=www.iranicaonline.org|language=en|access-date=2018-08-05|quote=His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles.}}</ref>
He was a [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] Muslim.<ref name="RT">{{Citation| last =Ṭūsī | first =Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad | author-link = | last2 =Badakchani | first2 =S. J. | date =2005 | title =Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought | series =Ismaili Texts and Translations | volume =5 | place =London | publisher =I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies | pages =2–3 | isbn =1-86064-436-8 }}</ref> The Muslim scholar [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later [[Persian people|Persian]] scholars.<ref name="Khaldun">James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [http://escholarship.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=james_morris] excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn, 1998. {{ISBN|977-19-6070-9}}. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.</ref>
He was a [[Twelver]] [[Shia]] Muslim.<ref name="RT">{{Citation| last =Ṭūsī | first =Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad | author-link = | last2 =Badakchani | first2 =S. J. | date =2005 | title =Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought | series =Ismaili Texts and Translations | volume =5 | place =London | publisher =I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies | pages =2–3 | isbn =1-86064-436-8 }}</ref> The Muslim scholar [[Ibn Khaldun]] (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later [[Persian people|Persian]] scholars.<ref name="Khaldun">James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [http://escholarship.bc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1032&context=james_morris] excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn, 1998. {{ISBN|977-19-6070-9}}. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.</ref>

Revisi per 11 Maret 2019 09.02

Nashiruddin ath-Thusi
Perangko Iran untuk peringatan 700 tahun kematiannya
GelarKhawaja Nasir
Informasi pribadi
Lahir18 Februari 1201
Tus, Khorasan
Meninggal26 Juni 1274(1274-06-26) (umur 73)
Al-Kadhimiya Mosque, Kadhimiya, Baghdad, Ilkhanat
AgamaIslam
EtnisPersia
ZamanIslamic Golden Age
WilayahPersia
MazhabImamiyyah
KredoIbnu Sinaisme
Minat utamaKalam, Islamic Philosophy, Astronomy, Mathematics, Biology and Medicine, Physics, Science
Ide terkenalSpherical trigonometry, Tusi couple
Karya terkenalRawḍa-yi Taslīm, Tajrīd al-'Aqa'id,
Akhlaq-i-Nasri, Zij-i ilkhani,
al-Risalah al-Asturlabiyah,
Al-Tadhkirah fi'ilm al-hay'ah
GuruKamal al-Din Yunus[1]
Pemimpin Muslim
Siswa
Dipengaruhi oleh
Pengaruh

Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Tūsī (bahasa Persia: محمد بن محمد بن حسن طوسی‎ 24 Februari 1201 – 26 Juni 1274), lebih dikenal sebagai Nashiruddin ath-Thusi (bahasa Persia: نصیر الدین طوسی; atau hanya Tusi /ˈtuːsi/[3] di Barat), adalah seorang polymatik, arsitek, filsuf, dokter, ilmuwan, and ulama Persia.[4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13] He is often considered the creator of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right.[14][15][16] He was a Twelver Shia Muslim.[17] The Muslim scholar Ibn Khaldun (1332–1406) considered Tusi to be the greatest of the later Persian scholars.[18]

Lihat pula

Referensi

  1. ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama MacT
  2. ^ Nashiruddin ath-Thusi di Mathematics Genealogy Project
  3. ^ "Tusi". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary.
  4. ^ Bennison, Amira K. (2009). The great caliphs : the golden age of the 'Abbasid Empire. New Haven: Yale University Press. hlm. 204. ISBN 978-0-300-15227-2. Hulegu killed the last ‘Abbasid caliph but also patronized the foundation of a new observatory at Maragha in Azerbayjan at the instigation of the Persian Shi‘i polymath Nasir al-Din Tusi. 
  5. ^ Goldschmidt, Arthur; Boum, Aomar (2015). A Concise History of the Middle East. Avalon Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8133-4963-3. Hulegu, contrite at the damage he had wrought, patronized the great Persian scholar, Nasiruddin Tusi (died 1274), who saved the lives of many other scientists and artists, accumulated a library of 400000 volumes, and built an astronomical ... 
  6. ^ Bar Hebraeus; Joosse, Nanne Pieter George (2004). A Syriac Encyclopaedia of Aristotelian Philosophy: Barhebraeus (13th C.), Butyrum Sapientiae, Books of Ethics, Economy, and Politics : a Critical Edition, with Introduction, Translation, Commentary, and Glossaries. Brill. hlm. 11. ISBN 978-90-04-14133-9. the Persian scholar Naṣīr al-Dīn al-Ṭūsī 
  7. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr (2006). Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy. State University of New York Press. hlm. 167. ISBN 978-0-7914-6800-5. In fact it was common among Persian Islamic philosophers to write few quatrains on the side often in the spirit of some of the poems of Khayyam singing about the impermanence of the world and its transience and similar themes. One needs to only recall the names of Ibn Sina, Suhrawardi, Nasir al-Din Tusi and Mulla Sadra, who wrote poems along with extensive prose works. 
  8. ^ Rodney Collomb, "The rise and fall of the Arab Empire and the founding of Western pre-eminence", Published by Spellmount, 2006. pg 127: "Khawaja Nasr ed-Din Tusi, the Persian, Khorasani, former chief scholar and scientist of"
  9. ^ Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Islamic Philosophy from Its Origin to the Present: Philosophy in the Land of Prophecy, SUNY Press, 2006, ISBN 0-7914-6799-6. page 199
  10. ^ Seyyed H. Badakhchani. Contemplation and Action: The Spiritual Autobiography of a Muslim Scholar: Nasir al-Din Tusi (In Association With the Institute of Ismaili Studies. I. B. Tauris (December 3, 1999). ISBN 1-86064-523-2. page.1: ""Nasir al-Din Abu Ja`far Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Hasan Tusi:, the renowned Persian astronomer, philosopher and theologian"
  11. ^ Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven John; Wallis, Faith (2005). Medieval Science, Technology, and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Psychology Press. ISBN 978-0-415-96930-7. drawn by the Persian cosmographer al-Tusi. 
  12. ^ Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century. UNESCO. hlm. 908. ISBN 978-92-3-102813-7. the Persian astronomer and philosopher Nasir al-Din Tusi. 
  13. ^ Mirchandani, Vinnie (2010). The New Polymath: Profiles in Compound-Technology Innovations. John Wiley & Sons. hlm. 300. ISBN 978-0-470-76845-7. Nasir. al-Din. al-Tusi: Stay. Humble. Nasir al-Din al-Tusi, the Persian polymath, talked about humility: “Anyone who does not know and does not know that he does not know is stuck forever in double ... 
  14. ^ "Al-Tusi_Nasir biography". www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk. Diakses tanggal 2018-08-05. One of al-Tusi's most important mathematical contributions was the creation of trigonometry as a mathematical discipline in its own right rather than as just a tool for astronomical applications. In Treatise on the quadrilateral al-Tusi gave the first extant exposition of the whole system of plane and spherical trigonometry. This work is really the first in history on trigonometry as an independent branch of pure mathematics and the first in which all six cases for a right-angled spherical triangle are set forth. 
  15. ^ "the cambridge history of science". 
  16. ^ electricpulp.com. "ṬUSI, NAṢIR-AL-DIN i. Biography – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2018-08-05. His major contribution in mathematics (Nasr, 1996, pp. 208-14) is said to be in trigonometry, which for the first time was compiled by him as a new discipline in its own right. Spherical trigonometry also owes its development to his efforts, and this includes the concept of the six fundamental formulas for the solution of spherical right-angled triangles. 
  17. ^ Ṭūsī, Naṣīr al-Dīn Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad; Badakchani, S. J. (2005), Paradise of Submission: A Medieval Treatise on Ismaili Thought, Ismaili Texts and Translations, 5, London: I.B. Tauris in association with Institute of Ismaili Studies, hlm. 2–3, ISBN 1-86064-436-8 
  18. ^ James Winston Morris, "An Arab Machiavelli? Rhetoric, Philosophy and Politics in Ibn Khaldun’s Critique of Sufism", Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review 8 (2009), pp 242–291. [1] excerpt from page 286 (footnote 39): "Ibn Khaldun’s own personal opinion is no doubt summarized in his pointed remark (Q 3: 274) that Tusi was better than any other later Iranian scholar". Original Arabic: Muqaddimat Ibn Khaldūn : dirāsah usūlīyah tārīkhīyah / li-Aḥmad Ṣubḥī Manṣūr-al-Qāhirah : Markaz Ibn Khaldūn : Dār al-Amīn, 1998. ISBN 977-19-6070-9. Excerpt from Ibn Khaldun is found in the section: الفصل الثالث و الأربعون: في أن حملة العلم في الإسلام أكثرهم العجم (On how the majority who carried knowledge forward in Islam were Persians) In this section, see the sentence where he mentions Tusi as more knowledgeable than other later Persian ('Ajam) scholars: . و أما غيره من العجم فلم نر لهم من بعد الإمام ابن الخطيب و نصير الدين الطوسي كلاما يعول على نهايته في الإصابة. فاعتير ذلك و تأمله تر عجبا في أحوال الخليقة. و الله يخلق ما بشاء لا شريك له الملك و له الحمد و هو على كل شيء قدير و حسبنا الله و نعم الوكيل و الحمد لله.

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