Operasi Burung Kondor: Perbedaan antara revisi
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| executed_by = Badan intelijen dari masing-masing negara anggota |
| executed_by = Badan intelijen dari masing-masing negara anggota |
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| outcome = Berakhir ketika [[Tembok Berlin#Runtuhnya Tembok Berlin|Tembok Berlin runtuh]] |
| outcome = Berakhir ketika [[Tembok Berlin#Runtuhnya Tembok Berlin|Tembok Berlin runtuh]] |
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| casualties = 60.000–80.000 simpatisan sayap kiri terbunuh<ref name="Ben Norton"/><br>400,000+ |
| casualties = 60.000–80.000 simpatisan sayap kiri terbunuh<ref name="Ben Norton"/><br>400,000+ tahanan politik<ref name="NATGEO"/> |
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'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Operación Cóndor}}, dikenal juga sebagai ''Rencana Cóndor''; {{lang-pt|Operação Condor}}) adalah kampanye [[pembunuhan politik]] dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai [[kontra-terorisme]], yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brasil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an. |
'''Operasi Burung Kondor''' ({{lang-es|link=no|Operación Cóndor}}, dikenal juga sebagai ''Rencana Cóndor''; {{lang-pt|Operação Condor}}) adalah kampanye [[pembunuhan politik]] dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai [[kontra-terorisme]], yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan [[Argentina]], [[Bolivia]], [[Brasil]], [[Chili]], [[Paraguay]], dan [[Uruguay]] pada pertengahan 1970-an. |
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Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara [[ |
Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara [[Kerucut Selatan]]. [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona [[Terusan Panama]] yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada [[2000]] di bawah Proyek Deklasifikasi Chili. [[Kenneth Maxwell]] yang membahas buku [[Peter Kornbluh]] ''Berkas Pinochet: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability'', dalam jurnal ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'' November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh [[Henry Kissinger]] dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini. |
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Menurut "[[Arsip-arsip Teror]]", yang ditemukan pada Desember 1992 di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya 50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 lainnya [[Penghilangan paksa|menghilang]] dan 400.000 dipenjarakan.<ref name="NATGEO"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Background on Chile|url=http://www.cja.org/article.php?list=type&type=196|publisher=Center for Justice and Accountability|access-date=18 Februari 2018}}</ref> Arsip tersebut juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para anggota utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200610/ai_n17195860|title=Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror|access-date=24 Oktober 2007 | work=Journal of Third World Studies | first=Ruth | last=Stanley | year=2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=McSherry|first1=J. Patrice|author-link1= J. Patrice McSherry|editor1=Esparza, Marcia |editor2=Henry R. Huttenbach|editor3=Daniel Feierstein|title=State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies)|chapter=Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=acGNAgAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PA108#v=onepage 108]|publisher=[[Routledge]]|year=2011|isbn=978-0415664578|chapter-url=https://www.routledge.com/State-Violence-and-Genocide-in-Latin-America-The-Cold-War-Years/Esparza-Huttenbach-Feierstein/p/book/9780415496377}}</ref> |
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Menurut "[[arsip-arsip teror]]", yang ditemukan pada [[Desember 1992]] di [[Paraguay]], sekurang-kurangnya '''50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 "menghilang"''' (dikenal pula sebagai "''[[desaparecidos]]''") '''dan 400.000 dipenjarakan'''. "Arsip-arsip teror" ini juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen [[Kolombia]], [[Peru]] dan [[Venezuela]] ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para peserta utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. |
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It has been given as another example of Italy's [[strategy of tension]] in the 1970's. The [[right-wing]] military governments of these countries, led by dictators such as [[Jorge Rafael Videla|Videla]], [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] and [[Alfredo Stroessner|Stroessner]] agreed to cooperate in sending teams into other countries, including [[France]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Italy]] and the [[United States]] to locate, observe and assassinate political opponents. |
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The communication was made through an enormous quantity of [[telex]] messages. |
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They also exchanged [[torture]] techniques, like near drowning and playing the sound recordings of victims who were being tortured to their family. The infamous "death flights" were also widely used, in order to make the corpses, and therefore evidence, disappear. Chilean judge [[Juan Guzmán Tapia]] would eventually make [[jurisprudence]] concerning "permanent sequestration" crime: since the bodies of the victims still couldn't be found, he judged that the sequestration could be said "continued sequestration" therefore refusing to grant to the military the benefices of the statute of limitation. This helped to sue Chilean militaries who were benefiting from a 1978 autoamnesty decree. |
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It has been alleged that Operation Condor was given at least tacit approval by the [[United States]], due to fear of [[Marxist]] revolution in the region. The targets were officially leftist [[guerrilla warfare|guerrillas]], but in fact included all kinds of political opponents, including family and others, as reported by the [[Valech Report|Valech Commission]]. It appears that [[Henry Kissinger]], [[US Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] in the [[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] administration, was closely involved diplomatically with the [[Southern Cone]] governments at the time and well-aware of the Condor plan. On [[March 6]], [[2001]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. This [[1978]] cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project showed that the [[South American]] [[intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]] chiefs involved in Condor ''"keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone which covers all of Latin America". '' [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert E. White]], the U.S. ambassador to [[Paraguay]], was concerned that the US connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of [[Orlando Letelier]] and his American colleague Ronni Moffitt. |
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==Countries involved== |
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In [[November 1975]], leaders of the secret police of Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay met together, with [[Manuel Contreras]], chief of the [[DINA]], in Santiago de Chile, creating the plan Condor. Uruguay was represented by colonel José Fons, and major José Nino Gavazzo according to reporter [[John Dinges]]. A "U.S. communications installation in the Panama Canal Zone which covers all of Latin America", "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries", was acknowledged by a cable released in [[2000]] under Chile declassification project. Brasil did not sign the agreement until [[June 1976]], refusing to engage in actions out of Latin America. |
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In [[June 1980]], Peru is known to have been collaborating with Argentinian agents of [[Batallón de Inteligencia 601|601 Intelligence Battalion]] in the kidnapping, torture and disappearance of a group of [[Montoneros]] living in exile in [[Lima]] [http://www.johndinges.com/condor/documents/Peru%20and%20Condor.htm]. |
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The "[[terror archives]]" found in [[1992]] also revealed Colombia's, Peru's and Venezuela's greater or lesser degree of cooperation ([[Luis Posada Carriles]] was probably at the meeting that decided [[Orlando Letelier]]'s car bombing), even though they weren't at the secret [[November 1975]] meeting in [[Santiago]] de Chile. |
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In Brasil, president [[Fernando Henrique Cardoso]] ordered in [[2000]] the release of some military files concerning operation Condor [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/753436.stm]. |
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==Activities== |
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===General Carlos Prats, 30th September, 1974=== |
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General [[Carlos Prats]] and his wife were killed by the Chilean DINA on [[September]] 30th, [[1974]], by a [[car bombing]] in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]], where they lived in exile. In Chile, the judge investigating this case, [[Alejandro Solis]], definitively relaxed [[Augusto Pinochet|Pinochet]] on this particular case, after the [[Chilean Supreme court]] rejected in [[January 2005]] a demand to lift the ex-dictator's immunity. The direction of DINA, including chief [[Manuel Contreras]], ex-chief of operation and retired general [[Raul Itturiaga Neuman]], his brother [[Roger Itturiaga]], and ex-brigadeers [[Pedro Espinoza Bravo]] and [[Jose Zara]], are accused in Chile of this assassination. |
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In Argentina, DINA's civil agent [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]] was condemned a life-sentence in General Prat's case. In 2003, federal judge [[Maria Servini de Cubria]] asked Chile for the extradition of [[Mariana Callejas]], who was [[Michael Townley]]'s wife (himself a US expatriate and DINA agent), and [[Cristoph Willikie]], a retired colonel from the chilean army - all three of them are accused of this crime. But chilean judge Nibaldo Segura from appeal court has refused in July 2005, arguing that they were already been pursuited in Chile [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20050330/pags/20050330114755.html 2]. |
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It has been claimed that Italian terrorist [[Stefano Delle Chiaie]] - also an operative of [[Gladio "stay-behind" secret NATO structure]] - was involved in the murder of General Carlos Prats. Along with fellow extremist [[Vincenzo Vinciguerra]], he testified in [[Rome]] in December [[1995]] before judge [[Maria Servini de Cubria]] that [[Enrique Arancibia Clavel]] (a former Chilean secret police agent prosecuted for [[crimes against humanity]] in [[2004]] [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/3596316.stm]) and Michael Townley were directly involved in this assassination.[http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2000/05/22/mun6.html]. |
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===Bernardo Leighton, 5th October, 1975=== |
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[[Bernardo Leighton]] and his wife were severely injured on [[October 5]], [[1976]] by gunshots while in exile in [[Rome]]. According to the [[National Security Archive]], Stefano Delle Chiaie met with Michael Townley and [[Virgilio Paz Romero]] in [[Madrid]], in [[1975]], to prepare, with the help of [[Francisco Franco|Franco]]'s secret police, the murder of Bernardo Leighton [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB8/nsaebb8.htm National Security Archive]. |
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===Orlando Letelier, 21th September, 1976=== |
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Another target was [[Orlando Letelier]], a former minister of the Chilean [[Salvador Allende|Allende]] government who was assassinated by a [[car bomb]] explosion in [[Washington, D.C.]] on [[September 21]], [[1976]]. His assistant Ronni Moffit, a U.S. citizen, also died in the explosion. Michael Townley, General [[Manuel Contreras]], former head of the DINA; and Brigadier [[Pedro Espinoza Bravo]] also formerly of DINA were convicted for the murders. In 1978, Chile accepted to hand over Michael Townley to the USA, in order to reduce the tension about Orlando Letelier's murder. Michael Townley was then freed under witness protection programs. USA is still waiting for Manuel Contreras and Pedro Espinoza to be extradited. |
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In an op-ed published [[17 December]], [[2004]] in the ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', Francisco Letelier, the son of Orlando Letelier, wrote that the assassination of his father was part of Operation Condor, described as "an intelligence-sharing network used by six South American dictators of that era to eliminate dissidents." Noting that Augusto Pinochet, who had just been placed under house arrest in Chile, has been accused of being a participant in Operation Condor, Francisco Letelier declared: "My father's murder was part of Condor." |
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Michael Townley has accused Pinochet of being responsible of Orlando Letelier's death. Townley confessed that he had hired five anti-castro Cubans exile to booby-trap Letelier's car. According to [[Jean-Guy Allard]], after consultations with the anti-[[Fidel Castro|castro]] Cuban organization [[Coordination of United Revolutionary Organizations|CORU]] leadership, including [[Luis Posada Carriles]] and [[Orlando Bosch]], those elected to carry out the murder were Cuban-Americans José Dionisio "Bloodbath" Suárez, Virgilio Paz Romero, Alvin Ross Díaz and brothers Guillermo and Ignacio Novo Sampoll [http://www.counterpunch.org/landau08202005.html][http://www.granma.cu/ingles/mar03/mier26/12posada.html]. According to the ''[[Miami Herald]]'', Luis Posada Carriles was at this meeting that decided on Letelier's death and also about the ''Cubana'' bombing. |
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====Operation Silencio & Eduardo Frei Montalva==== |
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In [[1991]], a year before the "[[terror archives]]" were found in Paraguay, [[Eugenio Berrios]], a chemist who had worked with DINA agent [[Michael Townley]], was escorted from Chile to Uruguay by Operation Condor agents, in order to escape testifying before a Chilean court in the Letelier case. This is known as [[operation Silencio]], that started in [[April 1991]] in order to impede investigations by chilean judges, with the spiriting away of Arturo Sanhueza Ross, linked to the murder of [[Movement of the Revolutionary Left|MIR]] leader [[Jecar Neghme]]. In [[September 1991]], Carlos Herrera Jimenez, who killed trade-unionist [[Tucapel Jimenez]], flew away, before Berrios in [[October 1991]][http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20050924/pags/20050924223646.html]. Berrios then used four different passports, Argentinian, Uruguayan, Paraguayan and Brasilian, lifting concerns about Operation Condor still being in place. In [[1995]], he was found dead in [[Montevideo]] (Uruguay), his murderers having tried to make the identification of his body impossible. |
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In [[January 2005]], Michael Townley, who now lives in the USA under witness protection program, acknowledged to agents of Interpol Chile links between DINA and the detention and torture center [[colonia Dignidad]] [http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/antialone.html?page=http://www.cooperativa.cl/p4_noticias/site/artic/20050330/pags/20050330114755.html 1], which was founded in 1961 by [[Paul Schäfer]], a [[Ex-Nazi|nazi]] accused of child-abuse and torture, arrested in [[March 2005]] in Buenos Aires. Townley also revealed information about colonia Dignidad and the Army's Laboratory on Bacteriological War. This last laboratory would have replaced the old DINA's laboratoy on Via Naranja de lo Curro street, where Michael Townley worked with the chemical assassin Eugenio Berrios. The toxin that allegedly killed Christian-democrat [[Eduardo Frei Montalva]] may have been made in this new lab in Colonia Dignidad, according to the judge investigating the case. |
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===US Congressman Edward Koch=== |
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In [[February 2004]], [[John Dinges]], a reporter, published ''"The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents"'' (The New Press, 2004). In this book, he reveals how Uruguayan military officials threatened to assassinate US Congressman [[Edward Koch]] in mid-1976. In late [[July 1976]], the CIA station chief in Montevideo received information about it, but recommanded that the Agency take no action because the Uruguayan officers (among which colonel José Fons, who was at the November 1975 secret meeting in Santiago, Chile, and major José Nino Gavazzo, who headed a team of intelligence officers working in Argentina in 1976, where he was responsible for more than 100 Uruguayan's deaths) had been drinking when the threat was made. In an interview for the book, Koch said that [[George Herbert Walker Bush|George H.W. Bush]], CIA's director at the time, informed in [[October 1976]] - more than two months afterward, and after Orlando Letelier's murder - that ''his sponsorship of legislation to cut off US military assistance to Uruguay on human rights grounds had provoked secret police officials to "put a contract out for you"''. In mid [[October 1976]], Koch wrote to the Justice Departement asking for [[FBI]] protection. None was provided for him. In late 1976, colonel Fons and major Gavazzo were assigned to prominent diplomatic posts in Washington DC, but the State Department forced the Uruguayan government to withdraw their appointments, with the public explanation that "Fons and Gavazzo could be the objects of unpleasant publicity..." Koch only became aware of the connections between the threat on his life and operation Condor in [[2001]]. [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB112/index.htm] |
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==Background and US involvement== |
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{{see|U.S. intervention in Chile}} |
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[[Richard Nixon]] and [[Henry Kissinger]] have been accused of involvement in Operation Condor. According to a cable released in 2000, the USA had a "communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone" which was used as coordination center by the different South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor. |
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CIA documents show that the CIA had close contact with members of the Chilean secret police, DINA, and its chief [[Manuel Contreras]]. Some have alleged that the CIA's one-time payment to Contreras is proof that the U.S. approved of Operation Condor and military repression within Chile. The CIA's official documents state that at one time, some members of the intelligence community recommended making Contreras into a paid contact because of his closeness to [[junta]] Chairman General Pinochet; the plan was rejected based on Contreras' poor human rights track record, but the single payment was made due to miscommunication. [http://www.odci.gov/cia/reports/chile/index.html#10] |
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On [[March 6]], [[2001]], the ''[[New York Times]]'' reported the existence of a recently declassified State Department document revealing that the United States facilitated communications for Operation Condor. |
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The document, a [[1978]] cable from [[Robert White (ambassador)|Robert E. White]], the U.S. ambassador to Paraguay, was discovered by Professor [[J. Patrice McSherry]] of [[Long Island University]], who has published several articles on Operation Condor. She called the cable "another piece of increasingly weighty evidence suggesting that U.S. military and intelligence officials supported and collaborated with Condor as a secret partner or sponsor." |
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In the cable, Ambassador White relates a conversation with General [[Alejandro Fretes Davalos]], chief of staff of Paraguay's armed forces, who told him that the South American intelligence chiefs involved in Condor ''"keep in touch with one another through a U.S. communications installation in the [[Panama Canal]] Zone which covers all of Latin America". '' This installation is "employed to co-ordinate intelligence information among the southern cone countries". White, whose message was sent to [[Secretary of State]] [[Cyrus Vance]], was concerned that the US connection to Condor might be revealed during the then ongoing investigation into the deaths of Orlando Letelier and his American colleague Ronni Moffitt. "It would seem advisable," he suggests, "to review this arrangement to insure that its continuation is in US interest." |
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The document was found among 16,000 State, CIA, White House, Defense and Justice Department records released in November 2000 on the Pinochet dictatorship in Chile, and Washington's role in the [[Chilean coup of 1973|violent coup]] that brought his military regime to power. The release was the fourth and final batch of records released under the [[Clinton Administration]]'s special Chile Declassification Project. |
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==The terror archives== |
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On [[December 22]], [[1992]], a significant amount of information about Operation Condor came to light when [[José Fernandez]], a Paraguayan judge, visited a police station in the [[Lambaré]] suburb of [[Asunción]] to look for files on a former political prisoner. Instead he found what became known as the "[[terror archives]]", detailing the fates of thousands of Latin Americans secretly kidnapped, tortured and killed by the security services of Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chile, Paraguay and Uruguay. Some of these countries have since used portions of this archive to prosecute former military officers. The archives counted '''50,000 persons murdered, 30,000 "''desaparecidos''" and 400,000 incarcerated people'''. They also revealed the existence of a degree of intelligence cooperation from Colombia, Peru and Venezuela, even though personnel from these countries were not present at the secret November 1975 meeting in Santiago de Chile ([http://www.derechos.org/nizkor/doc/condor/calloni.html] [http://risal.collectifs.net/article.php3?id_article=1244]). The Venezuelan secret police (the [[DISIP]]) and in particular anti-Castro terrorist [[Luis Posada Carriles]] were indicated as participating in Operation Condor. ([http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30F14FC3C550C728CDDA00894DD404482 NYTimes] [http://query.nytimes.com/search/query?query=posada%20carriles&date_select=full&srchst=nyt ibid]). Luis Posada Carriles recently applied to become a U.S. citizen in order to avoid extradition to Venezuela, who wants him for his role on the [[Cubana Flight 455]] bombing. --> |
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== Lihat pula == |
== Lihat pula == |
Revisi per 26 September 2020 09.31
Operasi Burung Condor | |
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Bagian dari Perang Dingin | |
![]() | |
Jenis | Operasi rahasia |
Lokasi | Amerika Selatan |
Perencana | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() Didukung oleh: ![]() |
Pemimpin | ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Sasaran | Simpatisan Sayap Kiri (termasuk sayap kiri peronisme, kommunisme dan sosialisme) dan oposisi pemerintahan junta militer dan sayap kanan di Amerika Selatan |
Tanggal | 1968–1989 |
Pelaksana | Badan intelijen dari masing-masing negara anggota |
Hasil | Berakhir ketika Tembok Berlin runtuh |
Korban | 60.000–80.000 simpatisan sayap kiri terbunuh[4] 400,000+ tahanan politik[5] |
Operasi Burung Kondor (bahasa Spanyol: Operación Cóndor, dikenal juga sebagai Rencana Cóndor; bahasa Portugis: Operação Condor) adalah kampanye pembunuhan politik dan pengumpulan intelijen yang dinamai kontra-terorisme, yang dilakukan bersama oleh badan intelijen dan keamanan Argentina, Bolivia, Brasil, Chili, Paraguay, dan Uruguay pada pertengahan 1970-an.
Negara-negara lain yang ikut bekerja sama, dalam tingkat yang lebih besar atau kecil di antaranya Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela yang memberikan informasi intelijen, menanggapi permintaan dari badan-badan keamanan negara-negara Kerucut Selatan. Amerika Serikat memberikan bantuan dengan "instalasi komunikasi di Zona Terusan Panama yang diakui melalui sebuah kawat yang dikeluarkan pada 2000 di bawah Proyek Deklasifikasi Chili. Kenneth Maxwell yang membahas buku Peter Kornbluh Berkas Pinochet: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountability, dalam jurnal Foreign Affairs November/Desember 2003, menunjukkan pengaruh Henry Kissinger dalam Operasi Burung Kondor. Hampir sepuluh negara di benua Amerika ikut serta dalam kampanye brutal ini.
Menurut "Arsip-arsip Teror", yang ditemukan pada Desember 1992 di Paraguay, sekurang-kurangnya 50.000 orang dibunuh, 30.000 lainnya menghilang dan 400.000 dipenjarakan.[5][6] Arsip tersebut juga memberikan bukti tentang kerja sama intelijen Kolombia, Peru dan Venezuela ketika bantuan itu diminta oleh para anggota utama dalam Operasi Burung Kondor.[7][8]
Lihat pula
- Perang Kotor (Argentina)
- Perang Kotor (Meksiko)
- Pembunuhan massal anti-komunis
- Terorisme negara
- Peran Amerika Serikat di Perang Saudara Guatemala
- Dukungan Amerika Serikat terhadap Contras
- Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat pada pembantaian tertuduh simpatisan kumunis di Indonesia
- Keterlibatan Amerika Serikat pada pendudukan Timor Leste
- Teori domino
- Doktrin Monroe
- Forgotten (film 2013)
Pusat penahanan dan penyiksaan
Bibliografi
- John Dinges, "The Condor Years: How Pinochet and His Allies Brought Terrorism to Three Continents" (The New Press, 2004)
- Peter Kornbluh, The Pinochet Berkas: A Declassified Dossier on Atrocity and Accountablity (New Press).
Pranala luar
- Predatory States: Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America, by J. Patrice McSherry (Rowman & Littlefield, 2005)
- Tahun-tahun Kondor - Bagaimana Pinochet dan sekutu-sekutunya menghadirkan terorisme ke tiga benua
- Ed Koch diancam pembunuhan pada 1976
- Plan Condor dalam Disinfopedia
- Nacimiento del Operativo Cóndor, artikel bahasa Spanyol oleh Dr Martín Almada tentang bagaimana penelitian mengenai kasusnya menyebabkan ditemukannya arsip-arsip Lambaré.
- John Dinges' home page John Dinges adalah wartawan, penulis sejumlah buku tentang Operasi Burung Kondor. Ia pernah bekerja sebagai koresponden Washington Post di Amerika Selatan.
Kesalahan pengutipan: Ditemukan tag <ref>
untuk kelompok bernama "lower-alpha", tapi tidak ditemukan tag <references group="lower-alpha"/>
yang berkaitan
- ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2009). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". Dalam Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. hlm. 107, 111. ISBN 978-0415664578.
- ^ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902.
- ^ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314.
- ^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaBen Norton
- ^ a b Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag
<ref>
tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernamaNATGEO
- ^ "Background on Chile". Center for Justice and Accountability. Diakses tanggal 18 Februari 2018.
- ^ Stanley, Ruth (2006). "Predatory States. Operation Condor and Covert War in Latin America/When States Kill. Latin America, the U.S., and Technologies of Terror". Journal of Third World Studies. Diakses tanggal 24 Oktober 2007.
- ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". Dalam Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein. State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. hlm. 108. ISBN 978-0415664578.