Emigrasi dan pembelotan Blok Timur: Perbedaan antara revisi
k Glorious Engine memindahkan halaman Emigrasi dan pembangkangan Blok Timur ke Emigrasi dan pembelotan Blok Timur |
Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8 |
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== Pranala luar == |
== Pranala luar == |
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* [http://www.berlin.de/mauer/index.en.html Retracing the Berlin Wall] |
* [http://www.berlin.de/mauer/index.en.html Retracing the Berlin Wall] |
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* [http://berlinwall.soaringdevelopment.com Berlin Wall: Past and Present] |
* [http://berlinwall.soaringdevelopment.com Berlin Wall: Past and Present] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415014826/http://berlinwall.soaringdevelopment.com/ |date=2011-04-15 }} |
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* [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain] |
* [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain] |
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* [http://academiaexchange.net/Kalman/home.html ''One lucky escape from Communist Romania to the United States''] |
* [http://academiaexchange.net/Kalman/home.html ''One lucky escape from Communist Romania to the United States''] |
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* [http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Index/id/659901 Comprehensive Gallery (1961 to 1990) from the website Chronicle of the Wall] |
* [http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/index.php/de/Start/Index/id/659901 Comprehensive Gallery (1961 to 1990) from the website Chronicle of the Wall] |
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* [http://www.e-cityvisit.com/thewall.html Virtual e-Tours "The Wall"] Shockwave Player required |
* [http://www.e-cityvisit.com/thewall.html Virtual e-Tours "The Wall"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221149/http://www.e-cityvisit.com/thewall.html |date=2015-09-23 }} Shockwave Player required |
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* [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain] |
* [http://www.brianrose.com/lostborder.htm The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain] |
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* {{it icon}} [http://www.lucascabbia.com/ita/gallerie/borders/bordershow/ Borders: spotting the past along Berlin death strip.] 2007 BW photo gallery. |
* {{it icon}} [http://www.lucascabbia.com/ita/gallerie/borders/bordershow/ Borders: spotting the past along Berlin death strip.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090614040846/http://www.lucascabbia.com/ita/gallerie/borders/bordershow/ |date=2009-06-14 }} 2007 BW photo gallery. |
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* [http://www.europebybike.org/travels_by_bike_in_europe/iron-curtain/map-iron-curtain.html Information about the Iron Curtain with a detailed map and how to make it by bike] |
* [http://www.europebybike.org/travels_by_bike_in_europe/iron-curtain/map-iron-curtain.html Information about the Iron Curtain with a detailed map and how to make it by bike] |
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* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010111004300/http://fullcontext.org/people/belenko.htm 1996 Interview with Viktor Belenko, who escaped in a Mig-25 Foxbat] |
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20010111004300/http://fullcontext.org/people/belenko.htm 1996 Interview with Viktor Belenko, who escaped in a Mig-25 Foxbat] |
Revisi per 24 Januari 2021 19.44
Emigrasi dan pembangkangan Blok Timur adalah sebuah titik kontroversi pada Perang Dingin. Setelah Perang Dunia II, pembatasan emigrasi diberlakukan oleh negara-negara di Blok Timur, yang terdiri dari Uni Soviet dan negara-negara satelitnya di Eropa Tengah dan Timur. Emigrasi legal dalam kebanyakan kasus hanya dimungkinkan dalam perintah untuk menyatukan kembali keluarga atau membolehkan anggota kelompok etnis minoritas untuk kembali ke kampung halaman mereka.
Pemerintah-pemerintah Blok Timur berpendapat bahwa pembatasan ketat emigrasi dibutuhkan untuk menghindari pengeringan otak. Pemerintah Amerika Serikat dan Eropa Barat berpendapat bahwa mereka mewakili pelanggaran HAM. Disamping pembatasan, pembangkangan ke Barat terjadi.
Setelah Jerman Timur menghimpun perbatasan zona pendudukannya dengan Jerman Barat, perbatasan sektor kota antara Berlin Timur dan Berlin Barat menjadi sebuah sorotan utama dimana pembangkangan terjadi. Ini ditutup dengan pendirian Tembok Berlin pada 1961. Sehingga, emigrasi dari Blok Timur efektif dibatasi untuk para pembangkang ilegal, emigrasi etnis di bawah perjanjian bilateral, dan sejumlah kecil kasus lain.
Catatan
- ^ Perkes, Dan; Hal Buell; Norm Goldstein (1984), Moments in Time: 50 Years of Associated Press News Photos, The Associated Press, hlm. 56, ISBN 0-917360-07-9
Referensi
- Black, Cyril E.; English, Robert D.; Helmreich, Jonathan E.; McAdams, James A. (2000), Rebirth: A Political History of Europe since World War II, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-3664-3
- Böcker, Anita (1998), Regulation of Migration: International Experiences, Het Spinhuis, ISBN 90-5589-095-2
- Cook, Bernard A. (2001), Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia, Taylor & Francis, ISBN 0-8153-4057-5
- Crampton, R. J. (1997), Eastern Europe in the twentieth century and after, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-16422-2
- Council of Europe (1992), People on the move: new migration flows in Europe, Council of Europe, ISBN 92-871-2021-8
- Dale, Gareth (2005), Popular Protest in East Germany, 1945–1989: Judgements on the Street, Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-5408-6
- Dowty, Alan (1989), Closed Borders: The Contemporary Assault on Freedom of Movement, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-04498-4
- Dowty, Alan (1988), "The Assault on Freedom of Emigration", World Affairs, 151 (2)
- Graubard, Stephen R. (1991), Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Europe, Westview Press, ISBN 0-8133-1189-6
- Grenville, John Ashley Soames (2005), A History of the World from the 20th to the 21st Century, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-28954-8
- Hardt, John Pearce; Kaufman, Richard F. (1995), East-Central European Economies in Transition, M.E. Sharpe, ISBN 1-56324-612-0
- Harrison, Hope Millard (2003), Driving the Soviets Up the Wall: Soviet-East German Relations, 1953–1961, Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-09678-3
- Krasnov, Vladislav (1985), Soviet Defectors: The KGB Wanted List, Hoover Press, ISBN 0-8179-8231-0
- Laqueur, Walter (1994), The dream that failed: reflections on the Soviet Union, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-510282-7
- Lipschitz, Leslie; McDonald, Donogh (1990), German unification: economic issues, International Monetary Fund, ISBN 1-55775-200-1
- Loescher, Gil (2001), GThe UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-829716-5
- Miller, Roger Gene (2000), To Save a City: The Berlin Airlift, 1948–1949, Texas A&M University Press, ISBN 0-89096-967-1
- Nekrich, Aleksandr Moiseevich; Ulam, Adam Bruno; Freeze, Gregory L. (1997), Pariahs, Partners, Predators: German–Soviet Relations, 1922–1941, Columbia University Press, ISBN 0-231-10676-9
- Marshall, Barbara (2000), The new Germany and migration in Europe, Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-4336-0
- Mynz, Rainer (1995), Where Did They All Come From? Typology and Geography of European Mass Migration In the Twentieth Century; EUROPEAN POPULATION CONFERENCE CONGRESS EUROPEAN DE DEMOGRAPHE, United Nations Population Division
- O'Neil, Patrick (1997), Post-communism and the Media in Eastern Europe, Routledge, ISBN 0-7146-4765-9
- Pearson, Raymond (1998), The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Empire, Macmillan, ISBN 0-312-17407-1
- Pollack, Detlef; Wielgohs, Jan (2004), Dissent and Opposition in Communist Eastern Europe: Origins of Civil Society and Democratic Transition, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., ISBN 0-7546-3790-5
- Puddington, Arch (2003), Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty, University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0-8131-9045-2
- Roberts, Geoffrey (2006), Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953, Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-11204-1
- Roht-Arriaza, Naomi (1995), Impunity and human rights in international law and practice, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-508136-6
- Shirer, William L. (1990), The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany, Simon and Schuster, ISBN 0-671-72868-7
- Thackeray, Frank W. (2004), Events that changed Germany, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-313-32814-5
- Turnock, David (1997), The East European economy in context: communism and transition, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-08626-4
- Wegner, Bernd (1997), From Peace to War: Germany, Soviet Russia, and the World, 1939–1941, Berghahn Books, ISBN 1-57181-882-0
- Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995), A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 0-521-55879-4
- Wettig, Gerhard (2008), Stalin and the Cold War in Europe, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 0-7425-5542-9
Pranala luar
- Retracing the Berlin Wall
- Berlin Wall: Past and Present Diarsipkan 2011-04-15 di Wayback Machine.
- The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain
- One lucky escape from Communist Romania to the United States
- Comprehensive Gallery (1961 to 1990) from the website Chronicle of the Wall
- Virtual e-Tours "The Wall" Diarsipkan 2015-09-23 di Wayback Machine. Shockwave Player required
- The Lost Border: Photographs of the Iron Curtain
- (Italia) Borders: spotting the past along Berlin death strip. Diarsipkan 2009-06-14 di Wayback Machine. 2007 BW photo gallery.
- Information about the Iron Curtain with a detailed map and how to make it by bike
- 1996 Interview with Viktor Belenko, who escaped in a Mig-25 Foxbat