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=== Bibliografi ===
=== Bibliografi ===
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{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Brysac |first=Shareen Blair |title=Resisting Hitler: Mildred Harnack and the Red Orchestra |url=https://archive.org/details/resistinghitlerm00brys |location=New York |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-19-513269-4 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l’Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |date=2015}}
* {{cite book |last=Bourgeois |first=Guillaume |title=La Véritable Histoire de l’Orchestre rouge |publisher=Nouveau Monde |series=Le Grand Jeu |date=2015}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-89093-203-2 |url=http://archive.org/details/rotekapelleciOOunit |format=pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kesaris |editor1-first=Paul. L |title=The Rote Kapelle: the CIA's history of Soviet intelligence and espionage networks in Western Europe, 1936-1945. |date=1979 |publisher=University Publications of America |location=Washington DC |isbn=978-0-89093-203-2 |url=http://archive.org/details/rotekapelleciOOunit |format=pdf |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Nelson |first=Anne |title=Red Orchestra. The Story of the Berlin Underground and the Circle of Friends Who Resisted Hitler |url=https://archive.org/details/redorchestrastor00anne |publisher=Random House |location=New York |date=2009 |isbn=978-1-4000-6000-9}}
* {{cite book| last=Trepper |first=Leopold |date=1977 |title=The Great Game |publisher=McGraw–Hill |isbn=0-07-065146-9}}
* {{cite book| last=Trepper |first=Leopold |date=1977 |title=The Great Game | url=https://archive.org/details/greatgamememoirs0000trep |publisher=McGraw–Hill |isbn=0-07-065146-9}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle") |journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=267–292 |series=Theologie und Politik |trans-title=Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle") |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) |language=German |jstor=43750615 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Tuchel |first1=Johannes |title=Weltanschauliche Motivationen in der Harnack/Schulze-Boysen-Organisation: ("Rote Kapelle") |journal=Kirchliche Zeitgeschichte |date=1988 |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=267–292 |series=Theologie und Politik |trans-title=Worldly motivations in the Harnack/Schulze-Boysen organization: ("Rote Kapelle") |publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht (GmbH & Co. KG) |language=German |jstor=43750615 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Coppi Jr. |first1=Hans |editor1-last=Dietrich Bracher |editor1-first=Karl |editor2-last=Schwarz |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |editor3-last=Möller |editor3-first=Horst |title=Die Rote Kapelle |journal=Quarterly Books for Contemporary History |trans-title=''The Red Chapel'' in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943 |year=1996 |date=July 1996 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=431–548 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143900/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |accessdate=9 December 2018 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Munich |language=German |issn=0042-5702|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Coppi Jr. |first1=Hans |editor1-last=Dietrich Bracher |editor1-first=Karl |editor2-last=Schwarz |editor2-first=Hans-Peter |editor3-last=Möller |editor3-first=Horst |title=Die Rote Kapelle |journal=Quarterly Books for Contemporary History |trans-title=''The Red Chapel'' in the field of conflict and intelligence activity, The Trepper Report June 1943 |year=1996 |date=July 1996 |volume=44 |issue=3 |pages=431–548 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518143900/http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1996_3.pdf |accessdate=9 December 2018 |publisher=Institute of Contemporary History |location=Munich |language=German |issn=0042-5702|ref=harv}}
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* {{cite web |title=Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.04.2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fast-vergessen-die-rote-kapelle/a-16761799 |website=Deutsche Welle |year=2013 |accessdate=8 January 2019 |language=de-DE |ref ={{harvid|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}}}
* {{cite web |title=Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle" {{!}} DW {{!}} 26.04.2013 |url=https://www.dw.com/de/fast-vergessen-die-rote-kapelle/a-16761799 |website=Deutsche Welle |year=2013 |accessdate=8 January 2019 |language=de-DE |ref ={{harvid|Fast vergessen: Die "Rote Kapelle"|2013}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scheel |first1=Heinrich |title=Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geschichte |date=1985 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Scheel |first1=Heinrich |title=Die Rote Kapelle and the 20 July 1944 |journal=Zeitschrift für Geschichte |date=1985 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Richelson | first = Jeffrey | authorlink =Jeffrey T. Richelson | title = A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | publisher = [[Oxford University Press US]] | year = 1995 | location = | isbn = 978-0-19-511390-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book | last = Richelson | first = Jeffrey | authorlink =Jeffrey T. Richelson | title = A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century | url = https://archive.org/details/centuryofspiesin00rich | publisher = [[Oxford University Press US]] | year = 1995 | location = | isbn = 978-0-19-511390-7|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author=Jeffery T. Richelson|title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X5a1fgKqewC&pg=PT271|accessdate=4 January 2019 |year=1997|date=17 July 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988058-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|author=Jeffery T. Richelson|title=A Century of Spies: Intelligence in the Twentieth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9X5a1fgKqewC&pg=PT271|accessdate=4 January 2019 |year=1997|date=17 July 1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988058-4|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roloff |first1=Stefan |last2=Vigl |first2=Mario |title=Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs |date=2002 |publisher=Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag |location=Munic |isbn=9783550075438 |language=German|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Roloff |first1=Stefan |last2=Vigl |first2=Mario |title=Die Rote Kapelle : die Widerstandsgruppe im Dritten Reich und die Geschichte Helmut Roloffs |date=2002 |publisher=Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg Verlag |location=Munic |isbn=9783550075438 |language=German|ref=harv}}

Revisi per 10 Februari 2021 10.03

Arvid Harnack, Harro Schulze-Boysen dan John Sieg dalam prangko GDR.

Orkestra Merah (bahasa Jerman: Die Rote Kapelle) atau disebut Kapel Merah di Jerman, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh Gestapo kepada gerakan perlawanan buruh anti-Nazi semasa Perang Dunia II. Kelompok ini beranggotakan Harro Schulze-Boysen, Arvid Harnack dan teman-temannya di Berlin, serta sejumlah kelompok yang bergiat secara independen dari kelompok intelijen ini, yang bergiat dari Paris dan Brussels, mengatasnamakan Leopold Trepper dari Direktorat Utama Keamanan Negara Soviet (GRU).[1] Tidak seperti desas-desus yang beredar, Orkestra Merah tidak diarahkan oleh komunis Soviet atau berada di bawah kepemimpinan tunggal, tetapi jaringan kelompok dan individu yang kerap beroperasi secara independen. Hingga saat ini, terdapat sekitar 400 anggota Orkestra Merah yang diketahui.[2] Kegiatan kelompok ini meliputi mencetak dan menyebarkan selebaran ilegal dengan harapan dapat memicu pembangkangan massal, membantu Yahudi dan oposisi melarikan diri dari rezim Nazi, mendokumentasikan kejahatan rezim Nazi dan meneruskan laporan intelijen militer kepada Sekutu. Sampai saat ini, persepsi umum mengenai "Orkestra Merah" ditandai oleh transfigurasi pada tahun-tahun pascaperang dan Perang Dingin.[3]

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Referensi

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