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Kastel Edinburgh: Perbedaan antara revisi

Koordinat: 55°56′55″N 3°12′03″W / 55.948611°N 3.200833°W / 55.948611; -3.200833
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* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
* {{Cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=S.T.|last2=Yeoman|first2=Peter|title=Excavations within Edinburgh Castle in 1988-91|year=1997|publisher=[[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]]|isbn=0-903903-12-1|ref=harv|postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|author=Dunbar, John|title=Scottish Royal Palaces: The Architecture of the Royal Residences during the Late Medieval and Early Renaissance Periods|publisher=Tuckwell Press|year=1999|isbn=1-86232-042-X}}
* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}}
* {{cite book|author=Fenwick, Hugh|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000fenw|publisher=Robert Hale|year=1976|isbn=0-7091-5731-2}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_116/116_393_411.pdf |author=Fernie, Eric |title=Early Church Architecture in Scotland |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=116 |year=1986 |pages=393–411 |ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}}
* {{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=NcQPSg_11X8C|title=The History of the Kings of Britain|author=Geoffrey of Monmouth|editor=Lewis G. M. Thorpe|isbn=0-14-044170-0|year=1966|publisher=Penguin Classics}}
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Gibson, John Sibbald|title=Edinburgh in the '45|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghin45bon0000gibs|publisher=Saltire Society|year=1995|isbn=0-85411-067-4}}
* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Gillies, James|year=1886|url=http://books.google.com/?id=m19zB-KxzHwC|title=Edinburgh Past And Present|publisher=Oliphant, Anderson & Ferrier|isbn=978-1-4086-6024-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}}
* {{cite book|author=Grant, James|title=Memorials of the Castle of Edinburgh|year=1850|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WqQHAAAAQAAJ}}
Baris 61: Baris 61:
* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}}
* {{cite book|author=McAdam, David|title=Edinburgh and West Lothian: a landscape fashioned by geology|publisher=[[Scottish Natural Heritage]]|year=2003|isbn=1-85397-327-0}}
* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}}
* {{cite book|author=McGrail, Thomas H|title=Sir William Alexander, First Earl of Stirling: A biographical study|year=1940|publisher=Oliver & Boyd}}
* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}}
* {{cite book|author=McHardy, Stuart|title=Tales of Edinburgh Castle|url=https://archive.org/details/talesofedinburgh0000mcha|publisher=Luath|year=2007|isbn=978-1-905222-95-7}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|chapter=Artillery and Major Places of Strength in the Lothians|editor=Caldwell, David H|title=Scottish Weapons and Fortifications 1100–1800|isbn=0-85976-047-2|year=1981|publisher=John Donald}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}}
* {{cite book|author=MacIvor, Iain|title=Edinburgh Castle|publisher=B. T. Batsford|isbn=0-7134-7295-2|year=1993}}
Baris 74: Baris 74:
* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location= Edinburgh|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/criminaltrialsin01pitc#page/44/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|editor=Pitcairn, Robert|title=Criminal trials in Scotland, from 1488 to 1624|volume=2|year=1833|publisher=William Tait|location= Edinburgh|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/criminaltrialsin01pitc#page/44/mode/2up}}
* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }}
* {{cite book|author=Potter, Harry|title=Edinburgh Under Siege: 1571–1573|publisher=Tempus|year=2003|isbn=0-7524-2332-0 }}
* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Salter, Mike|year=1994|title=The Castles of Lothian and the Borders|url=https://archive.org/details/castlesoflothian0000salt|publisher=Folly Publications|isbn=1-871731-20-8}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott, Andrew Murray|title=Bonnie Dundee|isbn=0-85976-532-6|publisher=John Donald|year=2000}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Scott-Moncrieff, George|title=Edinburgh|year=1965|isbn=0-05-001829-9}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|year=1997|title=Scotland's Castles|url=https://archive.org/details/scotlandscastles0000tabr|publisher=BT Batsford/Historic Scotland|isbn=0-7134-7965-5}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|author2=Grove, Doreen|title=Fortress Scotland and the Jacobites|isbn=978-0-7134-7484-8|publisher=Batsford|year=2001}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Prisons of War|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastlep0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-99-9|year=2004}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|author=Tabraham, Chris|publisher=Historic Scotland|title=Edinburgh Castle: Official Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/edinburghcastleo0000tabr|isbn=1-903570-33-6|year=2008}}
* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}}
* {{cite book|editor=Tyler, Royall|url=http://www.british-history.ac.uk/source.aspx?pubid=972|title=Calendar of State Papers, Spain, Volume 10: 1550-1552|year=1914}}
* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }}
* {{cite journal |year=1887 |author=Wilson, Daniel |authorlink=Daniel Wilson (academic) |journal=Proceedings of the [[Society of Antiquaries of Scotland]] |volume=21 |pages=291–316 |title=Notice of St Margaret's Chapel, Edinburgh Castle |url=http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_021/21_291_316.pdf |ref=harv }}

Revisi per 11 Februari 2021 05.44

Istana Edinburgh
Edinburgh, Skotlandia

Istana Edinburgh
Kastel Edinburgh di Edinburgh
Kastel Edinburgh
Letak Istana Edinburgh di Edinburgh
Koordinat 55°56′55″N 3°12′03″W / 55.948611°N 3.200833°W / 55.948611; -3.200833
Dibangun Telah diduduki semenjak Zaman Perunggu akhir; bangunan istana saat ini berasal dari abad ke-12 hingga abad ke-21
Digunakan Masih digunakan
Pemilik
saat ini
Pemerintah Skotlandia
Dibuka
untuk umum
Ya
Pengawas Historic Scotland
Komandan
saat ini
Mayor Jenderal Nick Eeles [1]
Komandan Daftar Gubernur Istana Edinburgh
Pertempuran/Perang Pengepungan dan pendudukan selama Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia (1296–1357); Pengepungan Lang (1571–1573); pengepungan tahun 1640, 1650, 1689, 1745

Istana Edinburgh adalah benteng bersejarah yang mendominasi langit kota Edinburgh, Skotlandia. Benteng ini berdiri di atas bekas gunung berapi yang disebut Castle Rock. Arkeolog memperkirakan manusia telah menduduki tempat tersebut paling tidak semenjak Zaman Besi (abad ke-2), walaupun jenis permukiman saat itu masih belum jelas. Istana kerajaan telah berdiri paling tidak dari masa David I pada abad ke-12 dan terus menjadi kediaman kerajaan hingga Penyatuan Mahkota Inggris dan Skotlandia pada tahun 1603. Semenjak abad ke-15, peran residensial istana ini telah berkurang, dan pada abad ke-17 kastil ini digunakan sebagai barak militer. Kepentingannya sebagai warisan nasional Skotlandia diakui dari awal abad ke-19, dan berbagai program restorasi telah dilancarkan. Sebagai salah satu benteng terpenting Kerajaan Skotlandia, Istana Edinburgh terlibat dalam banyak konflik bersejarah dari Perang Kemerdekaan Skotlandia pada abad ke-14 hingga Pemberontakan Jakobit pada tahun 1745. Istana ini telah dikepung beberapa kali, kadang-kadang berhasil dan kadang-kadang tidak.

Sedikit bagian dari bangunan yang ada sekarang yang berasal dari masa sebelum Pengepungan Lang pada abad ke-16 karena pertahanan dari abad pertengahan sebagian besar telah dihancurkan oleh artileri. Pengecualiannya adalah Kapel Santa Margaret dari awal abad ke-12 (yang dianggap sebagai bangunan tertua di Edinburgh),[2] Istana Kerajaan, dan Balai Besar dari abad ke-16, walaupun bagian dalamnya telah diubah semenjak pertengahan era Victoria. Di istana ini juga disimpan regalia Skotlandia yang disebut Kehormatan Skotlandia. Selain itu, di istana ini terdapat Memorial Perang Nasional Skotlandia dan Museum Perang Nasional Skotlandia. Angkatan Bersenjata Britania Raya masih bertanggung jawab atas beberapa bagian istana, walaupun kehadirannya saat ini bersifat seremonial dan administratif. Beberapa bangunan istana menjadi museum untuk wisatawan.

Istana Edinburgh diurus oleh Historic Scotland dan merupakan salah satu tujuan wisata utama Skotlandia dengan lebih dari 1,2 juta pengunjung pada tahun 2011.[3]

Catatan kaki

  1. ^ "Scotland's Army Head installed as Edinburgh Castle Governor". Ministry of Defence. 30 March 2012. Diakses tanggal 13 June 2013. 
  2. ^ "Pre-1750 Buildings in Edinburgh Old Town Conservation Area". City of Edinburgh Council, City Development Department. Diakses tanggal 30 September 2009. 
  3. ^ "Visits made in 2011 to visitor attractions in membership with ALVA". Association of Leading Visitor Attractions. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 October 2013. 

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