Migrasi ke Xinjiang: Perbedaan antara revisi

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Revisi per 28 Februari 2021 03.05

Migrasi Xinjiang adalah sebuah gerakan orang-orang yang terjadi pada masa lalu dan masa kini, yang sering kali disponsori oleh berbagai negara yang menguasai wilayah tersebut, yang meliputi dinasti Han, dinasti Qing, Republik Tiongkok, dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok.

Latar belakang

Xinjiang terdiri dari dua wilayah utama yang berbeda secara geografi, sejarah, dan etnis, Dzungaria di utara Pegunungan Tianshan dan Cekungan Tarim di selatan Pegunungan Tianshan, sebelum Qing Tiongkok menyatukannya dalam satu entitas politik yang bernama provinsi Xinjiang pada 1884. Pada masa penaklukan Qing pada 1759, Dzungaria ditinggali oleh para pemukim stepa, suku Dzungar Mongol Oriat Buddha Tibetan nomadik, sementara Cekungan Tarim ditinggali oleh pemukim oasis, para petani Muslim pemakai bahasa Turkic, yang sekarang dikenal sebagai suku Uighur.

Dinasti Qing makin sadar akan perbedaan antara bekas wilayah Buddhis Mongol di utara Tiansan dan Muslim Turkic di selatan Tianshan, dan mula-mula mereka diperintah dalam unit administratif terpisah.^[1] Namun, bangsa Qing mulai berpikir untuk menjadikan kedua kawasan tersebut sebagai satu wilayah khas yang disebut Xinjiang .^[2] Konsep Xinjiang sebagai satu identitas geografi khas dibuat oleh Qing dan aslinya bukan penduduk asli yang memandangnya demikian, namun lebih sebagai sudut pandang yang dipegang orang-orang Tiongkok.^[3] Pada masa pemerintahan Qing, tidak ada "identitas regional" yang dipegang oleh orang Xinjiang biasa, selain, identitas khas Xinjiang yang diberikan kepada wilayah tersebut oleh Qing, meskipun keduanya memiliki geografi, sejarah dan budaya yang terpisah, namun pada waktu yang sama dibuat oleh Tiongkok, menjadi multietnis, ditinggal oleh Han dan Hui, dan terpisah dari Asia Tengah selama lebih dari satu setengah abad.^[4]

Pada akhir abad ke-19, beberapa orang masih menganggap kawasan tersebut sebagai dua bagian terpisah, wilayah utara Tianshan dan wilayah selatan Tianshan, sementara beberapa orang berpendapat bahwa Xinjiang merupakan sebuah provinsi.^[5]

Sejarah

Latar belakang

Xinjiang Selatan di bawah Tianshan memiliki koloni-koloni militer yang didirikan oleh dinasti Han.^[6]

Para sejarawan nasionalis Uighur seperti Turghun Almas mengklaim bahwa Uighur terpisah dan merdeka dari Tiongkok selama 6000 tahun, dan bahwa seluruh orang non-Uighur adalah imigran non-pribumi di Xinjiang.^[7] Namun, Dinasti Han (206 SM–220 M) mendirikan koloni militer (tuntian) dan pengkomandanan (duhufu) untuk menguasai Xinjiang dari 120 SM, sementara Dinasti Tang (618-907) juga mengusai sebagian besar wilayah Xinjiang sampai pemberontakan An Lushan.^[8] Para sejarawan Tiongkok membantah klaim-klaim nasionalis Uighur dengan memberikan bukti sejarah 2000 tahun dari pemukiman Han di Xinjiang, mendokumentasikan sejarah Mongol, Kazakh, Uzbek, Manchu, Hui, Xibo di Xinjiang, dan menyatakan tentang "migrasi kawasan barat" orang Huigu (dianggap sama dengan "Uighur" oleh pemerintah RRT) dari Mongolia pada abad ke-9.^[7] Nama "Uighur" dikaitkan dengan sebuah suku Buddhis di Cekungan Tarim pada abad ke-9, namun secara keseluruhan menghilang pada abad ke-15, sampai dibangkitkan oleh Uni Soviet pada abad ke-20.^[9]

Referensi

Kutipan

^ Liu & Faure 1996, p. 69.
^ Liu & Faure 1996, p. 70.
^ Liu & Faure 1996, p. 67.
^ Liu & Faure 1996, p. 77.
^ Liu & Faure 1996, p. 78.
^ S. Frederick Starr (15 March 2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 243–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3192-3.
^ ^a ^b Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 25, 30–31
^ Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 25–26
^ Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 28

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Templat:Topik Xinjiang

Templat:Ekonomi Tiongkok

[1] Liu & Faure 1996, p. 69.

[2] Liu & Faure 1996, p. 70.

[3] Liu & Faure 1996, p. 67.

[4] Liu & Faure 1996, p. 77.

[5] Liu & Faure 1996, p. 78.

[6] S. Frederick Starr (15 March 2004). Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland. M.E. Sharpe. hlm. 243–. ISBN 978-0-7656-3192-3.

[Bovingdon30-7] Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 25, 30–31

[Bovingdon25-8] Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 25–26

[9] Bovingdon 2010, hlm. 28

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[9]

@@ Baris 83: / Baris 83: @@
 * {{cite book|title=Saintly Brokers: Uyghur Muslims, Trade, and the Making of Qing Central Asia, 1696--1814|first=Kwangmin|last=Kim|others=University of California, Berkeley|volume=|edition=|year=2008|publisher=ProQuest|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DpeQhJ3hcwsC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=1109101260|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
 * {{cite book|title=Nationalism and Revolution in Mongolia|issue=|first1=Owen|last1=Lattimore|first2=Sh|last2=Nachukdorji|editor-first=|editor-last=|edition=|year=1955|publisher=Brill Archive|url=https://books.google.com/?id=28wUAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=24 April 2014| ref=harv }}
-* {{cite journal |url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf |journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |title= Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China |last1= Lin |first1=Hsiao-ting |last2= |first2= |volume=  5 |number= No 1|issn= 1653-4212 |year=2007 |publisher=Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program |accessdate=}}
+* {{cite journal |url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf |journal= China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly |title= Nationalists, Muslims Warlords, and the "Great Northwestern Development" in Pre-Communist China |last1= Lin |first1= Hsiao-ting |last2=  |first2=  |volume= 5 |number= No 1 |issn= 1653-4212 |year= 2007 |publisher= Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program |accessdate=  |archive-date= 2010-09-23 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100923025246/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/February_2007/Lin.pdf |dead-url= yes }}
 * {{cite book|last=Lattimore|first=Owen|title=Pivot of Asia; Sinkiang and the inner Asian frontiers of China and Russia|publisher=Little, Brown|year=1950|page=}}
 * {{Cite book|last= Levene|first= Mark| year= 2008| chapter= Empires, Native Peoples, and Genocides | editor-first = A. Dirk | editor-last = Moses|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RBgoNN4MG-YC|title= Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation, and Subaltern Resistance in World History|pages=183–204|location = Oxford and New York | publisher =Berghahn |isbn= 1-84545-452-9 |accessdate=22 April 2014|ref=harv}}
@@ Baris 94: / Baris 94: @@
 * {{cite book|title=The silk road|first=Norma|last=Martyn|volume=|edition=|year=1987|publisher=Methuen|url=https://books.google.com/?id=hD3yAAAAMAAJ&q=Dzungaria+chinese+migrants&dq=Dzungaria+chinese+migrants|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
 * {{cite book|title=Géographie mathématique, physique & politique de toutes les parties du monde, Volume 12|first1=Edme |last1=Mentelle |author2=Malte Conrad Brun (dit Conrad) Malte-Brun|author3=Pierre-Etienne Herbin de Halle|volume=|edition=|year=1804|publisher=H. Tardieu|url=https://books.google.com/?id=CghUAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
-* {{cite journal |last=Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L.|last2= |first2= |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher= |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=11 May 2014}}
+* {{cite journal |last= Meehan |first= Lieutenant Colonel Dallace L. |last2=  |first2=  |date= May–June 1980 |title= Ethnic Minorities in the Soviet Military implications for the decades ahead |url= http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |journal= Air University Review |publisher=  |volume=  |issue=  |pages=  |doi=  |accessdate= 11 May 2014 |archive-date= 2014-05-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140513084042/http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1980/may-jun/meehan.html |dead-url= yes }}
 * {{cite book|title=Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759-1864|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=1998|publisher=Stanford University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MC6sAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0804729336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
 * {{cite book|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|first=James A.|last=Millward|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0231139241|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
@@ Baris 130: / Baris 130: @@
 * {{cite book|title=War Finance and Logistics in Late Imperial China: A Study of the Second Jinchuan Campaign (1771–1776)|first=Ulrich|last=Theobald|volume=|edition=|year=2013|publisher=BRILL|url=https://books.google.com/?id=DUodAAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9004255672|accessdate=22 April 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
 * {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali  |date=28 May 2010 |title=China and Kazakhstan: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.businessweek.com/globalbiz/content/may2010/gb20100528_168520.htm |newspaper= Bloomberg Businessweek |page=1 |location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
-* {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=28 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |newspaper= Gazeta.kz |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
+* {{cite news |last= Tinibai |first= Kenjali |date= 28 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |newspaper= Gazeta.kz |page=  |location=  |publisher=  |accessdate= 12 May 2014 |archive-date= 2014-05-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140513032600/http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=308213 |dead-url= yes }}
 * {{cite news |last= Tinibai|first=Kenjali |date=27 May 2010 |title= Kazakhstan and China: A Two-Way Street |url= http://www.tol.org/client/article/21490-kazakhstan-and-china-a-two-way-street.html |newspaper= Transitions Online |page=|location= |publisher= |accessdate=12 May 2014}}
 * {{cite book|title=Wild West China: The Taming of Xinjiang|first=Christian|last=Tyler|volume=|edition=illustrated, reprint|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&printsec=frontcover&vq=Merchant+jahangir#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0813535336|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}