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Revisi per 21 Maret 2021 12.25

Dharani (Devanagari: धारणी, IAST: dhāraṇī) adalah nyanyian Buddhis, kode mnemonik, puji-pujian, bacaan atau mantra yang biasanya terdiri dari frasa Sanskerta atau Pali. Dipercaya sebagai pelindung dan memiliki kekuatan untuk mendatangkan pahala bagi umat Buddha. Dharani merupakan bagian utama dari literatur Buddhis yang bersejarah.^[1]^[2]^[3] Nyanyian ini berakar dalam literatur Vedic Sanskrit,^[4] dan banyak yang ditulis dalam skrip Sansekerta seperti aksara Siddham^[5] serta ditransliterasikan ke dalam skrip bahasa Mandarin, Korea, Jepang dan lainnya.^[6]^[7]^[8]

Catatan

Referensi

^ Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. hlm. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.
^ Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 369–374 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0.
^ Davidson 2009, hlm. 101-102.
^ Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, ed. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 59–66. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.
^ F Max Muller; Bunyiu Nanjio (1881). Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. hlm. 22–25.
^ Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.
^ Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, ed. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. hlm. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.
^ Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.

Daftar pustaka

Braarvig, Jens (1985). Dhāraṇī and Pratibhāna: Memory and Eloquence of the Bodhisattvas, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 8 (1), 17-30
Buswell, Robert Jr; Lopez, Donald S. Jr., ed. (2013). Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. hlm. 241–242. ISBN 9780691157863.
Copp, Paul (2014). The Body Incantatory: Spells and the Ritual Imagination in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-53778-0.
Davidson, Ronald M. (2009). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature I: Revisiting the Meaning of the Term Dhāraṇī". Journal of Indian Philosophy. Springer Nature. 37 (2): 97–147. doi:10.1007/s10781-008-9054-8.
Davidson, Ronald M. (2014). "Studies in Dhāraṇī Literature II: Pragmatics of Dhāraṇīs". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 77: 5–61. doi:10.1017/S0041977X13000943.
McBride, Richard, D., Dharani and Spells in Medieval China, Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies 28 (1), 85-114, 2005
Nattier, Jan (1992). "The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?". Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies. 15 (2).
Red Pine. The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas (2004) Shoemaker & Hoard. ISBN 1-59376-009-4
Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (1987). One millionth of a Buddha: the Hyakumanto Dharani in the Scheide Library^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, Princeton University Library Chronicle 48 : 224-38

Bacaan lebih lanjut

Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (1)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 96: 95–70.
Toganoo, Shozui (1971). "The Symbol-system of Shingon Buddhism (2)". Journal of Esoteric Buddhism. 97: 73–53.

Pranala luar

Dharani stamp, Kashmir, 7thC-8thC, British Museum
What is a One Million Pagoda?, Kyoto National Museum, Japan
Pictures of 8th-century dharanis^{[pranala nonaktif permanen]}, National Diet Library, Japan
百万塔・百万塔陀羅尼, Hyakumanto and Invocation, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

[mcbride2004-1] Richard McBride (2004). Robert Buswell, ed. Encyclopedia of Buddhism. Macmillan Reference. hlm. 21, 180, 217–218, 253. ISBN 978-0-02-865718-9.

[Winternitz1996p370-2] Moriz Winternitz (1996). A History of Indian Literature: Buddhist literature and Jaina literature. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 369–374 with footnotes. ISBN 978-81-208-0265-0.

[FOOTNOTEDavidson2009101-102-3] Davidson 2009, hlm. 101-102.

[Alper1991-4] Frits Staal (1991). Harvey P. Alper, ed. Understanding Mantras. Motilal Banarsidass. hlm. 59–66. ISBN 978-81-208-0746-4.

[mullersiddhamtrans-5] F Max Muller; Bunyiu Nanjio (1881). Anecdota Oxoniensia: Buddhist texts from Japan, edited by F.M. Müller. 1881-1884, Vol 1, Part 3. Oxford University Press. hlm. 22–25.

[6] Helen J. Baroni (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Zen Buddhism. The Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. hlm. 66. ISBN 978-0-8239-2240-6.

[7] Robert Gimello (2010). Phyllis Granoff and Koichi Shinohara, ed. Images in Asian Religions: Text and Contexts. University of British Columbia Press. hlm. 229–231. ISBN 978-0-7748-5980-6.

[Bedini1994p69-8] Silvio A. Bedini (1994). The Trail of Time: Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 69–84. ISBN 978-0-521-37482-8.

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@@ Baris 18: / Baris 18: @@
 * {{cite journal|ref=harv|last=Nattier|first=Jan |year=1992| url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/ojs/index.php/jiabs/article/download/8800/2707| title=The Heart Sūtra: A Chinese Apocryphal Text?|journal= Journal of the International Association of Buddhist Studies|volume= 15|number= 2}}
 * Red Pine. ''The Heart Sutra: The Womb of the Buddhas'' (2004) Shoemaker & Hoard. {{ISBN|1-59376-009-4}}
-* Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (1987). [http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visualmaterials/pulc/pulcv48n_3.pdf One millionth of a Buddha: the Hyakumanto Dharani in the Scheide Library], Princeton University Library Chronicle 48 : 224-38
+* Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall (1987). [http://libweb5.princeton.edu/visualmaterials/pulc/pulcv48n_3.pdf One millionth of a Buddha: the Hyakumanto Dharani in the Scheide Library]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Princeton University Library Chronicle 48 : 224-38
 == Bacaan lebih lanjut ==
@@ Baris 27: / Baris 27: @@
 * [https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=182209&partId=1 Dharani stamp, Kashmir, 7thC-8thC], British Museum
 * [https://www.kyohaku.go.jp/eng/dictio/kouko/hyakuman.html What is a One Million Pagoda?], Kyoto National Museum, Japan
-* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/exhibit/50/html/catalog/c002-002-m.html Pictures of 8th-century dharanis], National Diet Library, Japan
+* [http://www.ndl.go.jp/exhibit/50/html/catalog/c002-002-m.html Pictures of 8th-century dharanis]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, National Diet Library, Japan
 * [https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/44955 百万塔・百万塔陀羅尼, Hyakumanto and Invocation], The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York