Kamp pemusnahan Chełmno: Perbedaan antara revisi
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Korban dibantai dengan menggunakan [[Gaswagen|mobil van gas]]. Chełmno berfungsi sebagai tempat percobaan awal untuk pengembangan program pemusnahan Nazi.<ref name="Klee-Dressen-Riess">A secret memorandum of {{Dts|1942|June|5}} written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D ''SS-Obersturmbannführer'' [[Walter Rauff]] at the Reich Main Security Office (''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles" ''[http://www.holocaust-history.org/19420605-rauff-spezialwagen/ (see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org)]'' In his postwar testimony ''Obersturmbannführer'' [[August Becker]], the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on {{Dts|1942|June|5}} to Walter Rauff in RSHA. ''See:'' {{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ACWKeRF49UYC&pg=PA69&dq=%22gas-vans+in+operation:+the+Opel-Blitz%22+%22Saurerwagen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HbiKUcytG43wigKI_4GACw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22gas-vans%20in%20operation%3A%20the%20Opel-Blitz%22%20%22Saurerwagen%22&f=false |title=The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found |publisher=Konecky Konecky |work=The Good Old Days: The Holocaust As Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders |year=1991 |accessdate=June 29, 2015 |authors=[[Ernst Klee]], Willi Dressen, Volker Riess |pages=69–70 |isbn=1568521332}} Nevertheless, [[Christopher Browning]] confirmed in his ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120812211113/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/browning3.htm Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution]'' (2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of [[RSHA]]: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871.</ref> |
Korban dibantai dengan menggunakan [[Gaswagen|mobil van gas]]. Chełmno berfungsi sebagai tempat percobaan awal untuk pengembangan program pemusnahan Nazi.<ref name="Klee-Dressen-Riess">A secret memorandum of {{Dts|1942|June|5}} written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D ''SS-Obersturmbannführer'' [[Walter Rauff]] at the Reich Main Security Office (''Reichssicherheitshauptamt'' in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles" ''[http://www.holocaust-history.org/19420605-rauff-spezialwagen/ (see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org)]'' In his postwar testimony ''Obersturmbannführer'' [[August Becker]], the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on {{Dts|1942|June|5}} to Walter Rauff in RSHA. ''See:'' {{cite book |url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ACWKeRF49UYC&pg=PA69&dq=%22gas-vans+in+operation:+the+Opel-Blitz%22+%22Saurerwagen%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=HbiKUcytG43wigKI_4GACw&ved=0CDwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22gas-vans%20in%20operation%3A%20the%20Opel-Blitz%22%20%22Saurerwagen%22&f=false |title=The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found |publisher=Konecky Konecky |work=The Good Old Days: The Holocaust As Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders |year=1991 |accessdate=June 29, 2015 |authors=[[Ernst Klee]], Willi Dressen, Volker Riess |pages=69–70 |isbn=1568521332}} Nevertheless, [[Christopher Browning]] confirmed in his ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20120812211113/http://www.ess.uwe.ac.uk/genocide/browning3.htm Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution]'' (2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of [[RSHA]]: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871.</ref> |
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Kota Chełmno direbut oleh pasukan Rusia pada tanggal 17 Januari 1945. Pada masa itu, Nazi sudah menghancurkan bukti keberadaan kamp ini dan tidak meninggalkan satu tawanan pun.<ref name="alphahistory">{{cite web | url=http://alphahistory.com/holocaust/liberation-of-the-camps/ | title=Liberation of the camps | publisher=Alpha History | work=Resources | accessdate=30 June 2015 |author1=Alpha History textbook |author2=resource centre | location=Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain}}</ref> |
Kota Chełmno direbut oleh pasukan Rusia pada tanggal 17 Januari 1945. Pada masa itu, Nazi sudah menghancurkan bukti keberadaan kamp ini dan tidak meninggalkan satu tawanan pun.<ref name="alphahistory">{{cite web | url=http://alphahistory.com/holocaust/liberation-of-the-camps/ | title=Liberation of the camps | publisher=Alpha History | work=Resources | accessdate=30 June 2015 | author1=Alpha History textbook | author2=resource centre | location=Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain }}{{Pranala mati|date=Oktober 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |
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== Catatan kaki == |
== Catatan kaki == |
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Revisi per 5 Oktober 2021 06.55
| Kamp pemusnahan Chełmno (Vernichtungslager Kulmhof) | |
|---|---|
| Kamp kematian | |
 Tugu yang mengenang korban pemusnahan Nazi di Kulmhof (Chełmno) yang diresmikan di tempat berdirinya kamp ini pada tahun 1990 | |
| Nama lainnya | Kulmhof |
| Dikenal karena | Genosida selama Holocaust |
| Letak | Di dekat Chełmno nad Nerem, Reichsgau Wartheland (Polandia) |
| Komandan | Christian Wirth |
| Fungsi awal | Kamp pemusnahan |
| Beroperasi | 8 Desember 1941 – 11 April 1943 (periode pertama),[1] 23 Juni 1944 [2] – 18 Januari 1945 [3] |
| Jumlah kamar gas | 3 mobil van gas |
| Tahanan | Kebanyakan orang Yahudi |
| Jumlah tahanan tewas | Sekitar 152.000–340.000 |
| Dibebaskan oleh | Tentara Merah, 20 Januari 1945 |
| Tahanan terkenal | Mordechaï Podchlebnik, Szymon Srebrnik, Szlama Ber Winer |
Kamp pemusnahan Chełmno (bahasa Jerman: Vernichtungslager Kulmhof) yang dibangun pada masa Perang Dunia II adalah kamp pemusnahan pertama yang didirikan oleh Jerman Nazi di dekat desa Chełmno nad Nerem (Kulmhof an der Nehr dalam bahasa Jerman) yang terletak sekitar 50 km di sebelah utara kota Łódź (pada masa Nazi diganti namanya menjadi Litzmannstadt). Setelah Jerman menyerang Polandia pada tahun 1939, Jerman mencakup kawasan ini dan memasukkannya ke dalam wilayah Reichsgau Wartheland. Mereka ingin menjadikan kawasan ini sebagai kawasan yang sepenuhnya ter-Jermanisasi. Maka dari itu, kamp ini didirikan untuk melancarkan pembersihan etnis. Kamp ini beroperasi dari tanggal 8 Desember 1941 hingga 11 April 1943 dan kemudian dari tanggal 23 Juni 1944 hingga 18 Januari 1945. Orang Yahudi Polandia dari Ghetto Łódź dan penduduk setempat di Reichsgau Wartheland (Warthegau) dimusnahkan kamp ini.[4] Diperkirakan terdapat paling tidak 152.000 orang yang dibantai di kamp ini,[3] sehingga menjadikannya kamp pemusnahan kelima yang paling mematikan setelah Sobibór, Bełżec, Treblinka, dan Auschwitz. Namun, jaksa penuntut Jerman yang menggunakan data Nazi selama pengadilan-pengadilan Chełmno pada tahun 1962–65 memperkirakan terdapat paling tidak 180.000 korban jiwa.[5] Kelompok-kelompok lain yang juga menjadi korban di kamp ini adalah orang Yahudi dari luar Polandia dan orang Rom.
Korban dibantai dengan menggunakan mobil van gas. Chełmno berfungsi sebagai tempat percobaan awal untuk pengembangan program pemusnahan Nazi.[6]
Kota Chełmno direbut oleh pasukan Rusia pada tanggal 17 Januari 1945. Pada masa itu, Nazi sudah menghancurkan bukti keberadaan kamp ini dan tidak meninggalkan satu tawanan pun.[7]
Catatan kaki
- ^ Kulmhof 1941-1945. The German Death Camp in Chełmno on the Ner, Chełmno Muzeum of Martyrdom, Poland (Muzeum byłego niemieckiego Obozu Zagłady Kulmhof w Chełmnie nad Nerem), 2015, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-03-09
- ^ JVL (2013). "Chelmno (Kulmhof)". The Forgotten Camps. Jewish Virtual Library.org. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-10.
- ^ a b USHMM (May 11, 2012). "Chelmno" (permission granted to be reused, in whole or in part, on Wikipedia; OTRS ticket no. 2007071910012533 confirmed). Holocaust Encyclopedia. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, DC. Diakses tanggal May 12, 2013.
Text from USHMM has been released under the GFDL. The website can offer no guarantee that the information is correct in each circumstance.
- ^ Main Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland, German Crimes in Poland (Warsaw: 1946, 1947), Archive of Jewish Gombin Genealogy, with introduction by Leon Zamosc. Note: The Main (or Central) Commission for Investigation of German Crimes in Poland (bahasa Polandia: Główna Komisja Badania Zbrodni Niemieckich w Polsce, GKBZNwP) founded in 1945 was the predecessor of the Institute of National Remembrance (see also the "Archived copy". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal February 12, 1997. Diakses tanggal 1997-02-12. ). Quote: "The Main Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against the Polish Nation - The Institute of National Memory... has a fifty years long history (1995). The creation of the Main Commission... was preceded by work done in London since 1943 by the Polish Government in Exile."
- ^ JTA (January 22, 1963). "Jewish Survivors of Chelmno Camp Testify at Trial of Guards". JTA Archive. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2014-02-20. Diakses tanggal 2013-05-17.
- ^ A secret memorandum of 5 June 1942 written by one Willy Just, to the Director of section II D SS-Obersturmbannführer Walter Rauff at the Reich Main Security Office (Reichssicherheitshauptamt in Berlin), contained five pages of numbered paragraphs, suggesting mechanical improvements to gas vans. In the opening line, the letter stated: "ninety-seven thousand have been processed, using three vans, without any defects showing up in the vehicles" (see attached photocopies at HolocaustHistory.org) In his postwar testimony Obersturmbannführer August Becker, the gas van inspector, claimed that the letter was sent by himself on 5 June 1942 to Walter Rauff in RSHA. See: Ernst Klee, Willi Dressen, Volker Riess (1991). The gas-vans: A new and better method of killing had to be found. The Good Old Days: The Holocaust As Seen by Its Perpetrators and Bystanders. Konecky Konecky. hlm. 69–70. ISBN 1568521332. Diakses tanggal June 29, 2015. Nevertheless, Christopher Browning confirmed in his Evidence for the Implementation of the Final Solution (2000) that the letter was sent by Just, not by Becker, as shown through the archives of RSHA: Just an Rauff, 5.6.42; BA, R 58/871.
- ^ Alpha History textbook; resource centre. "Liberation of the camps". Resources. Australia, New Zealand, United States, Canada, Great Britain: Alpha History. Diakses tanggal 30 June 2015.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Chelmno extermination camp.