Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi makro: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{short description|Aspek sejarah}} |
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[[File:Macro history economists.jpg|thumb|alt=Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.| |
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Baris atas: [[Irving Fisher|Fisher]], [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]], [[Franco Modigliani|Modigliani]]<br /> |
Baris atas: [[Irving Fisher|Fisher]], [[John Maynard Keynes|Keynes]], [[Franco Modigliani|Modigliani]]<br /> |
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Sekolah klasik baru memuncak dalam [[teori siklus bisnis riil]] (RBC). Seperti model ekonomi klasik awal, model RBC mengasumsikan bahwa pasar klir dan siklus bisnis didorong oleh perubahan teknologi dan penawaran, bukan permintaan. [[Ekonomi Keynesian Baru|Keynesian Baru]] mencoba menjawab banyak kritik yang dilontarkan oleh Lucas dan ekonom klasik baru lainnya terhadap Neo-Keynesian. Keynesian baru mengadopsi ekspektasi rasional dan membangun model dengan fondasi mikro [[kekakuan harga]] yang menyarankan resesi masih dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor permintaan karena kekakuan menghentikan harga dari jatuh ke tingkat kliring pasar, meninggalkan surplus barang dan tenaga kerja. [[Sintesis neoklasik baru]] menggabungkan elemen-elemen makroekonomi Keynesian klasik dan baru menjadi sebuah konsensus. Ekonom lain menghindari perdebatan Keynesian klasik dan baru tentang dinamika jangka pendek dan mengembangkan [[teori pertumbuhan baru|teori pertumbuhan baru]] tentang pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang. [[Resesi Hebat]] menyebabkan retrospektif pada keadaan lapangan dan beberapa perhatian populer beralih ke [[ekonomi heterodoks]]. |
Sekolah klasik baru memuncak dalam [[teori siklus bisnis riil]] (RBC). Seperti model ekonomi klasik awal, model RBC mengasumsikan bahwa pasar klir dan siklus bisnis didorong oleh perubahan teknologi dan penawaran, bukan permintaan. [[Ekonomi Keynesian Baru|Keynesian Baru]] mencoba menjawab banyak kritik yang dilontarkan oleh Lucas dan ekonom klasik baru lainnya terhadap Neo-Keynesian. Keynesian baru mengadopsi ekspektasi rasional dan membangun model dengan fondasi mikro [[kekakuan harga]] yang menyarankan resesi masih dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor permintaan karena kekakuan menghentikan harga dari jatuh ke tingkat kliring pasar, meninggalkan surplus barang dan tenaga kerja. [[Sintesis neoklasik baru]] menggabungkan elemen-elemen makroekonomi Keynesian klasik dan baru menjadi sebuah konsensus. Ekonom lain menghindari perdebatan Keynesian klasik dan baru tentang dinamika jangka pendek dan mengembangkan [[teori pertumbuhan baru|teori pertumbuhan baru]] tentang pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang. [[Resesi Hebat]] menyebabkan retrospektif pada keadaan lapangan dan beberapa perhatian populer beralih ke [[ekonomi heterodoks]]. |
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==Referensi== |
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===Sitiran=== |
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{{Reflist|20em}} |
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===Sumber=== |
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{{Refbegin|30em}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Backhouse|first=Roger|date=1997|url=|title=Reflections on the Development of Modern Macroeconomics|location=Cheltenham|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=1781008493|editor-last=Snowdon|editor-first=Brian|chapter=The rhetoric and methodology of modern macroeconomics|editor-last2=Vane|editor-first2=Howard R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_hiFXzQXaAC|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Backhouse|first=Roger E.|date=2010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GzMcnZyEgLcC|title=The Puzzle of Modern Economics: Science or Ideology?|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1139491334|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Backhouse|first=Roger E.|last2=Boianovsky|first2=Mauro|date=2012|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=Y7wgAwAAQBAJ&hl=id&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Transforming Modern Macroeconomics: Exploring Disequilibrium Microfoundations, 1956-2003|location=New York|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=1139789619|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Barro|first=Robert J.|date=1979|title=Second Thoughts on Keynesian Economics|url=|journal=The American Economic Review|volume=69|issue=2|pages=54-59|jstor=1801616}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Beaud|first=Michel|last2=Dostaler|first2=Gilles|date=1997|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=oie5wAEACAAJ&hl=id&source=gbs_book_other_versions|title=Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists|location=New York|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0415164540|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Blanchard|first=Olivier|author-link=Olivier Blanchard|date=2000|title=What Do We Know about Macroeconomics that Fisher and Wicksell Did Not?|url=|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=115|issue=4|pages=1375–1409|doi=10.1162/003355300554999|citeseerx=10.1.1.410.6153}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Blaug|first=Mark|date=2002|url=|title=An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|publisher=Edward Elgar|isbn=1840643870|editor-last=Snowdon|editor-first=Brian|pages=202–212|chapter=Endogenous growth theory|editor-last2=Vane|editor-first2=Howard R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HSVakrh8TToC&pg=PA202|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Boettke|first=Peter T.|last2=Leeson|first2=Samuels|date=2003|url=|title=A Companion to the History of Economic Thought|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|publisher=Wiley|isbn=0631225730|editor-last=Samuels|editor-first=Warren J.|pages=446–452|chapter=The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000|editor-last2=Biddle|editor-first2=Jeff E.|editor-last3=Davis|editor-first3=John B.|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=3H8gBQv5MysC&hl=id&source=gbs_book_other_versions|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Brannon|first=Ike|date=2006|title=Remembering the Man Behind Rational Expectations|journal=Regulation|volume=29|issue=1|pages=18–22|ssrn=898197}} |
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* {{Cite news|last=Buttonwood|date=4 April 2009|title=Minsky's moment|url=http://www.economist.com/node/13415233?story_id=13415233|work=The Economist|access-date=5 November 2021}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Caballero|first=Ricardo J.|author-link=Ricardo J. Caballero|date=2010|title=Macroeconomics after the Crisis: Time to Deal with the Pretense-of-Knowledge Syndrome|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1683617|journal=MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 10-16|ssrn=1683617}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Case|first=Karl E.|last2=Fair|first2=Ray C.|date=2006|url=|title=Principles of Economics|location=Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey|publisher=Prentice Hall|isbn=978-0-13-228914-6|author-link=Karl E. Case|author-link2=Ray C. Fair|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Cottrell|first=Allin|date=1994|title=Post Keynesian Monetary Economics: A Critical Survey|url=http://ricardo.ecn.wfu.edu/~cottrell/old_papers/pkme.pdf|journal=Cambridge Journal of Economics|volume=18|issue=6|pages=587–605|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035292}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=Russel|last2=John|first2=Andrew|date=1988|title=Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models|url=https://cowles.yale.edu/sites/default/files/files/pub/d07/d0745-r.pdf|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics|volume=103|issue=3|pages=441–463|doi=10.2307/1885539|jstor=1885539}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Christiano|first=Lawrence J.|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=Terry J.|date=2001|url=|title=Handbook of Monetary Policy|location=Boca Raton, Florida|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=0824705785|editor-last=Rabin|editor-first=Jack|chapter=The Business Cycle: Still a Puzzle|editor-last2=Stevens|editor-first2=Glenn L.|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=x6QfSWmB4KAC&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Paul|date=2003|url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=PJvxe1XCNIsC&redir_esc=y|title=Financial Markets, Money, and the Real World|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=1843765586|author-link=Paul Davidson (ekonom)|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Davidson|first=Paul|date=2005|url=|title=Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current State|location=Cheltenham, UK|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|isbn=1845424670|editor-last=Snowdon|editor-first=Brian|chapter=The Post Keynesian school|editor-last2=Vane|editor-first2=Howard R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=z-c4AgAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=De Long|first=J. Bradford|author-link=J. Bradford De Long|date=2000|title=The Triumph of Monetarism?|url=https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.14.1.83|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=14|issue=1|pages=83-94|doi=10.1257/jep.14.1.83|jstor=2647052|doi-access=free}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=De Vroey|first=Michel|date=2002|url=|title=An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics|location=Northampton, Massachusetts|publisher=Edward Elgar|isbn=1840643870|editor-last=Snowdon|editor-first=Brian|pages=381–385|chapter=Involuntary unemployment in Keynesian economics|editor-last2=Vane|editor-first2=Howard R.|chapter-url=https://books.google.co.id/books?id=HSVakrh8TToC&pg=PA318&redir_esc=y|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite journal|last=Diamond|first=Peter A.|date=1982|title=Aggregate Demand Management in Search Equilibrium|journal=Journal of Political Economy|volume=90|issue=5|pages=881-894|doi=10.1086/261099|jstor=1837124|hdl=1721.1/66614|hdl-access=free}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Dimand|first=R.W.|date=2003|url=|title=A Companion to the History of Economic Thought|location=Malden, Massachusetts|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=978-0-631-22573-7|editor-last=Biddle|editor-first=Jeff|pages=325–342|chapter=Interwar Monetary and Business Cycle Theory|editor-last2=Davis|editor-first2=John B|editor-last3=Samuels|editor-first3=Warren J.|chapter-url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/1cPfzQEACAAJ?hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwijs9mc0YD0AhXLT30KHUwyDCgQre8FegQIERAH|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Dimand|first=Robert W.|date=2008|title=The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law|location=London|publisher=Palgrave|isbn=978-0-333-78676-5|editor-last=Durlauf|editor-first=Steven N.|pages=236–244|chapter=Macroeconomics, origins and history of|doi=10.1057/9780230226203.1009|editor-last2=Blume|editor-first2=Lawrence E.|chapter-url=http://www.dictionaryofeconomics.com/article?id=pde2008_M000370|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Dindo|first=Pietro D. E.|date=2007|url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/Bounded_rationality_and_heterogeneity_in/tjh5iuC8Gq4C?hl=id&gbpv=0|title=Bounded rationality and heterogeneity in economic dynamic models|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Tinbergen Institute|isbn=9789051709360|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite book|last=Durlauf|first=Steven N.|last2=Johnson|first2=Paul A.|last3=Temple|first3=Jonathan R.W.|date=2005|title=Handbook of Economic Growth|location=Amsterdam|publisher=Elsevier Science|isbn=978-0-444-52041-8|editor-last=Aghion|editor-first=Philippe|chapter=Growth Econometrics|editor-last2=Durlauf|editor-first2=Steven N.|chapter-url=https://www.google.co.id/books/edition/_/fQ4JBwLsz8cC?hl=id&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwinm9Ko34D0AhVPeH0KHVSUCvQQ7_IDegQIEhAD|url-status=live}} |
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* {{Cite web|date=9 Oktober 2006|title=Edmund Phelps’s Contributions to Macroeconomics|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2006/advanced-information/|website=Nobel Prize|publisher=The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences|access-date=3 November 2021}} |
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[[Kategori:Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi makro|*Ekonomi makro]] |
[[Kategori:Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi makro|*Ekonomi makro]] |
Revisi per 5 November 2021 08.46
![Composite images of various people related to macroeconomic theory.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Macro_history_economists.jpg/220px-Macro_history_economists.jpg)
Baris tengah: Solow, Friedman, Schwartz
Baris bawah: Sargent, Fischer, Prescott
Teori ekonomi makro berasal mula dalam studi siklus bisnis dan teori moneter. Secara umum, teoretikus awal percaya bahwa faktor moneter tidak dapat mempengaruhi faktor riil seperti output riil. John Maynard Keynes menyerang beberapa teori "klasik" ini dan menghasilkan teori umum yang menggambarkan seluruh perekonomian dalam hal agregat daripada individu, bagian ekonomi mikro. Mencoba menjelaskan pengangguran dan resesi, dia memperhatikan kecenderungan orang dan bisnis untuk menimbun uang tunai dan menghindari investasi selama resesi. Dia berargumen bahwa ini membatalkan asumsi ekonom klasik yang berpikir bahwa pasar selalu klir, tidak meninggalkan surplus barang dan tidak ada tenaga kerja yang dibiarkan menganggur.
Generasi ekonom yang mengikuti Keynes mensintesis teorinya dengan mikroekonomi neoklasik untuk membentuk sintesis neoklasik. Meskipun Teori Keynesian awalnya menghilangkan penjelasan tentang tingkat harga dan inflasi, belakangan Keynesian mengadopsi kurva Phillips untuk memodelkan perubahan tingkat harga. Beberapa Keynesian menentang metode sintesis yang menggabungkan teori Keynes dengan sistem ekuilibrium dan malah menganjurkan model ketidakseimbangan. Monetaris, dipimpin oleh Milton Friedman, mengadopsi beberapa ide Keynesian, seperti pentingnya permintaan uang, tetapi berpendapat bahwa Keynesian mengabaikan peran persediaan uang dalam inflasi. Robert Lucas dan para ekonom makro klasik baru lainnya mengkritik model Keynesian yang tidak bekerja di bawah ekspektasi rasional. Lucas juga berargumen bahwa model empiris Keynesian tidak akan stabil seperti model yang didasarkan pada fondasi ekonomi mikro.
Sekolah klasik baru memuncak dalam teori siklus bisnis riil (RBC). Seperti model ekonomi klasik awal, model RBC mengasumsikan bahwa pasar klir dan siklus bisnis didorong oleh perubahan teknologi dan penawaran, bukan permintaan. Keynesian Baru mencoba menjawab banyak kritik yang dilontarkan oleh Lucas dan ekonom klasik baru lainnya terhadap Neo-Keynesian. Keynesian baru mengadopsi ekspektasi rasional dan membangun model dengan fondasi mikro kekakuan harga yang menyarankan resesi masih dapat dijelaskan oleh faktor permintaan karena kekakuan menghentikan harga dari jatuh ke tingkat kliring pasar, meninggalkan surplus barang dan tenaga kerja. Sintesis neoklasik baru menggabungkan elemen-elemen makroekonomi Keynesian klasik dan baru menjadi sebuah konsensus. Ekonom lain menghindari perdebatan Keynesian klasik dan baru tentang dinamika jangka pendek dan mengembangkan teori pertumbuhan baru tentang pertumbuhan ekonomi jangka panjang. Resesi Hebat menyebabkan retrospektif pada keadaan lapangan dan beberapa perhatian populer beralih ke ekonomi heterodoks.
Referensi
Sitiran
Sumber
- Backhouse, Roger (1997). "The rhetoric and methodology of modern macroeconomics". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. Reflections on the Development of Modern Macroeconomics. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1781008493.
- Backhouse, Roger E. (2010). The Puzzle of Modern Economics: Science or Ideology?. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139491334.
- Backhouse, Roger E.; Boianovsky, Mauro (2012). Transforming Modern Macroeconomics: Exploring Disequilibrium Microfoundations, 1956-2003. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 1139789619.
- Barro, Robert J. (1979). "Second Thoughts on Keynesian Economics". The American Economic Review. 69 (2): 54–59. JSTOR 1801616.
- Beaud, Michel; Dostaler, Gilles (1997). Economic Thought Since Keynes: A History and Dictionary of Major Economists. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0415164540.
- Blanchard, Olivier (2000). "What Do We Know about Macroeconomics that Fisher and Wicksell Did Not?". The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 115 (4): 1375–1409. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.410.6153
. doi:10.1162/003355300554999.
- Blaug, Mark (2002). "Endogenous growth theory". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar. hlm. 202–212. ISBN 1840643870.
- Boettke, Peter T.; Leeson, Samuels (2003). "The Austrian School of Economics 1950–2000". Dalam Samuels, Warren J.; Biddle, Jeff E.; Davis, John B. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. hlm. 446–452. ISBN 0631225730.
- Brannon, Ike (2006). "Remembering the Man Behind Rational Expectations". Regulation. 29 (1): 18–22. SSRN 898197
.
- Buttonwood (4 April 2009). "Minsky's moment". The Economist. Diakses tanggal 5 November 2021.
- Caballero, Ricardo J. (2010). "Macroeconomics after the Crisis: Time to Deal with the Pretense-of-Knowledge Syndrome". MIT Department of Economics Working Paper No. 10-16. SSRN 1683617
.
- Case, Karl E.; Fair, Ray C. (2006). Principles of Economics. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-228914-6.
- Cottrell, Allin (1994). "Post Keynesian Monetary Economics: A Critical Survey" (PDF). Cambridge Journal of Economics. 18 (6): 587–605. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035292.
- Cooper, Russel; John, Andrew (1988). "Coordinating Coordination Failures in Keynesian Models" (PDF). The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 103 (3): 441–463. doi:10.2307/1885539. JSTOR 1885539.
- Christiano, Lawrence J.; Fitzgerald, Terry J. (2001). "The Business Cycle: Still a Puzzle". Dalam Rabin, Jack; Stevens, Glenn L. Handbook of Monetary Policy. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 0824705785.
- Davidson, Paul (2003). Financial Markets, Money, and the Real World. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1843765586.
- Davidson, Paul (2005). "The Post Keynesian school". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. Modern Macroeconomics: Its Origins, Development and Current State. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. ISBN 1845424670.
- De Long, J. Bradford (2000). "The Triumph of Monetarism?". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 14 (1): 83–94. doi:10.1257/jep.14.1.83
. JSTOR 2647052.
- De Vroey, Michel (2002). "Involuntary unemployment in Keynesian economics". Dalam Snowdon, Brian; Vane, Howard R. An Encyclopedia of Macroeconomics. Northampton, Massachusetts: Edward Elgar. hlm. 381–385. ISBN 1840643870.
- Diamond, Peter A. (1982). "Aggregate Demand Management in Search Equilibrium". Journal of Political Economy. 90 (5): 881–894. doi:10.1086/261099. hdl:1721.1/66614
. JSTOR 1837124.
- Dimand, R.W. (2003). "Interwar Monetary and Business Cycle Theory". Dalam Biddle, Jeff; Davis, John B; Samuels, Warren J. A Companion to the History of Economic Thought. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. hlm. 325–342. ISBN 978-0-631-22573-7.
- Dimand, Robert W. (2008). "Macroeconomics, origins and history of". Dalam Durlauf, Steven N.; Blume, Lawrence E. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics and the Law. London: Palgrave. hlm. 236–244. doi:10.1057/9780230226203.1009. ISBN 978-0-333-78676-5.
- Dindo, Pietro D. E. (2007). Bounded rationality and heterogeneity in economic dynamic models. Amsterdam: Tinbergen Institute. ISBN 9789051709360.
- Durlauf, Steven N.; Johnson, Paul A.; Temple, Jonathan R.W. (2005). "Growth Econometrics". Dalam Aghion, Philippe; Durlauf, Steven N. Handbook of Economic Growth. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-444-52041-8.
- "Edmund Phelps's Contributions to Macroeconomics". Nobel Prize. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. 9 Oktober 2006. Diakses tanggal 3 November 2021.