Meles Zenawi: Perbedaan antara revisi

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+[[Image:Meles_Zenawi.jpg|thumb|Perdana Menteri Ethiopia Meles Zenawi]]
-'''Meles Zenawi''' (lahir [[8 Mei]] [[1955]]) merupakan [[Perdana Menteri]] [[Ethiopia]] saat ini.
+'''Legesse ("Meles") Zenawi''' (lahir [[8 Mei]] [[1955]]) adalah Perdana Menteri [[Ethiopia]] saat ini. <!-- A native of [[Adowa]] in [[Tigray]] province, he was appointed to the office of Prime Minister on [[August 22]], [[1995]], after his governing party swept parliamentary elections that were [[boycott]]ed by the opposition.  He had previously been transitional president of Ethiopia, from [[May 28]], [[1991]] until [[August 22]] [[1995]].  Meles Zenawi is married to [[Azeb Mesfin]], who is now a member of parliament and chair of it's powerful Social Affairs Committee.  She also controls Mega Enterprises, a multi-million dollar conglomerate that came into being shortly after Meles Zenawi assumed power from the fallen [[Derg]] regime in 1991.
+Meles Zenawi came to power after leading the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front]] (EPRDF) in a 17-year [[guerrilla warfare|guerrilla war]] against the government of [[Mengistu Haile Mariam]] that ended in May, 1991 with an EPRDF victory.  Meles Zenawi led the [[Tigrean Peoples Liberation Front]] (TPLF), which was the core party that formed the EPRDF, and which had itself broken off from the old [[Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Party]] (EPRP) in the mid 1970's.  The core of the TPLF was the [[Marxist Leninist League of Tigray]], a hard core Stalinist group which upheld Communist Albania as the ideal society which to emulate.  On the eve of the EPRDF's march into [[Addis Ababa]] however, the EPRDF quickly shed it's Stalinist ideology and quickly adopted pro-western economic policies under the quick thinking leadership of Meles Zenawi.
+Meles installed a political system in Ethiopia based on ethnic federalism, replacing the centralised rule that began to take form under Emperor [[Tewodros II]] in 1855, and was continued under his successors.  However, the basing of his government on ethnic lines have been deemed by many to be divisive and a deterrent to democracy.  Meles has introduced a constitution that grants the right of any ethnic group to secede from the country.  This is stipulated in the (in)famous article 39 of the constitution.  This has been a constant source of argument between the two schools of thought in Ethiopian politics.  Meles claims article 39 to be the corner stone of peace and democracy labeling those who challenge this idea as extremists, anti-democratics and anti-peace elements.  He claims this article to be the only way to keep the peace in this war ravaged and poverty stricken country.  His opponents maintain that it is a Soviet-style Marxist novelty that endangers the unity of the ancient but ethnically diverse Ethiopian state.  They point to instances of ethnocentric favoritism in appoinments to high positions in federal and local government, in business practices, and in the way development funds are spent in favor of the Prime Minister's native [[Tigray]] at the expense of the rest of Ethiopia.  Meles has been accused of nepotism and corruption, with opponents pointing at rather significant fortunes having been accumilated by his relatives and particularly his increasingly powerful wife.
+Another source of contention about his politics is his land tenure system.  The constitution he has implemented prevents anyone from owning land.  The government owns all land and may grant its use through long term leasing.  The reasoning his party gives is that poor farmers will sell their lands during hardship and will be left with no land.  Again many economists reject his ideas and claim one of the sources of poverty is this land tenure system.
+Meles Zenawi has also resisted returning property nationalized by the [[Derg]] regime in 1974.  Real estate, service and manufacturing businesses, and many other personal possessions seized by the communists remain in government hands, and the government refuses to return them to their original owners.  The Prime Minister's supporters are said to be adamant that they will not re-invigorate the old pre-Mengistu upper and middle classes, as they identify them as "feudal" monarchist opponents of the current regime.
+On [[July 7]], [[2005]], the board of the [[Yara International]] awarded the first African Green Revolution Yara Prize to Meles Zenawi for his contribution to improved [[food security]] and human [[nutrition]] in ways that also protect the environment. Yara is a [[Norway|Norwegian]] [[fertilizer]] producer (formerly a branch of [[Norsk Hydro]]), and Meles's government is one of their larger clients.
+This award has caused some embarrassment within the Norwegian government, to the extent that the Norwegian prime minister [[Kjell Magne Bondevik]] refused to participate in the award ceremony. On that occasion, Kjetil Tronvoll, of the Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, stated that "There are between 10,000 and 30,000 political prisoners in the country [...] This one is one of the worst in the class [in human rights in Africa]." He also pointed out an estimate of 4,000 political opponents arrested after the last election, inadequate legal system, and [[torture]] in [[prison]]s {{ref|norway}}. [[Amnesty International]], in their 2005 report, claim that in Ethiopia there have been "Widespread arbitrary detentions, torture and excessive use of force by police and soldiers" {{ref|amnesty}}. Political opponents further claim that Meles is an [[autocracy|autocrat]] who supports ethnic policies.
+Even if his opponents have such claims, his supporters generally appraise him highly for bringing a "relatively transparent" government. They maintain that he deserves much of the credit for changing the oppressive governmental institutions of the formerly [[Communist]] country, and for introducing multi-party [[democracy]]. People close to the prime minister say that he is one of the most well-read intellectuals of Africa, and among the most forward-looking leaders Ethiopia has ever had. But in a country of such diversity, it is very difficult for any leader to be accepted by all in equal degrees. Because the prime minister was the leader of a liberation front that militarily defeated the former [[Kremlin]]-supported government of Mengistu, it is to be expected that those belonging to, or benefiting from the defeated government, might carry a grudge against the prime minister.
+The run-up to the elections of May 2005 were indeed a period of "relative transparency", and even the Prime Minister's opponents began to give him credit for opening up the government press to desenting voices.  The opposition was permitted to campaign as never before, and was able to make it's veiws known to the people.  Representatives of the opposition and the government publicly and peacefully debated their views.  While international observers generally applauded the conduct of the elections themselves, the aftermath was not what many had hoped for.  Although it was apparent that the two major opposition coalitions had swept to victory in most urban areas outside of [[Tigray]] region, and had gained significant seats in rural areas as well, the government quickly declared victory, imposed a ban on all public demonstrations for 30 days, and suspended the announcemnt of results.  The opposition then charged that the government went about systematically altering results in rural areas where no international monitors could observe them, and began the widespread intimidation campaign against polititians of the two leading opposition coalitions.  A call for peaceful protest and the attempt at a general strike in protest to these measures resulted in a blood bath that resulted in hundreds of deaths and thousands of arrests between June and November of 2005.
+In November, 2005 following the widespread civil unrest throughout Ethiopia, the government of Meles Zenawi arrested the leaders of the political opposition, newspaper editors, labor union leaders and thousands of students and other protesters.  The leaders were charged with "treason and genocide".
+==Education==
+* [[General Wingate School]] 1965 - 1972
+* [[Addis Ababa University]] 1972 -1974
+== References ==
+*{{note|norway}}[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/okonomi/article1103955.ece Article about the Norwegian government's embarrassment] in [[Aftenposten]] (in [[Norwegian language|Norwegian]]).
+*{{note|amnesty}}[http://web.amnesty.org/report2005/eth-summary-eng Chapter about Ethiopia] from Amnesty International's worldwide report for 2005 on the status of [[human right]]s.
+*{{cite web | title=Yara Prize to Prime Minister Meles Zenawi | work=Yara Corporation | url=http://www.yara.com/en/about/yara_centennial/green_revolution/yara_prize_winner_inter.html | accessdate=August 24 | accessyear=2005}}
+*{{cite web | title=Profile of Meles Zenawi | work=BBC | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4545711.stm | accessdate=August 28 | accessyear=2005 }}
+*{{cite web | title=Letter to Prime Minister Meles Zenawi, expressing concern for freedom of press | work=Human Rights Watch | url=http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/02/13/ethiop7338.htm | accessdate=August 28 | accessyear=2005 }}
+*{{cite web | title=The Dark Side of Ethiopia's 'Green Revolution' | work=Human Rights Watch | url=http://www.hrw.org/english/docs/2005/09/05/ethiop11727.htm | accessdate=September 13 | accessyear=2005}}
+* For a more sympathetic view see [[Joseph Stiglitz]] '''Globalization and its Discontents''' ISBN 0-713-99664-1 Chapter 2 Broken Promises - Ethiopia and the Struggle between Power Politics and Poverty.-->
+{{start box}}
+{{succession box|title=[[Perdana Menteri Ethiopia]]|years=[[23 Agustus]] [[1995]]-sekarang|before=[[Tamirat Layne]]|after=(Masih Menjabat)}}
+{{end box}}
+== Pranala luar ==
+* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4545711.stm Meles Zenawi issues]
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