Bell hooks: Perbedaan antara revisi

bell hooks
bell hooks
	bell hooks pada Oktober 2014
Lahir	Gloria Jean Watkins; 25 September 1952; Hopkinsville, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Meninggal	15 Desember 2021 (umur 69); Berea, Kentucky, Amerika Serikat
Pendidikan	Universitas Stanford (BA); Universitas Wisconsin–Madison (MA); Universitas California, Santa Cruz (PhD);
Pekerjaan	Author; academic; activist;
Tahun aktif	1978–2018
Dikenal atas	Oppositional gaze
Karya terkenal	Ain't I a Woman? (1981); Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984); All About Love: New Visions (2000); We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity (2004);
Situs web	bellhooksinstitute.com
	(1991) Penghargaan Buku Nasional ;

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Revisi per 16 Desember 2021 08.01

Gloria Jean Watkins (25 September 1952 – 15 Desember 2021), yang lebih dikenal lewat nama penanya bell hooks,^[1] adalah penulis, profesor, feminis, dan aktivis sosial Amerika Serikat. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.^[2]

Fokus tulisan bell adalah interseksionalitas ras, kapitalisme, gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem penindasan dan dominasi kelas. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.^[3] Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di Berea College, Berea, Kentucky.^[4]

Kehidupan masa kecil

Gloria Jean Watkins lahir pada 25 September 1952 di Hopkinsville,^[5] sebuah kota kecil yang tersegregasi di Kentucky,^[6] to a working-class African-American family. Watkins was one of six children born to Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) and Veodis Watkins.^[7] Her father worked as a janitor and her mother worked as a maid in the homes of caucasian families.^[7]

An avid reader, Watkins was educated in racially segregated public schools, later moving to an integrated school in the late 1960s.^[8] She graduated from Hopkinsville High School before obtaining her BA in English from Stanford University in 1973,^[9] and her MA in English from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1976.^[10] During this time, at 24 Watkins was writing her book Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, which was published in 1981.^[11]

In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, she completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, in 1987,^[9]^[12] with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison.^[13]

Referensi

^ Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers". The New York Times. hlm. E3. But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.
^ hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.
hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.
^ Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ "About the bell hooks institute". bell hooks institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 25, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 23, 2016.
^ Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Dalam Hine, Darlene Clark. Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 100–101. ISBN 0-8160-3425-7. OCLC 35209436.
^ ^a ^b Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama leblanc1997
^ ^a ^b Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–". Something about the Author. 170. Gale. hlm. 112–116. ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5. ISSN 0276-816X. OCLC 507358041.
^ Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. hlm. 125–132. ISBN 978-0313301254.
^ "bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal October 4, 2021.
^ Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ Hooks, Bell (1983) (dalam bahasa English). Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction (Tesis). OCLC 9514473. https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473. WorldCat.

Filmography

Black Is... Black Ain't (1994)^[1]
Give a Damn Again (1995)^[2]
Cultural Criticism and Transformation (1997)^[3]
My Feminism (1997)^[4]
Voices of Power (1999)^[5]
BaadAsssss Cinema (2002)^[6]
I Am a Man: Black Masculinity in America (2004)^[7]
Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me (2004)^[8]
Is Feminism Dead? (2004)^[9]
Fierce Light: When Spirit Meets Action (2008)^[10]
Occupy Love (2012)^[11]
Hillbilly (2018)^[12]

Awards and nominations

Yearning: Race, Gender, and Cultural Politics: The American Book Awards/ Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991)^[13]
bell hooks: The Writer's Award from the Lila Wallace–Reader's Digest Fund (1994)^[14]
Happy to Be Nappy: NAACP Image Award nominee (2001)^[15]
Homemade Love: The Bank Street College Children's Book of the Year (2002)^[16]
Salvation: Black People and Love: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award nominee (2002)^[17]
bell hooks: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"^[18]^[19]
bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "One of our nation's leading public intellectuals"^[18]
bell hooks: TIME 100 Women of the Year, 2020^[20]

Select bibliography

Books

And there we wept: poems. 1978. OCLC 6230231.
Ain't I a Woman?: Black women and feminism. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1981. ISBN 978-0-89608-129-1.
Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. South End Press. 1984. ISBN 978-0-89608-613-5.
Talking Back: Thinking feminist, thinking Black. Between the Lines. 1989. ISBN 978-0-921284-09-3. Excerpted in Busby, Margaret, ed. (1992). Daughters of Africa. New York: Pantheon Books.
Yearning: race, gender, and cultural politics. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1990. ISBN 978-1-1-38821-75-0.
With Cornel West, Breaking bread: insurgent Black intellectual life. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1991. ISBN 978-0-89608-414-8.
Hooks, Bell (1992). Black Looks: Race and representation. ISBN 978-0-89608-434-6.
Sisters of the yam: Black women and self-recovery. Boston, Massachusetts: South End Press. 1993. ISBN 978-1138821682.
Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-90808-5.
Outlaw culture: resisting representations. New York: Routledge. 1994. ISBN 978-0-415-90811-5.
Killing rage: ending racism. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 1995. ISBN 978-0-8050-5027-1.
Art on my mind: visual politics. The New Press. 1995. ISBN 978-1-56584-263-2.
Reel to real: race, sex, and class at the movies. 1996. ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1996. ISBN 978-0-8050-4146-0.
Wounds of passion: a writing life. New York: Henry Holt & Co. 1997. ISBN 978-0-8050-5722-5.
Remembered rapture: the writer at work. Henry Holt and Co. 1999. ISBN 978-0-8050-5910-6.
hooks, bell (2000). Justice: childhood love lessons. ISBN 978-0-688-16844-5.
All About Love: New Visions. New York: William Morrow. 2000. ISBN 978-0-06-095947-0.
Feminism is for everybody: passionate politics. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. 2000. ISBN 978-0-89608-628-9.
Where we stand: class matters (PDF). Routledge. 2000. ISBN 978-0-415-92913-4.
Salvation: Black people and love. New York: Perennial. 2001. ISBN 978-0-06-095949-4.
Communion: the female search for love. New York, NY: Perennial. 2002. ISBN 978-0-06-093829-1.
Teaching community: a pedagogy of hope. New York: Routledge. 2003. ISBN 978-0-415-96818-8.
Rock my soul: Black people and self-esteem. New York: Atria Books. 2003. ISBN 978-0-7434-5605-0.
The will to change: men, masculinity, and love. New York: Atria Books. 2004. ISBN 978-0-7434-5607-4.
Space. 2004. ^[21]^[a]
We Real Cool: Black Men and Masculinity. New York: Routledge. 2004. ISBN 978-0-203-64220-7.
Soul sister: women, friendship, and fulfillment. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2005. ISBN 978-0-89608-735-4.
Witness. 2006. ^[21]^[a]
With Amalia Mesa-Bains, Homegrown: engaged cultural criticism. Cambridge, Massachusetts: South End Press. 2006. ISBN 978-0-89608-759-0.
Belonging: a culture of place. New York: Routledge. 2009. ISBN 978-0-203-88801-8.
Teaching critical thinking: practical wisdom. New York: Routledge. 2010. ISBN 978-0-415-96820-1.
Appalachian elegy: poetry and place. Kentucky Voices Series. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 2012. ISBN 978-0-8131-3669-1.
Writing beyond race: living theory and practice. New York: Routledge. 2013. ISBN 978-0-415-53914-2.
Uncut Funk: A Contemplative Dialogue. New York: Routledge. 2018. ISBN 978-2-238-10210-1.

Children's books

Happy to be Nappy. Chris Raschka (illustrator). 1999. ISBN 978-0-7868-2377-2.
Homemade Love. New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002. ISBN 978-0786825530.
Be boy buzz. New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2002. ISBN 978-0786816439.
Skin again. Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2004. ISBN 9780786808250.
Grump groan growl. Chris Raschka (illustrator). New York: Hyperion Books for Children. 2008. ISBN 978-0786808168.

Book chapters

hooks, bell (1993), "Black women and feminism", dalam Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A., Feminist frontiers III, New York: McGraw-Hill, hlm. 444–449, ISBN 978-0075570011.
hooks, bell (1996), "Continued devaluation of Black womanhood", dalam Jackson, Stevi; Scott, Sue, Feminism and sexuality: a reader, New York: Columbia University Press, hlm. 216–223, ISBN 978-0231107082.
hooks, bell (1997), "Sisterhood: political solidarity between women", dalam McClintock, Anne; Mufti, Aamir; Shohat, Ella, Dangerous liaisons: gender, nation, and postcolonial perspectives, Minnesota, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, hlm. 396–414, ISBN 978-0816626496.
hooks, bell (2004), "Selling hot pussy: representations of Black female sexuality in the cultural marketplace", dalam Richardson, Laurel; Taylor, Verta A.; Whittier, Nancy, Feminist frontiers (edisi ke-5th), Boston: McGraw-Hill, hlm. 119–127, ISBN 978-0072824230. Pdf.
hooks, bell (2005), "Black women: shaping feminist theory", dalam Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O., Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology, Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing, hlm. 60–68, ISBN 978-1405116619.

Explanatory notes

^ ^a ^b This may be a working title. See talk page.

References

Citations

^ Guthmann, Edward (May 5, 1995). "Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance". SFGATE. Hearst. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 301–302.
^ Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama kumar2007
^ "FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, My Feminism makes a valid point". The Globe and Mail. May 23, 1998. hlm. 18. ProQuest 1143520117.
^ "Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman". The Pennsylvania State University. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 57.
^ McCluskey 2007, hlm. 355.
^ "Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me". Turner Classic Movies. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Is Feminism Dead?". Films Media Group. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Best Bets". Daytona Beach News. December 3, 2010. hlm. E6. ProQuest 856086736.
^ "Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement". The Cairns Post. April 10, 2013. hlm. 31. ProQuest 1324698794.
^ Crust, Kevin (October 3, 2018). "Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation". American Booksellers Association. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive.
^ "10 Writers Win Grants". The New York Times. December 22, 1994. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Happy to Be Nappy". Alkebu-Lan Image. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "bell hooks". The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Footlights". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 21, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ ^a ^b Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007). "May 10 bell hooks event postponed". UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ "Get to Know bell hooks". The bell hooks center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.
^ hampton, dream (March 5, 2020). "bell hooks: 100 Women of the Year". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.
^ ^a ^b "bell hooks". Loyal Jones Appalachian Center.

Cited sources

hooks, bell (2005). "Black women: shaping feminist theory". Dalam Cudd, Ann E.; Andreasen, Robin O. Feminist theory: a philosophical anthology. Oxford, UK; Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishing. hlm. 60–68. ISBN 978-1405116619.
hooks, bell (1992). Black Looks: Race and Representation. Boston: South End Press.
hooks, bell (1996). Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-91824-4.
McCluskey, Audrey Thomas (2007). Frame by Frame III: A Filmography of the African Diasporan Image, 1994–2004 (dalam bahasa Inggris). Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-34829-6.

External links

Cari tahu mengenai bell hooks pada proyek-proyek Wikimedia lainnya:
	Gambar dan media dari Commons
	Kutipan dari Wikiquote
	Entri basisdata #Q259507 di Wikidata

bell hooks articles published in Lion's Roar magazine.
South End Press (books by hooks published by South End Press)
University of California, Santa Barbara (biographical sketch of hooks)
"Postmodern Blackness" (article by hooks)
Whole Terrain (articles by hooks published in Whole Terrain)
Challenging Capitalism & Patriarchy (interviews with hooks by Third World Viewpoint)
Ingredients of Love (an interview with Ascent magazine)
bell hooks di IMDb (dalam bahasa Inggris)
Kemunculan di C-SPAN
- In Depth interview with hooks, May 5, 2002
Interview in BOMB magazine

[pen-name-1] Dinitia Smith (September 28, 2006). "Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers". The New York Times. hlm. E3. But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.

[2] s, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), Family: American Writers Remember Their Own, New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.
hooks, bell, Talking Back, Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.

[3] Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.

[4] "About the bell hooks institute". bell hooks institute. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal April 25, 2016. Diakses tanggal April 23, 2016.

[nytobit-5] Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021). "bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[medea1997-6] Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". Dalam Hine, Darlene Clark. Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America. New York: Facts on File. hlm. 100–101. ISBN 0-8160-3425-7. OCLC 35209436.

[:1-7] Hsu, Hua (December 15, 2021). "The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks". The New Yorker (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 16, 2021.

[leblanc1997-8] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama leblanc1997

[kumar2007-9] Kumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–". Something about the Author. 170. Gale. hlm. 112–116. ISBN 978-1-4144-1071-5. ISSN 0276-816X. OCLC 507358041.

[10] Scanlon, Jennifer (1999). Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. hlm. 125–132. ISBN 978-0313301254.

[11] "bell hooks | Biography, Books, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal October 4, 2021.

[:0-12] Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019). "In Praise of bell hooks". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[13] Hooks, Bell (1983) (dalam bahasa English). Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction (Tesis). OCLC 9514473. https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473. WorldCat.

[workingtitle-35] This may be a working title. See talk page.

[14] Guthmann, Edward (May 5, 1995). "Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance". SFGATE. Hearst. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007301–302-15] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 301–302.

[kumar2007-16] Kesalahan pengutipan: Tag <ref> tidak sah; tidak ditemukan teks untuk ref bernama kumar2007

[17] "FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, My Feminism makes a valid point". The Globe and Mail. May 23, 1998. hlm. 18. ProQuest 1143520117.

[18] "Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman". The Pennsylvania State University. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey200757-19] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 57.

[FOOTNOTEMcCluskey2007355-20] McCluskey 2007, hlm. 355.

[21] "Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me". Turner Classic Movies. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[22] "Is Feminism Dead?". Films Media Group. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[23] "Best Bets". Daytona Beach News. December 3, 2010. hlm. E6. ProQuest 856086736.

[24] "Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement". The Cairns Post. April 10, 2013. hlm. 31. ProQuest 1324698794.

[25] Crust, Kevin (October 3, 2018). "Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia". Los Angeles Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[26] "The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation". American Booksellers Association. 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 13, 2013. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021 – via Internet Archive.

[27] "10 Writers Win Grants". The New York Times. December 22, 1994. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[28] "Happy to Be Nappy". Alkebu-Lan Image. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[29] "bell hooks". The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[30] "Footlights". The New York Times (dalam bahasa Inggris). August 21, 2002. ISSN 0362-4331. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[UCSantaCruz-31] Rappaport, Scott (April 25, 2007). "May 10 bell hooks event postponed". UC Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California. Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[32] "Get to Know bell hooks". The bell hooks center (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal December 15, 2021.

[33] ton, dream (March 5, 2020). "bell hooks: 100 Women of the Year". Time (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 16 December 2021.

[Berea_biography-34] "bell hooks". Loyal Jones Appalachian Center.

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@@ Baris 28: / Baris 28: @@
 }}| website            = {{url|bellhooksinstitute.com}}
 }}
-'''Gloria Jean Watkins''' ({{lahirmati||25|9|1952||15|12|2021}}), yang lebih dikenal lewat [[nama pena]]nya '''bell hooks''',<ref name="pen-name">{{cite news |author=Dinitia Smith |title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2006 |page=E3 |quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html}}</ref> <!-- Do not capitalise -->was an American author, professor, [[Feminism|feminist]], and social activist. The name "bell hooks" is borrowed from her maternal great-grandmother, Bell Blair Hooks.<ref>hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), ''Family: American Writers Remember Their Own'', New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p.&nbsp;152.{{pb}} hooks, bell, ''Talking Back'', Routledge, 2014 [1989], p.&nbsp;161.</ref>
+'''Gloria Jean Watkins''' ({{lahirmati||25|9|1952||15|12|2021}}), yang lebih dikenal lewat [[nama pena]]nya '''bell hooks''',<ref name="pen-name">{{cite news |author=Dinitia Smith |title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers |work=The New York Times |date=September 28, 2006 |page=E3 |quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html}}</ref> adalah penulis, profesor, [[feminisme|feminis]], dan aktivis sosial [[Amerika Serikat]]. Nama "bell hooks" berasal dari nama nenek buyutnya, Bell Blair Hooks.<ref>hooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds), ''Family: American Writers Remember Their Own'', New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p.&nbsp;152.{{pb}} hooks, bell, ''Talking Back'', Routledge, 2014 [1989], p.&nbsp;161.</ref>
-The focus of hooks's writing was the [[intersectionality]] of race, [[capitalism]], and gender, and what she described as their ability to produce and perpetuate systems of [[oppression]] and [[classism|class domination]]. She published more than 30 books and numerous scholarly articles, appeared in documentary films, and participated in public lectures. Her work addressed race, class, gender, art, history, sexuality, mass media, and feminism.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> In 2014, she founded the bell hooks Institute at [[Berea College]] in [[Berea, Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com|title=About the bell hooks institute|website=bell hooks institute|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425052138/http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+Fokus tulisan bell adalah [[interseksionalitas]] ras, [[kapitalisme]], gender, dan apa yang dia gambarkan sebagai kemampuan mereka untuk memproduksi dan melanggengkan sistem [[penindasan]] dan [[diskriminasi kelas|dominasi kelas]]. Ia menerbitkan lebih dari 30 buku dan banyak artikel ilmiah, tampil dalam film dokumenter, dan ikut serta dalam kuliah umum. Karyanya membahas ras, kelas, gender, seni, sejarah, seksualitas, media massa, dan feminisme.<ref>{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> Pada tahun 2014, ia mendirikan bell hooks Institute di [[Berea College]], [[Berea]], [[Kentucky]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com|title=About the bell hooks institute|website=bell hooks institute|access-date=April 23, 2016|archive-date=April 25, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425052138/http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
+== Kehidupan masa kecil ==
+Gloria Jean Watkins lahir pada 25 September 1952 di [[Hopkinsville]],<ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|last=Risen|first=Clay|date=December 15, 2021|title=bell hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/books/bell-hooks-dead.html|access-date=December 15, 2021|issn=0362-4331|url-access=subscription}}</ref> sebuah kota kecil yang [[segregasi rasial di Amerika Serikat|tersegregasi]] di [[Kentucky]],<ref name="medea1997">{{Cite book|last1=Medea|first=Andra|title=Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8160-3425-7|editor-last1=Hine|editor-first1=Darlene Clark|location=New York|pages=[[iarchive:blackwomeninamer00edit 0/page/100/mode/1up|100–101]]|chapter=hooks, bell (1952–)|oclc=35209436}}</ref> to a working-class [[African-American]] family. Watkins was one of six children born to Rosa Bell Watkins (''née'' Oldham) and Veodis Watkins.<ref name=":1">{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US}}</ref> Her father worked as a [[janitor]] and her mother worked as a [[maid]] in the homes of caucasian families.<ref name=":1" />
+An avid reader, Watkins was educated in [[School segregation in the United States|racially segregated]] [[Public school (government funded)|public schools]], later moving to an [[Racial integration|integrated]] school in the late 1960s.<ref name="leblanc1997"/> She graduated from [[Hopkinsville High School]] before obtaining her BA in English from [[Stanford University]] in 1973,<ref name="kumar2007">{{Cite book|title=Something about the Author|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4144-1071-5|editor-last=Kumar|editor-first=Lisa|volume=170|pages=[[iarchive:somethingaboutau00lisa 1/page/116/mode/1up|112–116]]|chapter=hooks, bell 1952–|issn=0276-816X|oclc=507358041}}</ref> and her [[Master of Arts|MA]] in English from the [[University of Wisconsin–Madison]] in 1976.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook|last=Scanlon|first=Jennifer|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0313301254|location=Westport, CT|pages=[https://archive.org/details/significantconte00scan/page/125 125–132]|url=https://archive.org/details/significantconte00scan/page/125}}</ref> During this time, at 24 Watkins was writing her book ''Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism'', which was published in 1981.<ref>{{Cite web|title=bell hooks {{!}} Biography, Books, & Facts|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/bell-hooks|access-date=October 4, 2021|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref>
+In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, she completed her doctorate in English at the [[University of California, Santa Cruz]], in 1987,<ref name="kumar2007" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite news|last=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of bell hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|access-date=December 15, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> with a [[dissertation]] on author [[Toni Morrison]].<ref>{{Cite thesis|title=Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction|url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/keeping-a-hold-on-life-reading-toni-morrisons-fiction/oclc/9514473|date=1983|language=English|first=Bell|last=Hooks|oclc=9514473}} WorldCat.</ref>
 == Referensi ==