Gerakan Legiuner: Perbedaan antara revisi
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{{Infobox political party |
{{Infobox political party |
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| colorcode = |
| colorcode = Black |
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| name = Gerakan Legiuner |
| name = Gerakan Legiuner |
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| native_name = Mişcarea Legionară |
| native_name = Mişcarea Legionară |
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| logo = Guardiadehierro.svg |
| logo = Guardiadehierro.svg |
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| logo_size = |
| logo_size = 240px |
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| lang1 = Other |
| lang1 = Other |
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| name_lang1 = Pergerkan legiuner<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stanley G. |last=Payne |author-link=Stanley G. Payne |title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394 394]|isbn=9780299148706 }}</ref><br>Legiun Malaikat Mikail |
| name_lang1 = Pergerkan legiuner<ref>{{Cite book |first=Stanley G. |last=Payne |author-link=Stanley G. Payne |title=A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn |url-access=registration |publisher=University of Wisconsin Press |year=1995 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historyoffascism00payn/page/394 394]|isbn=9780299148706 }}</ref><br>Legiun Malaikat Mikail |
Revisi per 16 Juli 2022 08.15
Gerakan Legiuner Mişcarea Legionară | |
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Nama dalam bahasa Other | Pergerkan legiuner[1] Legiun Malaikat Mikail |
Singkatan | TpȚ (1935–41)[2] |
Pemimpin Partai | Corneliu Zelea Codreanu (1927–38) Horia Sima (1938–41) |
Presiden | Gheorghe Cantacuzino-Grănicerul |
Pendiri |
... dan yang lainnya
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Dibentuk | 24 June 1927 |
Dilarang | 23 January 1941 |
Dipisah dari | Liga Pertahanan Kekristenan Nasional Rumania Raya |
Kantor pusat | Rumah Hijau, Bucharest[5] |
Surat kabar | Cuvântul, Buna Vestire, Axa |
Sayap pemuda | Persaudaraan Salib |
Sayap Paramiliter | Garda Besi (Garda de Fier)[6] |
Sayap Proletariat | Corpul Muncitorilor Legionari |
Keanggotaan | ![]() |
Ideologi | |
Posisi politik | Kanan-jauh |
Agama | Gereja Ortodoks Rumania |
Affliasi Internasional | Konferensi Fasis Montreux 1934 |
Warna | Hijau Hitam Putih |
Kursi di senat Romania (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937) | 4 / 113 (4%) |
Kursi di Dewan Deputi (Pemilihan umum Romania tahun 1937) | 66 / 387 (17%) |
Bendera | |
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^ a: Garda Besi juga memiliki garis ideologis yang Anti-Masonik, Anti-Hungaria dan Anti-ziganis |
Garda Besi (bahasa Rumania: Garda de Fier) adalah partai politik dan gerakan berhaluan ultranasionalis, fasis, dan antisemit di Rumania yang berdiri antara tahun 1927-1941.
Awalnya, Garda Besi didirikan pada tanggal 24 Juli 1927 oleh Corneliu Zelea Codreanu dengan nama Legiun Malaikat Mikael (bahasa Rumania: Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail). Pengikut gerakan ini disebut sebagai legiuner (bahasa Rumania: legionarii) dan organisasi ini disebut sebagai "Legiun" atau "Gerakan Legiuner" (bahasa Rumania: Mişcarea Legionară), meskipun berkali-kali namanya berubah. Pada tanggal 13 April 1930, barulah nama partai ini diubah menjadi Garda Besi.
Semasa dalam kepemimpinan Codreanu yang kharismatik, legiun itu dikenal akan propagandanya yang hebat, termasuk kecakapan berpidato di depan umum. Terdapat 2 PM Rumania yang menjadi korban gerakan ini, yaitu Ion Duca dan Armand Călinescu. Pada tahun 1940, Garda Besi menjadi satu-satunya ParPol yang berkuasa di Rumania.
Bibliografi
- Heinen, Armin: Die Legion "Erzengel Michael" in Rumänien. Soziale Bewegung und politische Organisation. Ein Beitrag zum Problem des internationalen Faschismus, R. Oldenbourg Verlag, München, 1986, Band 83 vun der Rei Südosteuropäische Arbeiten, 558 S.
- Nagy-Talavera, Nicholas M.: The Green Shirts and Others: A History of Fascism in Hungary and Romania, Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1970.
Pranala luar
- The Iron Guard Diarsipkan 2008-08-27 di Wayback Machine.
- Iron Guard nowadays
- Website dedicated to Corneliu Zelea Codreanu, founder of the Iron Guard
- Website dedicated to Horia Sima, former Commander of the Iron Guard
- ^ Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism, 1914–1945
. University of Wisconsin Press. hlm. 394. ISBN 9780299148706.
- ^ "Totul pentru Țară" is translated as "Everything for the Fatherland" in "Collier's Encyclopedia" material that is now incorporated into "Encarta" as a sidebar (1938: Rumania Diarsipkan 2009-11-01 di WebCite) and in the "Encyclopædia Britannica" article Iron Guard; the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania uses "Everything for the Motherland" in the English-language version of its November 11, 2004 Final Report Diarsipkan 2006-01-29 di Wayback Machine. (PDF). (All retrieved 6 Dec 2005.).
- ^ Sima, Horia (1995). The history of the Legionary Movement. Legionary Press. hlm. 144. ISBN 1-899627-01-4. OCLC 272381280.
- ^ Codreanu, CZ: For Legionnaires, Bucharest, Majadahonda Publishing House, 2001, 406 p. + Unpublished illustrations.
- ^ Picture of the Green House
- ^ "Iron Guard | Romanian organization".
- ^ Săndulescu, p. 267
- ^ a b Stephen J. Lee, European Dictatorships, 1918–1945, Routledge, London, 2000, p.288. ISBN 0-415-23046-2
- ^ a b c d e f g Payne, Stanley G. (1995). A History of Fascism 1914–1945 Madison: University of Wisconsin Press (pp. 277–289) ISBN 0-299-14874-2
- ^ Final Report, p.28-29
- ^ Subtelny, Orest. (1988) Ukraine: a History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pg. 442
- ^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Cainic, Ortodoxie şi etnocraţie, pp. 162–4
- ^ Iordachi, Constantin (2023). The Fascist Faith of the Legion "Archangel Michael" in Romania, 1927–41 Martyrdom and National Purification. Routledge. ISBN 978-1138624559.
- ^ Volovici, Nationalist Ideology, p. 98, citing N. Crainic, Ortodoxie și etnocrație, pp. 162–164