The Hump: Perbedaan antara revisi
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* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Birdsall |first=Steve |year=1973 |title=Log of the Liberators: An Illustrated History of the B-24 |url=https://archive.org/details/logofliberatorsi0000bird |location=Garden City |publisher=Doubleday and Sons |isbn=0-385-03870-4 }} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Birdsall |first=Steve |year=1973 |title=Log of the Liberators: An Illustrated History of the B-24 |url=https://archive.org/details/logofliberatorsi0000bird |location=Garden City |publisher=Doubleday and Sons |isbn=0-385-03870-4 }} |
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* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Bowen |first=Dr. Henry Lee |year=1953 |chapter=Part II. Aid to China: The Theater Air Forces in CBI |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor-last=Craven |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |title=The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945 |volume=V |publisher=Air Force Historical Studies Office |url=http://newpreview.afnews.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-012.pdf |accessdate=13 November 2013 |pages=200–274 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Bowen |first=Dr. Henry Lee |year=1953 |chapter=Part II. Aid to China: The Theater Air Forces in CBI |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor-last=Craven |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |title=The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945 |volume=V |publisher=Air Force Historical Studies Office |url=http://newpreview.afnews.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-012.pdf |accessdate=13 November 2013 |pages=200–274 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=Bowman |first=Martin |year=1989 |title=B-24 Liberator 1939–45. Norwich |publisher=Patrick Stephens, Ltd |isbn=1-85260-073-X}} |
* {{cite book|ref=harv |last=Bowman |first=Martin |year=1989 |title=B-24 Liberator 1939–45. Norwich |url=https://archive.org/details/b24liberator19390000bowm |publisher=Patrick Stephens, Ltd |isbn=1-85260-073-X}} |
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* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Carter |first=John D. |year=1958 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Air Transport Command"; and "Chapter 2: Airway to the Middle East |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor-last=Craven |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |title=The Army Air Forces in World War II: Services Around the World |volume=VII |publisher=Air Force Historical Studies Office |url=http://newpreview.afnews.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-020.pdf |pages=3–62 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Carter |first=John D. |year=1958 |chapter=Chapter 1: The Air Transport Command"; and "Chapter 2: Airway to the Middle East |editor-first=Wesley Frank |editor-last=Craven |editor2-first=James Lea |editor2-last=Cate |title=The Army Air Forces in World War II: Services Around the World |volume=VII |publisher=Air Force Historical Studies Office |url=http://newpreview.afnews.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-101105-020.pdf |pages=3–62 }}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |
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* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Carter |first=Kit C. |last2=Mueller |first2=Robert |year=1991 |title=U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941–1945 |publisher=Center for Air Force History |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090529-036.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163216/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090529-036.pdf |archivedate=2015-01-21 |df= }} |
* {{cite book |ref=harv |last=Carter |first=Kit C. |last2=Mueller |first2=Robert |year=1991 |title=U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941–1945 |publisher=Center for Air Force History |location=Washington D.C. |url=http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090529-036.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150121163216/http://www.afhra.af.mil/shared/media/document/AFD-090529-036.pdf |archivedate=2015-01-21 |df= }} |
Revisi per 10 Oktober 2022 10.33
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The Hump, yang berarti punuk atau punggung pegunungan, adalah nama yang diberikan oleh para pilot Sekutu dalam Perang Dunia II untuk ujung timur Pegunungan Himalaya di mana mereka menerbangkan pesawat angkut militer dari India ke Tiongkok untuk memasok ulang upaya perang Tiongkok dari Chiang Kai-shek dan unit Pasukan Udara Angkatan Darat Amerika Serikat (AAF) yang berpangkalan di Tiongkok. Mengembangkan sebuah pengangkutan udara memberikan AAF tantangan yang cukup besar pada tahun 1942: ia tidak memiliki unit yang terlatih atau dilengkapi untuk memindahkan kargo, dan tidak ada lapangan terbang di Palagan Tiongkok Burma India (CBI) untuk menjadi pangkalan sejumlah besar transportasi yang dibutuhkan. Terbang di atas Himalaya sangat berbahaya dan menjadi lebih sulit karena kurangnya peta yang dapat diandalkan, tidak adanya alat bantu navigasi radio, dan kurangnya informasi tentang cuaca.[2][3]
Tugas ini awalnya diberikan kepada Pasukan Udara Kesepuluh AAF, dan kemudian kepada Komando Angkutan Udara AAF (ATC). Karena AAF tidak memiliki pengalaman pengangkutan udara sebelumnya sebagai dasar perencanaan, pihaknya menugaskan para komandan yang telah menjadi tokoh kunci dalam mendirikan ATC pada tahun 1941–1942 untuk membangun dan mengarahkan operasi, yang termasuk mantan warga sipil dengan pengalaman eksekutif yang luas dalam mengoperasikan maskapai penerbangan sipil.[4]
Awalnya disebut sebagai "Feri India-Tiongkok",[5] organisasi berturut-turut yang bertanggung jawab untuk melaksanakan pengangkutan udara ini adalah Komando Assam–Burma–Tiongkok [a] (April–Juli 1942), dan the Komando Feri India-Tiongkok (Juli–Desember 1942) dari Pasukan Udara Kesepuluh; dan Sayap India-Tiongkok dari Komando Angkutan Udara (Desember 1942 – Juni 1944), dan Divisi India-Tiongkok (Juli 1944 – November 1945).
Operasi dimulai pada April 1942, setelah Jepang memblokade Jalan Raya Burma, dan berlanjut setiap hari hingga Agustus 1945, ketika upaya itu mulai menurun. Sebagian besar perwira, personel, dan peralatan diperoleh dari AAF, ditambah dengan pasukan Britania, Angkatan Darat India Brtiania, Persemakmuran, gerombolan pekerja Burma, dan satu bagian angkutan udara Perusahaan Penerbangan Nasional Tiongkok (CNAC). Operasi terakhir diterbangkan pada November 1945 untuk mengembalikan personel dari Tiongkok.
Pengangkutan udara India–Tiongkok mengangkut sekitar 650.000 ton pasokan kebutuhan perang ke Tiongkok dengan pengorbanan besar dalam personel dan pesawat udara selama 42 bulan sejarahnya.[6] Untuk upaya dan pengorbanannya, Sayap India-Tiongkok ATC dianugerahi Presidential Unit Citation pada 29 Januari 1944 dalam pengarahan pribadi Presiden Franklin D. Roosevelt,[7] penghargaan serupa pertama yang diberikan kepada organisasi non-tempur.[8]
Lihat juga
- Fort Hertz menutupi landasan udara di Burma Utara yang berfungsi sebagai tempat pendaratan darurat untuk pesawat terbang yang menerbangi the Hump
- Palagan Asia Tenggara dalam Perang Dunia II
Catatan
- Catatan kaki
- ^ Juga disebut Komando Feri Assam-Burma-Tiongkok. "Komando" ini bersifat ad hoc dan bukan sebutan resmi, demikian juga dari cabang mitranya, "Komando" Trans-India.
- Kutipan
- ^ United States. Army Air Forces. Office of Statistical Control 1945, hlm. 307.
- ^ Correll 2009, hlm. 68–69
- ^ Baugher 1999, "Consolidated C-109".
- ^ Tunner 1955, hlm. 19–20.
- ^ Weaver & Rapp 1944, hlm. 35.
- ^ Launis 2000, hlm. 110.
- ^ Weaver & Rapp 1944, hlm. 131.
- ^ Launis 2000, hlm. 111.
Referensi
- Allen, Louis (1984). Burma: The Longest War 1941–45. Dent Paperbacks. hlm. 242–244, 390. ISBN 0-460-02474-4.
- Birdsall, Steve (1973). Log of the Liberators: An Illustrated History of the B-24. Garden City: Doubleday and Sons. ISBN 0-385-03870-4.
- Bowen, Dr. Henry Lee (1953). "Part II. Aid to China: The Theater Air Forces in CBI". Dalam Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945 (PDF). V. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 200–274. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Bowman, Martin (1989). B-24 Liberator 1939–45. Norwich. Patrick Stephens, Ltd. ISBN 1-85260-073-X.
- Carter, John D. (1958). "Chapter 1: The Air Transport Command"; and "Chapter 2: Airway to the Middle East". Dalam Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Services Around the World (PDF). VII. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 3–62.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Carter, Kit C.; Mueller, Robert (1991). U.S. Army Air Forces in World War II: Combat Chronology 1941–1945 (PDF). Washington D.C.: Center for Air Force History. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2015-01-21.
- Cate, James Lea (1953). "Part I. The Twentieth Air Force and MATTERHORN". Dalam Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945 (PDF). V. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 58–178. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Coffey, Thomas M. (1982). Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It General Henry H. 'Hap' Arnold. Viking Press. hlm. 291–292. ISBN 0-670-36069-4.
- Correll, John T. (2009). "Over the Hump to China" (PDF). AIR FORCE Magazine. 92 (October): 68–71. Diakses tanggal 12 November 2013.
- Daugherty, Leo J. III (Summer 1996). "Supplying War: Interservice and Interallied Cooperation in China-Burma-India" (PDF). Joint Force Quarterly (12). Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-11-11. Diakses tanggal 10 November 2013.
- DeBerry, Col. Drue L. (2002). "The Air Force, Andrews AFB". Maryland: Air Force Historical Foundation, Hugh Lauter Levins Associates: 49. ISBN 0-88363-104-0.
- Fogerty, Robert P. (1953). "Tunner, William H". Biographical Data on Air Force General Officers, 1917–1952, Volume 2 - L thru Z (PDF). Maxwell Air Force Base: USAF Historical Division. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2012-06-12. Diakses tanggal 2011-08-10.
- Gann, Ernest (1961). Fate Is The Hunter. New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-63603-0.
- Glines, Carroll V. (1991). "Flying the Hump". AIR FORCE Magazine. 74 (March): 102–105. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.
- Hanson, LTC (USAF) David S. (2008). "'When You Get a Job to Do, Do It': The Airpower Leadership of Lt. Gen. William H. Tunner" (PDF). U.S. Air Force. Diakses tanggal 15 October 2009.
- Heck, Frank H. (1958). "Chapter 5: Airline to China". Dalam Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. The Army Air Forces in World War II: Services Around the World (PDF). VII. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 114–151.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Heflin, Dr. Woodrow A (1953). "Chapter 6. Ways and Means". Dalam Craven, Wesley Frank; Cate, James Lea. The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Matterhorn to Nagasaki June 1944 to August 1945 (PDF). V. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 179–199. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.[pranala nonaktif permanen]
- Launis, Dr. Roger D. (2000). Scott, Beth F.; Rainey, Lt. Col. James C.; Hunt, Capt. Andrew W., ed. The Hump Airlift Operation. The Logistics of War: A Historical perspective. Air Force Logistics Management Agency (U.S. Air Force). hlm. 110–113. ISBN 9781428993785. Diakses tanggal 14 October 2009.
- Lewis, W. David (2005). Eddie Rickenbacker: An American Hero in the Twentieth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-8244-3.
- McGowan, Sam (2011). Anything, Anywhere, Anytime: Tactical Airlift in the US Army Air Forces and US Air Force From World War II to Vietnam. AuthorHouse (e-book). ISBN 978-1-4685-0564-1.
- Nalty, Bernard C. (1997). "Victory over Japan". Dalam Bernard, C. Nalty. Winged Shield, Winged Sword: A History of the United States Air Force. Air University Press. hlm. 342. ISBN 0-16-049009-X.
- Okerstrom, Dennis K. (2015). Dick Cole's War: Doolittle Raider, Hump Pilot, Air Commando. University of Missouri Press. ISBN 978-0-8262-2066-0.
- Romanus, Charles F.; Sunderland, Riley (1953). "Time Runs Out in CBI". The U.S. Army in World War II: The China-Burma-India Theater. Center for Military History (US Army). CMH Publication 9-1
- Sherry, Mark D. (3 October 2003). "US Army Campaigns of World War II: China Defensive Campaign, 4 July 1942-4 May 1945". United States Army Center of Military History. hlm. 1–26.
- Slim, Field Marshal William (1956). "Chapter IX: The Foundations". Defeat Into Victory. London: Cassell.
- Tunner, Lt. Gen. William H. (1955). Over the Hump (PDF). Air Force Historical Studies Office. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.
- Taylor, Dr. Joe G. (1957). USAF Historical Study 75: Air Supply in the Burma Campaign (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-11-13. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.
- Vinyard, J. V., ed. (January 1, 2005). "Flying the Hump (A Fact Sheet for the Hump Operations During World War II)". CBI Hump Pilots Association. Diakses tanggal August 2011.
- Weaver, Herbert; Bowen, Lee (1950). Frank Craven, Wesley; Lea Cate, James, ed. "Section IV. China-Burma-India" (PDF). The Army Air Forces in World War II: The Pacific: Guadalcanal to Saipan: August 1942-July 1944. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 405–459. Diakses tanggal 29 November 2013.
- Weaver, Herbert; Rapp, Marvin A. (1944). "Army Air Forces Historical Study 12: The Tenth Air Force 1942" (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2009-09-20. Diakses tanggal 27 October 2009.
- Weaver, Herbert (1946). USAF Historical Study 117: The Tenth Air Force, 1943 (PDF). Air Force Historical Research Agency. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 2013-03-13. Diakses tanggal 13 November 2013.
- Weaver, Herbert (1947). Frank Craven, Wesley; Lea Cate, James, ed. "Chapter 14: Commitments to China" (PDF). The Army Air Forces in World War II: Plans and Early Operations January 1939 to August 1942. Air Force Historical Studies Office. hlm. 484–513. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 28 January 2016. Diakses tanggal 15 November 2013.
- United States. Army Air Forces. Office of Statistical Control (1945). "Army Air Forces Statistical Digest, World War II. Table 211 - ATC Operations From Assam, India to China (Over the Hump): Jan 1943 to Aug 1945" (PDF). U.S. Air Force. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 4 March 2016. Diakses tanggal 18 January 2016.
- Situs web
- American Aircraft of World War Two (28 April 2006). "Curtiss Commando". century-of-flight.net. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-08-19. Diakses tanggal August 2011.
- Baugher, Joe (August 15, 1999). "Consolidated C-109". private site. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal March 4, 2009. (reterived with the Wayback archive)
- Goebel, Greg (January 1, 2002). "Curtiss C-46 Commando". private web site. Diakses tanggal August 2011.
- Goldblatt, Gary, ed. (September 4, 2010). "2nd Air Transport Squadron (Mobile)". CBI Order of Battle Lineages and History. cbi-history.com. Diakses tanggal August 2011.
- Goldblatt, Gary, ed. (June 10, 2011). "Transport Units". CBI Order of Battle Lineages and History. cbi-history.com. Diakses tanggal August 2011.
- Kline, David R. (2007). "The Wartime Years of Dayne Kline". archived from the Benton News (Benton, Pennsylvania). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal December 29, 2011. Diakses tanggal August 27, 2013.
- Leeuw, Ruud (1 November 2008). "Background Information / Curtiss C-46 Commando". private site. Diakses tanggal August 2011. credits:
- Koran kontemporer
- Staff (January 25, 1945). "Hump's Worst Weather Bats Planes About". Hump Express.
- Staff (February 15, 1945). "Flout Enemy to Evacuate Suichwan". Hump Express.
- Staff (February 23, 1945). "'Sylvester's Circus' Makes Records In Three Theaters". China Command Post.
- Staff (March 15, 1945). "Flying Safety Officers launch Intensified Drive". Hump Express.
- Staff (April 12, 1945). "Trojan Run Takes C-54 Over Hump Twice Gaily". Hump Express.
- Staff (November 15, 1945). "Lawrence new CG". Hump Express, final edition.
- Staff (November 15, 1945). "Blackie's Gang' Instills Confidence in Air Crews". Hump Express, final edition.
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Slayton, Robert A. (2010). Master of the Air: William Tunner and the Success of Military Airlift. University of Alabama Press. ISBN 0-8173-1692-2.
Pranala luar
- Tunner, Lieutenant General William H. Over the Hump.
- Jon Latimer, Burma: The Forgotten War, London: John Murray, 2004 ISBN 0-7195-6576-6Index site for Hump Express, 1945 military newspaper of India-China Division, ATCReproduction of Dec. 21, 1944 issue of CBI Round Up (military newspaper), "HUMP SMUGGLING RING EXPOSED BY ARMY"
- Hastings, a Pictorial Report, 1945 publication by Hastings AAB, India
- USAAF Net: FLYING THE HUMP
- Imphal, The Hump and Beyond (Combat Cargo groups)
- LIFE photos from Fireball Express to India essay featuring C-87 Liberator Express