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Serangan Tet: Perbedaan antara revisi

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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Serangan Tet
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Serangan Tet
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|Konflik||[[Perang Indochina Kedua]], <br /> ([[Perang Vietnam]])
|Konflik||[[Perang Indochina Kedua]], {{br}} ([[Perang Vietnam]])
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|Waktu||[[30 Januari]] [[1968]]–awal [[1969]]
|Waktu||[[30 Januari]] [[1968]]–awal [[1969]]
Baris 17: Baris 17:
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Pasukan yang terlibat
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Pasukan yang terlibat
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| width=50%|[[Vietnam Selatan]]<br />[[AS]]<br />Sedikit pasukan sekutu AS
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Selatan]]{{br}}[[AS]]{{br}}Sedikit pasukan sekutu AS
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Utara]]<br />[[Front Nasional untuk pembebasan Vietnam|Front_Pembebasan_Vietnam]]
| width=50%|[[Vietnam Utara]]{{br}}[[Front Nasional untuk pembebasan Vietnam|Front_Pembebasan_Vietnam]]
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!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Komandan
!colspan=2 bgcolor=#jjddee|Komandan
Baris 33: Baris 33:
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|AS/AUS/KORS: 1.536 mati, 7.764 luka, 11 hilang
|AS/AUS/KORS: 1.536 mati, 7.764 luka, 11 hilang
AVRN: 2.788 mati, 8.299 luka, 587 hilang<br />
AVRN: 2.788 mati, 8.299 luka, 587 hilang{{br}}


Total: 4.324 mati, 16.063 luka, 598 hilang<br />
Total: 4.324 mati, 16.063 luka, 598 hilang{{br}}


Total Korban: 20985
Total Korban: 20985
|25.000-45.000 mati,<br />30.000-50.000 luka,<br />6.000 ditawan, <br />Total Korban: ~60,000-100,000
|25.000-45.000 mati,{{br}}30.000-50.000 luka,{{br}}6.000 ditawan, {{br}}Total Korban: ~60,000-100,000
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Baris 93: Baris 93:
Tân Sơn Nhất airbase, the headquarters of the ARVN and MACV, was attacked by around 700 soldiers and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. At Bien Hoa airbase twenty aircraft were destroyed. The Communist Vietnamese casualties in these two assaults and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 soldiers but they temporarily took control of large parts of the city.
Tân Sơn Nhất airbase, the headquarters of the ARVN and MACV, was attacked by around 700 soldiers and there was heavy fighting but only 110 American casualties. At Bien Hoa airbase twenty aircraft were destroyed. The Communist Vietnamese casualties in these two assaults and other actions in Saigon were over 1,100 soldiers but they temporarily took control of large parts of the city.


[[Image:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|General [[Nguyen Ngoc Loan]] executing Viet Cong Captain [[Nguyen Van Lem]]: Eddie Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]]
[[Berkas:Nguyen.jpg|right|thumb|250px|General [[Nguyen Ngoc Loan]] executing Viet Cong Captain [[Nguyen Van Lem]]: Eddie Adams' Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph]]


Fighting lasted almost a week and some sections of the city were badly damaged by U.S. retaliatory air strikes and artillery. The suburb of Cholon was very badly damaged, with fighting lasting there into mid-February.
Fighting lasted almost a week and some sections of the city were badly damaged by U.S. retaliatory air strikes and artillery. The suburb of Cholon was very badly damaged, with fighting lasting there into mid-February.
Baris 109: Baris 109:
General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executed Nguyen Van Lem, a [[Viet Cong]] soldier, on the spot, an incident captured on [[news network|network news]] film and by photographer Adams.
General Nguyen Ngoc Loan executed Nguyen Van Lem, a [[Viet Cong]] soldier, on the spot, an incident captured on [[news network|network news]] film and by photographer Adams.


Press coverage at the time, however, provided little context for the gruesome image: only the Associated Press reported Loan’s remark to Adams that "They killed many Americans and many of my men."[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r] NBC, which had only a silent film clip because no sound man had accompanied its camera man, went so far as to embellish its TV broadcast of the episode by adding the sound of a gunshot.[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r]
Press coverage at the time, however, provided little context for the gruesome Berkas: only the Associated Press reported Loan’s remark to Adams that "They killed many Americans and many of my men."[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r] NBC, which had only a silent film clip because no sound man had accompanied its camera man, went so far as to embellish its TV broadcast of the episode by adding the sound of a gunshot.[http://www.ashbrook.org/publicat/dialogue/hayward-tet.html#7r]


===Hue===
===Hue===
Baris 135: Baris 135:


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
[[Image:Vietcong2.jpg|thumb|A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits [[interrogation]] following capture in the attacks on [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. (Tổng tiến công Tết Mậu Thân)]]In total, the United States estimated that 45,000 PLAF and PAVN soldiers were killed, though this figure may be significantly lower due to the nature of overclaims. About 6,000 were captured, with the number of wounded being unclear. The USA, AVRN, and allied Australian and South Korean forces suffered 4,324 killed, 16,063 wounded, and 598 missing.
[[Berkas:Vietcong2.jpg|thumb|A Viet Cong soldier, heavily guarded, awaits [[interrogation]] following capture in the attacks on [[Ho Chi Minh City|Saigon]] during the festive Tet holiday period of 1968. (Tổng tiến công Tết Mậu Thân)]]In total, the United States estimated that 45,000 PLAF and PAVN soldiers were killed, though this figure may be significantly lower due to the nature of overclaims. About 6,000 were captured, with the number of wounded being unclear. The USA, AVRN, and allied Australian and South Korean forces suffered 4,324 killed, 16,063 wounded, and 598 missing.


===Effect on the NFL and DRVN side===
===Effect on the NFL and DRVN side===

Revisi per 13 Mei 2009 21.23

Serangan Tet
Konflik Perang Indochina Kedua,
(Perang Vietnam)
Waktu 30 Januari 1968–awal 1969
Tempat Vietnam Utara dan Selatan
Hasil Operasi Menentukan bagi kemenangan pasukan ARVN, Amerika dan sekutu
Hasuil Strategis Tidak menentukan
Pasukan yang terlibat
Vietnam Selatan
AS
Sedikit pasukan sekutu AS
Vietnam Utara
Front_Pembebasan_Vietnam
Komandan
William Westmoreland Komite sentral NLF dan DRVN
Kekuatan
50,000+ (kira-kira) 85,000+ (kira-kira)
Korban
AS/AUS/KORS: 1.536 mati, 7.764 luka, 11 hilang

AVRN: 2.788 mati, 8.299 luka, 587 hilang

Total: 4.324 mati, 16.063 luka, 598 hilang

Total Korban: 20985

25.000-45.000 mati,
30.000-50.000 luka,
6.000 ditawan,
Total Korban: ~60,000-100,000

Serangan Tet (30 Januari 19681969) adalah serangkaian operasi penyerangan pada masa Perang Vietnam, yang dikoordinasi antara unsur-unsur kekuatan batalyon Pasukan Bersenjata Pembebasan Rakyat (PLAF) atau "Viet Cong" dari Front Nasional untuk Pembebasan Vietnam dan unsur-unsur kekuatan divisi dari Tentara Rakyat Vietnam (PAVN), dari Vietnam Utara melawan Tentara Republik Vietnam (ARVN) dari Vietnam Selatan ditambah militer AS dan pasukan-pasukan sekutu ARVN lainnya. Operasi ini disebut Serangan Tet karena waktunya bertepatan dengan malam 30 Januari - 31 Januari 1968, Tết Nguyên Đán (Tahun Baru Imlek). Serangan itu dimulai secara spektakular pada perayaan Tahun Baru Imlek, dan operasi-operasi sporadik yang terkait berlangsung hingga 1969.

Serangan Tet ini menghasilkan serangan operasional yang menghancurkan bagi pemerintah Vietnam, melumpuhkan PLAF. Namun, meskipun keliru, Serangan Tet ini dianggap sebagai titik balik dari perang di Vietnam; di sini NLF dan PAVN memperoleh kemenangan psikologis dan propaganda besar-besaran sehingga menyebabkan hilangnya dukungan rakyat AS terhadap Perang Vietnam dan akhirnya pasukan-pasukan AS pun ditarik mundur. Baik NLF maupun PAVN tidak mencapai tujuan-tujuan strategis mereka, dan ongkos operasional serangan itu sangat berbahaya dan mahal. Selain itu, sementara pendapat umum rakyat AS tetap mendukung keterlibatan AS di dalam perang itu, rakyat AS sendiri semakin kritis terhadap kebijakan-kebijakan perang tertentu Lyndon Johnson. BArangkali kelompok yang paling terpengaruhi oleh serangan ini adalah pemerintah Nguyễn Văn Thiệu di Republik Vietnam, yang militer dan politiknya mengandalkan dukungan AS sebagaimana yang diperlihatkan oleh mayoritas penduduk Republik itu sendiri.

Serangan Tet sering dipandang sebagai contoh tentang pentingnya propaganda dan pengaruh media dalam upaya mencapai tujuan-tujuan militer, sebuah ajaran penting dalam perang modern pada akhir abad ke-20 dan awal abad ke-21.


Dampak terhadap politik dalam negeri AS

Hari-hari setelah diterbitkannya laporan New York Times mengenai permintaan pasukan tambahan, Presiden Johnson mengalami kekalahan telak pada New Hampshire Primary Partai Demokrat AS, hanya sedikit melebihi Senator AS Eugene McCarthy. Tak lama sesudah itu, Senator Robert F. Kennedy mengumumkan bahwa ia akan ikut bertarung memperebutkan nominasi Partai Demokrat, hingga semakin menegaskan melorotna dukungan terhadap pemerintahan Johnson setelah Serangan Tet ini. Meskipun sebagian pihak menegaskan bahwa kurangnya dukungan terhadap Johnson menunjukkan bahwa publik berusaha tidak terlibat dengan Vietnam, yang lainnya mengatakan bahwa kehilangan dukungannya disebabkan karena ia tidak mau melaksanakan perang itu secara efektif. Pada 31 Maret, Johnson mengumumkan bahwa ia tidak ingin mencalonkan diri lagi, dan bahwa pengeboman terhadap Vietnam Utara dihentikan.

Trivia

Pengeboman hebat oleh AS terhadap Ben Tre menghasilkan ungkapan terkenal, "kita perlu menghancurkan kota itu untuk menyelamatkannya." Namun ucapan ini tidak pernah dipastikan sumbernya. Pada tahun 2003, kolumnis Mona Charen dan peneliti Perang Vietnam B. G. Burkett menyimpulkan bahwa Ben Tre telah dihancurkan oleh pasukan Viet Cong yang sedang mengundurkan diri. Dan mereka menyebutkan kemungkinan bahwa Peter Arnett, seorang wartawan, sebagai sumber kutipan itu, karena tentara yang kemungkinan sekali dikutip oleh Arnett tampaknya ingat ketika ia mengatakan, "Sayang sekali kota itu dihancurkan."

Pranala luar

Referensi

  • Dave Palmer, Summons of the Trumpet: US-Vietnam in Perspective (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1978)
  • General William C. Westmoreland, "Perspectives: What Did the North Vietnamese hope to gain with their 1968 Tet Offensive? Were they after the cities, or more?" Vietnam, Feb 1993, 62-70.
  • Steven Hayward, The Age of Reagan: The Fall of the Liberal Order, 1964-1980. (Prima. 544 pages, October 2001) ISBN 0-7615-1337-X
  • Peter Braestrup, Big Story: How the American Press and Television Reported and Interpreted the Crisis of Tet 1968 in Vietnam and Washington (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1994), 471.
  • William M. Darley War Policy, Public Support,and the Media Parameters, Summer 2005, pp. 121-34.