Periode Afrika basah: Perbedaan antara revisi
→Penyebab: link -> siklus Milankovich |
link > Glasial Maksimum Terakhir |
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== Terminologi == |
== Terminologi == |
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Periode basah atau lembab di Afrika/Sahara umumnya disebut sebagai "Periode Afrika basah |
Periode basah atau lembab di Afrika/Sahara umumnya disebut sebagai "Periode Afrika basah",{{Sfn|Krüger|Beuscher|Schmiedl|Ehrmann|2017|p=1}} di samping beberapa periodisasi basah/kering yang telah ditetapkan untuk wilayah Afrika Tengah.{{Sfn|Sangen|2012|p=144}} Secara umum, jenis fluktuasi iklim basah/kering ini masing-masing dikenal sebagai ''pluvial'' dan ''interpluvial''.{{Sfn|Médail|Duong|Roig|Fady|2013|p=1}} Namun karena PAB tidak berlaku di seluruh benua Afrika, Williams ''et al.'' 2019 merekomendasikan agar istilah tersebut diubah. |
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Istilah lain yang digunakan adalah "Periode Holosen Afrika-Basah", atau kerap disingkat "Periode Holosen Basah", yang mencakup sebagian wilayah Afrika serta Arab dan Asia;{{Sfn|Lézine|Ivory|Braconnot|Marti|2017|p=68}} "episode basah awal dan pertengahan Holosen";{{Sfn|Linstädter|2008|p=56}} "Holosene Pluvial"; {{Sfn|Runge|2013|p=81}} "Fase Basah Holosen"; {{Sfn|Olsen|2017|p=90}} "''{{Lang|fr|Kibangien A}}''" di Afrika Tengah;{{Sfn|Sangen|2012|p=213}} "''Makalian''" untuk periode [[Neolitikum|Neolitik]] di Sudan utara; {{Sfn|Spinage|2012|p=71}} "Fase Basah Nabtian" {{Sfn|Said|1993|p=128}} atau "periode Nabtian" untuk periode basah 14.000–6.000 di sepanjang Mediterania Timur dan [[Levant]] ; {{Sfn|Revel|Ducassou|Grousset|Bernasconi|2010|p=1357}} "Neolitik Pluvial"; "Neolitik Subpluvial"; {{Sfn|Olsen|2017|p=90}} "Neolitik fase basah"; "{{Lang|fr|Nouakchottien}}" di Sahara Barat 6.500–4.000 tahun yang lampau; {{Sfn|Baumhauer|Runge|2009|p=10}} "Subpluvial II" dan "{{Lang|fr|Tchadien}}" di Sahara Tengah pada 14.000–7.500 tahun lampau.{{Sfn|Baumhauer|Runge|2009|p=10}} |
Istilah lain yang digunakan adalah "Periode Holosen Afrika-Basah", atau kerap disingkat "Periode Holosen Basah", yang mencakup sebagian wilayah Afrika serta Arab dan Asia;{{Sfn|Lézine|Ivory|Braconnot|Marti|2017|p=68}} "episode basah awal dan pertengahan Holosen";{{Sfn|Linstädter|2008|p=56}} "Holosene Pluvial"; {{Sfn|Runge|2013|p=81}} "Fase Basah Holosen"; {{Sfn|Olsen|2017|p=90}} "''{{Lang|fr|Kibangien A}}''" di Afrika Tengah;{{Sfn|Sangen|2012|p=213}} "''Makalian''" untuk periode [[Neolitikum|Neolitik]] di Sudan utara; {{Sfn|Spinage|2012|p=71}} "Fase Basah Nabtian" {{Sfn|Said|1993|p=128}} atau "periode Nabtian" untuk periode basah 14.000–6.000 di sepanjang Mediterania Timur dan [[Levant]] ; {{Sfn|Revel|Ducassou|Grousset|Bernasconi|2010|p=1357}} "Neolitik Pluvial"; "Neolitik Subpluvial"; {{Sfn|Olsen|2017|p=90}} "Neolitik fase basah"; "{{Lang|fr|Nouakchottien}}" di Sahara Barat 6.500–4.000 tahun yang lampau; {{Sfn|Baumhauer|Runge|2009|p=10}} "Subpluvial II" dan "{{Lang|fr|Tchadien}}" di Sahara Tengah pada 14.000–7.500 tahun lampau.{{Sfn|Baumhauer|Runge|2009|p=10}} |
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Istilah "{{Lang|fr|Léopoldvillien}}" {{Sfn|Sangen|2012|p=211}} dan {{Interlanguage link|Ogolien|fr}} telah diterapkan pada periode kering dalam [[Glasial Maksimum Terakhir |
Istilah "{{Lang|fr|Léopoldvillien}}" {{Sfn|Sangen|2012|p=211}} dan {{Interlanguage link|Ogolien|fr}} telah diterapkan pada periode kering dalam [[Glasial Maksimum Terakhir]],{{Sfn|Soriano|Tribolo|Maggetti|Ozainne|2009|p=2}} yang terakhir setara dengan "Kanemian"; {{Sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=32}} "Periode kering Kanemian" mengacu pada periode kering antara 20.000 dan 13.000 tahun lampau untuk daerah [[Danau Chad]].{{Sfn|Sepulchre|Schuster|Ramstein|Krinnezr|2008|p=42}} |
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== Penyebab == |
== Penyebab == |
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== Berlangsungnya Afrika basah == |
== Berlangsungnya Afrika basah == |
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[[Berkas:Africa_Climate_14000bp.png|jmpl|Vegetasi Afrika selama |
[[Berkas:Africa_Climate_14000bp.png|jmpl|Vegetasi Afrika selama [[Glasial Maksimum Terakhir]]]] |
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Periode Afrika basah (PAB) terjadi pada akhir jaman [[Pleistosen]] akhir{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=347}} hinggaawal-pertengahan [[Holosen]],{{Sfn|Quade|Dente|Armon|Ben Dor|2018|p=1}} yang ditandai dengan peningkatan curah hujan di Afrika Utara dan Afrika Barat yang disebabkan migrasi sabuk hujan tropis ke utara.{{Sfn|Peck|Scholz|King|Heil|2015|p=140}} {{Sfn|Costa|Russell|Konecky|Lamb|2014|p=58}} |
Periode Afrika basah (PAB) terjadi pada akhir jaman [[Pleistosen]] akhir{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=347}} hinggaawal-pertengahan [[Holosen]],{{Sfn|Quade|Dente|Armon|Ben Dor|2018|p=1}} yang ditandai dengan peningkatan curah hujan di Afrika Utara dan Afrika Barat yang disebabkan migrasi sabuk hujan tropis ke utara.{{Sfn|Peck|Scholz|King|Heil|2015|p=140}} {{Sfn|Costa|Russell|Konecky|Lamb|2014|p=58}} |
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=== Fase Akhir === |
=== Fase Akhir === |
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[[Berkas:Younger_Dryas_and_Air_Temperature_Changes.jpg|jmpl|Suhu di Greenland selama |
[[Berkas:Younger_Dryas_and_Air_Temperature_Changes.jpg|jmpl|Suhu di Greenland selama masa [[Dryas Terkini|Driyas Terkini]]]] |
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Periode Afrika basah berakhir sekitar 6.000–5.000 tahun yang lalu;{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=348}} {{Sfn|Zerboni|Gatto|2015|p=312}} dan kurun 5.500 tahun yang lampau umumnya digunakan.{{Sfn|Huang|Wang|Wen|Yang|2008|p=1460}} Setelah menurunnya vegetasi,{{Sfn|Schefuß|Roche|Skonieczny|Mulitza|2017|p=2}} Sahara menjadi tandus dan dikuasai gurun pasir.{{Sfn|Menocal|2015|p=1}} [[Proses Aeolian|Erosi angin]] meningkat di Afrika utara,{{Sfn|Dawelbeit|Jaillard|Eisawi|2019|p=13}} dan ekspor debu dari gurun yang sekarang {{Sfn|Zielhofer|Suchodoletz|Fletcher|Schneider|2017|p=131}} dan dari danau yang mengering {{Sfn|Krüger|Beuscher|Schmiedl|Ehrmann|2017|p=10}} seperti Bodélé Basin terus bertambah dan menjadi produsen sumber debu terbesar di Bumi saat ini.{{Sfn|Armitage|Bristow|Drake|2015|p=8547}} Danau-danau mengering, vegetasi menghilang, dan masyarakat menetap digantikan oleh budaya nomaden.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=348}} Transisi dari "Sahara Hijau" ke "Sahara Kering" saat ini dianggap sebagai transisi lingkungan terbesar;{{Sfn|Sylvestre|Doumnang|Deschamps|Buchet|2013|p=223}} dan hari ini hampir tidak ada hujan yang turun di wilayah tersebut.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=347}} Akhir dan awal PAB dapat dianggap sebagai "krisis iklim" di Sahara, mengingat dampaknya yang kuat dan berkepanjangan.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=355}} |
Periode Afrika basah berakhir sekitar 6.000–5.000 tahun yang lalu;{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=348}} {{Sfn|Zerboni|Gatto|2015|p=312}} dan kurun 5.500 tahun yang lampau umumnya digunakan.{{Sfn|Huang|Wang|Wen|Yang|2008|p=1460}} Setelah menurunnya vegetasi,{{Sfn|Schefuß|Roche|Skonieczny|Mulitza|2017|p=2}} Sahara menjadi tandus dan dikuasai gurun pasir.{{Sfn|Menocal|2015|p=1}} [[Proses Aeolian|Erosi angin]] meningkat di Afrika utara,{{Sfn|Dawelbeit|Jaillard|Eisawi|2019|p=13}} dan ekspor debu dari gurun yang sekarang {{Sfn|Zielhofer|Suchodoletz|Fletcher|Schneider|2017|p=131}} dan dari danau yang mengering {{Sfn|Krüger|Beuscher|Schmiedl|Ehrmann|2017|p=10}} seperti Bodélé Basin terus bertambah dan menjadi produsen sumber debu terbesar di Bumi saat ini.{{Sfn|Armitage|Bristow|Drake|2015|p=8547}} Danau-danau mengering, vegetasi menghilang, dan masyarakat menetap digantikan oleh budaya nomaden.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=348}} Transisi dari "Sahara Hijau" ke "Sahara Kering" saat ini dianggap sebagai transisi lingkungan terbesar;{{Sfn|Sylvestre|Doumnang|Deschamps|Buchet|2013|p=223}} dan hari ini hampir tidak ada hujan yang turun di wilayah tersebut.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=347}} Akhir dan awal PAB dapat dianggap sebagai "krisis iklim" di Sahara, mengingat dampaknya yang kuat dan berkepanjangan.{{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|p=355}} |
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== Fluktuasi kelembaban == |
== Fluktuasi kelembaban == |
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Beberapa gap curah hujan yang lebih sedikit terjadi selama akhir Zaman Es dan [[Holosen]].{{Sfn|Bristow|Holmes|Mattey|Salzmann|2018|p=182}} Selama [[Dryas Terkini| |
Beberapa gap curah hujan yang lebih sedikit terjadi selama akhir Zaman Es dan [[Holosen]].{{Sfn|Bristow|Holmes|Mattey|Salzmann|2018|p=182}} Selama [[Dryas Terkini|Driyas Terkini]] pada 12.500–11.500 tahun yang lalu, Atlantik Utara dan Eropa menjadi jauh lebih dingin dan terjadi fase kekeringan di wilayah yang terpengaruh PAB,{{Sfn|Niedermeyer|Schefuß|Sessions|Mulitza|2010|p=3003}} {{Sfn|Menocal|Ortiz|Guilderson|Adkins|2000|pp=354–355}} termasuk Afrika Timur, {{Efn|There is conflicting evidence on whether the Younger Dryas was wetter or drier in tropical southeastern Africa.{{sfn|Cohen|Hopmans|Damsté|Huang|2008|p=252}}}} {{Sfn|Junginger|Roller|Olaka|Trauth|2014|p=14}} di mana permukaan danau turun di banyak tempat,{{Sfn|Wendorf|Karlén|Schild|2007|p=191}} {{Sfn|Bloszies|Forman|Wright|2015|p=65}} khususnya di Afrika Selatan{{Sfn|Talbot|Filippi|Jensen|Tiercelin|2007|pp=9–10}} dan Afrika Barat. Interval kering meluas ke India {{Sfn|Junginger|Roller|Olaka|Trauth|2014|p=14}} dan [[Laut Tengah|Mediterania]] {{Sfn|Zielhofer|Faust|Escudero|del Olmo|2016|p=857}} di mana aktivitas [[Gumuk|bukit pasir]] terjadi di [[Negev]].{{Sfn|Muhs|Roskin|Tsoar|Skipp|2013|p=34}} Pada akhir Driyas Terkini, curah hujan, kenaikan muka danau, dan limpasan sungai meningkat, meskipun di selatan khatulistiwa kembalinya kondisi lembab lebih lambat daripada perubahan yang relatif tiba-tiba ke utara. {{Sfn|Talbot|Filippi|Jensen|Tiercelin|2007|p=10}} {{Sfn|Engel|Brückner|Pint|Wellbrock|2012|p=139}} |
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== Dampak Afrika basah == |
== Dampak Afrika basah == |
Revisi per 22 Desember 2022 12.35
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg/350px-Sahara_satellite_hires.jpg)
Periode Afrika basah (African humid period), disingkat PAB, adalah suatu periodisasi cuaca dari jaman Pleistosen akhir hingga Holosen di mana iklim di Afrika bagian utara lebih basah daripada saat ini. Pada periode itu sebagian besar Gurun Sahara masih ditutup oleh rerumputan dan pohon, serta terdapat berbagai sungai dan danau. Penyebabnya antara lain menguatnya muson Afrika.
Periode Afrika basah dimulai sekitar 14.600–14.500 tahun yang lalu pada masa akhir Zaman Es. Danau Chad terbentuk atau meluas, gletser es menutupi Gunung Kilimanjaro, dan gurun pasir menyusut. Lalu terjadi dua fluktuasi cuaca kering (menurunnya temperatur bumi), yakni pada kurun dryas terakhir dan peristiwa 8,2 ribu tahun di mana temperatur bumi menurun drastis. Periode Afrika basah berakhir 6.000–5.000 tahun yang lampau, atau selama periode dingin Osilasi Piora. Meski beberapa fakta menunjukan bahwa hal ini terjadi pada 5.500 tahun yang lalu, namun di beberapa tempat seperti di Sahel, Jazirah Arab, dan Afrika Timur, Periode Afrika basah berakhir sekitar peristiwa 4,2 ribu tahun (kekeringan global).
Periode Afrika basah (PAB) ditandai dengan penyebaran penduduk dan luasnya area yang dihuni manusia di wilayah Gurun Sahara dan Gurun Arab, dan berdampak positif pada perkembangan budaya di Afrika, seperti lahirnya peradaban Mesir Kuno. Orang-orang di Sahara bukan saja hidup sebagai pemburu-pengumpul tetapi juga melakukan domestifikasi sapi, kambing, dan domba. PAB menyisakan beberapa peninggalan seperti artefak perahu tertua di dunia, dan lukisan-lukisan gua seperti di Gua Perenang dan di Pegunungan Acacus. Ketika periode basah berakhir, manusia berangsur-angsur meninggalkan tempat tinggal mereka yang kini menjadi gurun; mereka umumnya bermigrasi ke tempat-tempa basah seperti Lembah Nil dan Lembah Mesopotamia.
Terminologi
Periode basah atau lembab di Afrika/Sahara umumnya disebut sebagai "Periode Afrika basah",[1] di samping beberapa periodisasi basah/kering yang telah ditetapkan untuk wilayah Afrika Tengah.[2] Secara umum, jenis fluktuasi iklim basah/kering ini masing-masing dikenal sebagai pluvial dan interpluvial.[3] Namun karena PAB tidak berlaku di seluruh benua Afrika, Williams et al. 2019 merekomendasikan agar istilah tersebut diubah.
Istilah lain yang digunakan adalah "Periode Holosen Afrika-Basah", atau kerap disingkat "Periode Holosen Basah", yang mencakup sebagian wilayah Afrika serta Arab dan Asia;[4] "episode basah awal dan pertengahan Holosen";[5] "Holosene Pluvial"; [6] "Fase Basah Holosen"; [7] "Kibangien A" di Afrika Tengah;[8] "Makalian" untuk periode Neolitik di Sudan utara; [9] "Fase Basah Nabtian" [10] atau "periode Nabtian" untuk periode basah 14.000–6.000 di sepanjang Mediterania Timur dan Levant ; [11] "Neolitik Pluvial"; "Neolitik Subpluvial"; [7] "Neolitik fase basah"; "Nouakchottien" di Sahara Barat 6.500–4.000 tahun yang lampau; [12] "Subpluvial II" dan "Tchadien" di Sahara Tengah pada 14.000–7.500 tahun lampau.[12]
Istilah "Léopoldvillien" [13] dan Ogolien telah diterapkan pada periode kering dalam Glasial Maksimum Terakhir,[14] yang terakhir setara dengan "Kanemian"; [15] "Periode kering Kanemian" mengacu pada periode kering antara 20.000 dan 13.000 tahun lampau untuk daerah Danau Chad.[16]
Penyebab
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Milankovitch_Variations.png/220px-Milankovitch_Variations.png)
Periode Afrika basah disebabkan oleh muson Afrika Barat yang lebih kuat [17] yang didikte oleh perubahan radiasi matahari dan umpan balik albedo. [18] Hal-hal tersebut menyebabkan peningkatan uap air dari Atlantik khatulistiwa ke Afrika Barat, serta dari Atlantik Utara dan Laut Mediterania ke pantai Mediterania Afrika.[19] [20] Terdapat interaksi yang kompleks antara sirkulasi atmosfer ekstratropis dan antara uap air yang berasal dari Samudra Atlantik dan Samudra Hindia,[21] dan overlap antara area yang basah oleh muson Afrika dan area yang basah oleh siklon ekstratropis.[22]
- Perubahan Orbital Bumi
- Albedo Feedback
- Perubahan Zona Konvergensi Intertropis
- Perubahan Curah Hujan di Afrika Timur
Berlangsungnya Afrika basah
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Africa_Climate_14000bp.png/220px-Africa_Climate_14000bp.png)
Periode Afrika basah (PAB) terjadi pada akhir jaman Pleistosen akhir[23] hinggaawal-pertengahan Holosen,[24] yang ditandai dengan peningkatan curah hujan di Afrika Utara dan Afrika Barat yang disebabkan migrasi sabuk hujan tropis ke utara.[25] [26]
Pra-PAB, selama jaman Es Terakhir, Sahara dan Sahel sangat lah kering[27] dengan curah hujan yang lebih rendah dari hari ini[28] [29] sebagaimana tercermin dari luasnya lapisan bukit pasir dan ketinggian air di danau pada jaman itu.[27] Luas Sahara memanjang 500–800 kilometer (310–500 mi) lebih jauh ke selatan[30] dengan perbedaan garis lintang 5°. [31] Bukit pasir hampir mencapai khatulistiwa,[30] [32] [a] dan hutan hujan jauh mundur ke selatan.[13] [36]
Fase Awal
Akhir dari kekeringan akibat Zaman Es terjadi antara 17.000 dan 11.000 tahun yang lalu;[37] dengan perubahan awal tercatat di pegunungan Sahara [38] [36] pada 18.500 tahun yang lalu,[39] di Afrika Selatan dan Afrika Tengah, masing-masing mulai 17.000 dan 17.500 tahun yang lalu,[40] [8] sementara sekitar wilayah Danau Malawi pada 10.000 tahun yang lalu.[41]
Meningkatnya tinggi permukaan air danau tercatat di Pegunungan Jebel antara 15.000 dan 14.000 tahun yang lalu.[42] Sekitar 14.500 tahun yang lalu, danau-danau mulai muncul di daerah-daerah gersang.[43]
Fase Puncak
Periode basah dimulai sekitar 15.000 tahun lampau [40] [44] hingga 14.500 tahun lampau.[b] [23] Permulaan periode basah terjadi serentak di hampir seluruh wilayah Afrika Utara[c] dan Afrika Tropis,[48] yang dampaknya terlihat hingga Santo Antão di Tanjung Verde. Di Jazirah Arab, periode basah secara gradual bergerak ke utara dalam masa 2000 tahun lebih lambat.[47] [49]
Pada 15.000–14.500 tahun yang lalu, Danau Victoria terbentuk dan meluap; [43] Danau Albert juga meluap ke Sungai Nil Putih;[42] [50] dan begitu pula Danau Tana ke Sungai Nil Biru.[42] Sungai Nil Putih membanjiri sebagian dasnya dan menyambung kembali ke sungai Nil utama.[44] [d]
Di wilayah Mesir terjadi banjir yang meluas akibat "Sungai Nil Liar";[42] dan periode "Nil Liar"[52] ini menyebabkan banjir terbesar yang tercatat dalam sejarah.[53] Terjadi lebih awal, yakni pada 17.000–16.800 tahun yang lalu, lelehan gletser membasahi Ethiopia sehingga mungkin telah menyebabkan peningkatan aliran air dan sedimen di Sungai Nil. [54] Di Afrika Timur, permukaan air danau mulai meningkat sekitar 15.500/15.000[55] hingga 12.000 tahun yang lalu; [56] seperti meluapnya Danau Kivu ke Danau Tanganyika sekitar 10.500 tahun yang lalu.[57]
Fase Akhir
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Younger_Dryas_and_Air_Temperature_Changes.jpg/220px-Younger_Dryas_and_Air_Temperature_Changes.jpg)
Periode Afrika basah berakhir sekitar 6.000–5.000 tahun yang lalu;[58] [59] dan kurun 5.500 tahun yang lampau umumnya digunakan.[60] Setelah menurunnya vegetasi,[28] Sahara menjadi tandus dan dikuasai gurun pasir.[61] Erosi angin meningkat di Afrika utara,[62] dan ekspor debu dari gurun yang sekarang [63] dan dari danau yang mengering [64] seperti Bodélé Basin terus bertambah dan menjadi produsen sumber debu terbesar di Bumi saat ini.[65] Danau-danau mengering, vegetasi menghilang, dan masyarakat menetap digantikan oleh budaya nomaden.[58] Transisi dari "Sahara Hijau" ke "Sahara Kering" saat ini dianggap sebagai transisi lingkungan terbesar;[66] dan hari ini hampir tidak ada hujan yang turun di wilayah tersebut.[23] Akhir dan awal PAB dapat dianggap sebagai "krisis iklim" di Sahara, mengingat dampaknya yang kuat dan berkepanjangan.[67]
Periode dingin Osilasi Piora di Pegunungan Alpen [68] bertepatan dengan akhir PAB; [69] [70] dan periode 5.600–5.000 tahun yang lalu ditandai oleh pendinginan yang meluas dan perubahan curah hujan yang lebih bervariasi di seluruh dunia[70] dan kemungkinan didorong oleh perubahan aktivitas matahari dan parameter orbit.[71] Beberapa perubahan iklim mungkin meluas hingga Australia, Amerika Tengah dan ke Amerika Selatan.
Perubahan besar lingkungan pan-tropis terjadi sekitar 4.000 tahun yang lalu.[72] Perubahan ini disertai dengan runtuhnya peradaban kuno, kekeringan parah di Afrika, Asia dan Timur Tengah, dan susutnya gletser di Gunung Kilimanjaro[73] dan Gunung Kenya.[74]
- Sahara dan Sahel
- Afrika Timur dan Jazirah Arabia
- Mediterania
- Afrika Barat (Wilayah Tropis)
- Afrika Tengah
- Afrika selatan Katulistiwa
Fluktuasi kelembaban
Beberapa gap curah hujan yang lebih sedikit terjadi selama akhir Zaman Es dan Holosen.[75] Selama Driyas Terkini pada 12.500–11.500 tahun yang lalu, Atlantik Utara dan Eropa menjadi jauh lebih dingin dan terjadi fase kekeringan di wilayah yang terpengaruh PAB,[76] [77] termasuk Afrika Timur, [e] [79] di mana permukaan danau turun di banyak tempat,[80] [81] khususnya di Afrika Selatan[82] dan Afrika Barat. Interval kering meluas ke India [79] dan Mediterania [83] di mana aktivitas bukit pasir terjadi di Negev.[84] Pada akhir Driyas Terkini, curah hujan, kenaikan muka danau, dan limpasan sungai meningkat, meskipun di selatan khatulistiwa kembalinya kondisi lembab lebih lambat daripada perubahan yang relatif tiba-tiba ke utara. [85] [86]
Dampak Afrika basah
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png/220px-Journal.pone.0076514.g004.png)
Periode Afrika basah meliputi wilayah Sahara dan meluas hingga ke timur,[87] Afrika tenggara dan Afrika khatulistiwa. Secara umum, vegetasi dan hutan meluas di seluruh benua Afrika.[88] Selain itu debit sungai meningkat dan berbagai danau terbentuk.
Debit sungai Kongo, Niger, Nil, Ntem, [6] Rufiji, [89] dan Sanaga meningkat. Limpasan dari Aljazair, Afrika khatulistiwa, Afrika timur laut, dan Sahara barat juga lebih besar. [90] Perubahan morfologi sistem sungai dan dataran aluvialnya terjadi sebagai respons terhadap peningkatan debit, [8] [6] dan Sungai Senegal memperluas dasar sungainya, [91] menembus bukit pasir dan masuk kembali ke Samudra Atlantik.[92]
Episode basah serupa terjadi di Amerika tropis, Cina, Asia,[26][27] India,[93] wilayah Makran, Timur Tengah dan Semenanjung Arab[94][94] dan tampaknya berhubungan dengan gaya orbit yang sama dengan PAB.[94] Episode muson awal Holosen meluas hingga Gurun Mojave di Amerika Utara. Sebaliknya, episode yang lebih kering tercatat dari sebagian besar Amerika Selatan di mana Danau Titicaca, Danau Junin, debit Sungai Amazon dan ketersediaan air di Atacama lebih rendah.[95]
- Flora dan fauna di Sahara
- Danau dan sungai di Sahara
- Masayarakat domestik di Sahara
- Jazirah Arabia
- Afrika Timur
- Hutan Hujan di Afrika
- Levant dan Mediterania
- Afrika selatan Katulistiwa
Catatan
- ^ Active dunes also formed in Arabia, Israel[33] and the exposed seafloor of the Persian Gulf[34] where dust generation increased.[35]
- ^ Earlier it was thought that it had started about 9,000 years ago, before it was found that it probably began earlier and was interrupted by the Younger Dryas;[27] the older hypothesis has not been entirely abandoned.[45] Some lake level curves indicate a stepwise increase of lake levels 15,000 ± 500 and 11,500–10,800 years ago, before and after the Younger Dryas.[46]
- ^ Whether it commenced first in the eastern Sahara is unclear.[47]
- ^ This was originally believed to have occurred 7,000 or 13,000 years before present,[44] but a more recent suggestion indicates a reconnection of the Nile 14,000–15,000 years ago.[51]
- ^ There is conflicting evidence on whether the Younger Dryas was wetter or drier in tropical southeastern Africa.[78]
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