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{{Infobox Military Conflict
{{Infobox Military Conflict
|conflict=Perang Narkoba Meksiko
|conflict=Perang Narkoba Meksiko
|date={{Start date|2006|12|11}} – <!-- 16 years 6 days 16 Years 1 month and 2 days
|date=11 Desember 2006<ref>{{cite news|url = http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/11/america/LA_GEN_Mexico_Drug_Violence.php|title = Mexican government sends 6,500 to state scarred by drug violence|date = [[2006-12-11]]|publisher = [[International Herald Tribune]]|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20090307044950/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/11/america/LA_GEN_Mexico_Drug_Violence.php|archivedate = 2009-03-07|access-date = 2009-04-13|dead-url = no}}</ref> – 30 Januari 2019
Do not change the end date without discussing at the talkpage --> Saat ini <br />({{Age in months, weeks and days | year1= 2006 | month1 = 12| day1= 11}})
|image=[[Berkas:Fuerza del Estado Michoacán.jpg|300px]]
|image=[[Berkas:Fuerza del Estado Michoacán.jpg|300px]]
|caption=Tentara setelah penembakan di [[Apatzingán]], [[Michoacán]].
|caption=Tentara setelah penembakan di [[Apatzingán]], [[Michoacán]].
|place= Seluruh wilayah [[Meksiko]],dengansesekali melintasi perbatasan internasional [[Texas]], [[Arizona]], [[New Mexico]], dan [[California]],<ref name="businessinsider.com" /><ref name="QwP8a" />dan juga ke negara-negara Amerika Tengah dan Selatan [[El Salvador]], [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]], [[Belize]], [[Venezuela]], [[Colombia]], and [[Guatemala]]<ref name="q2pTF" /><ref name="oVZ66" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/why-is-honduras-so-violent|title=Why is Honduras so violent|date=October 2015|website=Insight Crime}}</ref>
|place= [[Baja California]], [[Durango]], [[Sonora]], [[Guerrero]], [[Chihuahua (state)|Chihuahua]], [[Michoacán]], [[Tamaulipas]], [[Nuevo León]], [[San Luis Potosí]], [[Sinaloa]] dan [[Quintana Roo]]
|status=Berlangsung
|status=Berlangsung
|combatant1=[[Berkas:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px]] [[Pemerintah Meksiko]]{{br}}
|combatant1='''{{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Pemerintah Federal Meksiko|Mexico]]'''
*{{nowrap|[[Angkatan Bersenjata Meksiko|Pasukan Bersenjata]]}}
|combatant2=[[Sinaloa Cartel]]{{br}}[[Gulf Cartel]]{{br}}[[Tijuana Cartel]]{{br}}[[Juárez Cartel]]{{br}}[[Los Zetas]]
*{{nowrap|[[Garda Nasional (Meksiko)|Garda Nasional]]<br />(2019–present)}}
|commander1=[[Berkas:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px]] [[Felipe Calderón]]
*{{nowrap|[[Polisi Federal (Mexico)| Polisi Federal]]<br />(2006–2019)}}
[[Berkas:Flag of Mexico.svg|22px]] [[Sergio Aponte]]<ref>{{cite web|url =
*[[Penegakan hukum di Meksiko |Pasukan polisi negara bagian dan kota ]]
http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/laplaza/2008/04/mexican-general.html|title = Mexican general makes explosive accusations|publisher = Los Angeles Times
*{{nowrap|[[Grupos de Autodefensa Comunitaria|kelompok pertahanan diri ]]<ref name="mexico.cnn.com " />}}
|commander1= [[Berkas:Flag of the United States of America.svg|22px]] Barack Obama
----
}}</ref>
*{{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Revolutionary Democratic Party.svg}} [[Tentara Revolusi Populer]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=How Mexico's vguerrilla army stayed clear of organized crime|url=https://www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/how-mexicos-guerrilla-army-stayed-clear-of-organized-crime/|website=www.insightcrime.org|date=January 9, 2012}}</ref>
|commander2= [[Joaquín Guzmán]]<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN16627055|title= Mexico drug gangs suspected of fatal blast|publisher = Reuters }}</ref>

[[Ismael Zambada García]]{{br}}
'''Konsultasi dan dukungan pelatihan oleh:'''<br /><!-- Amerika serikat, Colombia and Australia are not considered combatants because they have not deployed combat forces to Mexico. Colombia provides consulting and USA provides training and helicopters through the Merida Initiative-->
[[Marcos Beltrán Leyva]]{{br}}
{{flagicon|United States}} '''[[Pemerintah federal Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]''' melalui [[Mérida Initiative]]<br />{{flagicon|Colombia}} '''[[Pemerintah Colombia|Colombia]]''' melalui [[Polisi Nasional Kolombia ]]<br />{{flagicon|Australia}} '''[[Pemerintah Australia|Australia]]''' melalui [[Polisi Federal Australia]]<ref>[https://www.afp.gov.au/node/1691 A new post combating an ever-evolving threat]. Australian Federal Police (AFP). May 11, 2018.</ref><br />{{flagicon|Canada}} '''[[Pemerintah Kanada|Canada]]''' melalui [[Angkatan Kepolisian Kerajaan Kanada]]'s Anti-Crime Capacity Building Program (ACCBP)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://canadainmexico.com/canada-mexico-relationship/security/|title=Security}}</ref>
[[Vicente Carrillo Fuentes]]{{br}}
|combatant2='''[[Kartel Narkoba|Kartel]]:'''
[[Luis Fernando Sánchez Arellano|Fernando Sánchez Arellano]]{{br}}[[Jorge Eduardo Costilla]]{{br}}[[Heriberto Lazcano]]
*{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Cartel De Sinaloa.png}} [[Kartel Sinaloa]]<ref name="autogenerated6" />}}
|strength1=50.000 tentara<ref>{{cite news|first=Jorge Ramos and Ricardo Gómez|last=|coauthors=|authorlink=|title=Urge sanear sistema de justicia: gobierno|date=November 27, 2008|publisher=|url =http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/nacion/164031.html|work =El Universal|pages =|accessdate = 2008-11-30|language =Spanish }}</ref>{{br}}10.000 polisi
*{{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación logo 3.png}} [[Kartel Jalisco New Generation|CJNG]]}}
|strength2=100.000 - 300.000+ <ref>{{cite news|first=Danny|last=Martinez|coauthors=|authorlink=|title=Vicente Calderon's drug catch-22|date=March 19, 2009|publisher=|url=http://media.www.bcheights.com/media/storage/paper144/news/2009/03/19/Marketplace/Vicente.Calderons.Drug.Catch22-3676172.shtml|work=BC Heights|pages=|accessdate=2009-03-24|language=}}{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/03/24/obama.mexico.policy/index.html#cnnSTCVideo Michael Ware - CNN - Retrieved March 26 2009]</ref>
* {{nowrap|{{flagicon image|Cártel del Golfo logo.png}} [[Kartel Gulf ]]<ref name="ReferenceC"/> }}
** [[Los Metros]]<ref>{{Cite web | url=https://lasillarota.com/nacion/las-alianzas-criminales-del-cjng-para-expandirse-en-mexico-cjng-el-mencho-jalisco-michoacan/325073 | title=Las alianzas criminales del CJNG para expandirse en México}}</ref>
* {{nowrap|[[Kartel Ksatria Templar]]<br />(2011–2017)<ref name="ReferenceC" />}}
* [[Los Viagras]]
* [[La Familia Michoacana|LFM]]<ref name="ReferenceC" />
* [[Santa Rosa de Lima Cartel|CSRL]]
* [[Los Zetas]]<ref name="ReferenceC" />
*{{nowrap|[[Kartel Juárez]]<ref name="ReferenceC" />}}
*{{nowrap|[[Kartel Milenio]]<br />(2006–2010)<ref name="Lm3zb" />}}
*{{nowrap|[[Beltrán-Leyva Organization|BLO]] (2008–2014)<ref name="ReferenceC" />}}
*[[Independent Cartel of Acapulco|CIDA]]<ref name="ReferenceC" /> (2010–2014)
*{{nowrap|[[Kartel Tijuana]]}}
*[[La Resistencia (gang)|Cárteles Unidos]]
*[[La Nueva Familia Michoacana Organization|La Nueva Familia Michoacana]]
*[[La Barredora]]
|commander1= {{plainlist|
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Felipe Calderón]]''' (2006–2012)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Enrique Peña Nieto]]''' (2012–2018)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} '''[[Andrés Manuel López Obrador]]''' (2018–)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Guillermo Galván Galván|Guillermo Galván]] (2006–2012)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Salvador Cienfuegos]] (2012–2018)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Aristóteles Sandoval]]{{Assassinated}} (2012–2018)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Luis Cresencio Sandoval]] (2018–)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Mariano Francisco Saynez Mendoza|Mariano Francisco Saynez]] (2006–2012)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[Vidal Francisco Soberón Sanz]] (2012–2018)
* {{flagicon|Mexico}} [[José Rafael Ojeda Durán|José Rafael Ojeda]] (2018–)
}}
|commander2=* {{flagicon image|Cartel De Sinaloa.png}} [[Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada|"El Mayo"]]
* {{flagicon image|Cartel De Sinaloa.png}} [[Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán|"El Chapo"]](Incarcerated)
* {{flagicon image|Cartel De Sinaloa.png}} [[Ovidio Guzmán López|"El Ratón"]] (Incarcerated)
* {{flagicon image|Cartel De Sinaloa.png}} {{ill|Jesús Alfredo Guzmán Salazar|es|lt=Alfredo Guzmán}}
* {{flagicon image|Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación logo 3.png}} [[Nemesio Oseguera Cervantes|El Mencho]]
* {{flagicon image|Cártel de Jalisco Nueva Generación logo 3.png}} [[Ignacio Coronel Villarreal]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Cártel del Golfo logo.png}} [[Antonio Cárdenas Guillén]]{{KIA}}
* {{flagicon image|Movimiento templario.png}} [[Nazario Moreno González]]{{KIA}}
* [[Rogelio González Pizaña]]{{KIA}}
* [[Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano]]{{KIA}}
| commander3 =
| commander4 =
|strength1='''{{flag|Mexico}}'''
* 368,000 Polisi<ref name="Wilson" />
* 260,000 Tentara<ref name="LA" />
* 70,000 Garda Nasional
|strength2='''Cartels:''' <br /> 100,000+ <ref name="kPa0i" /><ref name="aw0kh" /><ref name="JcAk7" />
|strength3=
|strength3=
|casualties1='''{{flag|Mexico}}:<br />'''400 prajurit tewas dan 137 hilang <ref name="El Universal" /><br /> 4.038 polisi federal, negara bagian, dan kota terbunuh <ref name="Police Reform" /> <br />66 anggota [[Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria|Policía Comunitaria]] tewas <ref>{{Cite web|title=UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/4475/|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=ucdp.uu.se}}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Flag of the Popular Revolutionary Democratic Party.svg}} '''[[Tentara revolusi Populer]]:'''<br/>2 anggota Terbunuh<ref>{{Cite web|title=UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program|url=https://ucdp.uu.se/actor/768/|access-date=January 9, 2021|website=ucdp.uu.se}}</ref>
|casualties1=
|casualties2='''Kartel:''' <br /> 12,456 anggota kartel terbunuh(2006–2010)<ref name="VSED7" /><br />121,199 anggota kartel ditahan(2006-2009)<ref name="informe 2010" /><br /> 8,500 anggota kartel dihukum(2006-2010)<ref name="2vI58" />
|casualties2=
|casualties3=
|casualties3=
}}
}}
Baris 33: Baris 78:


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="mexico.cnn.com">{{cite news |url=http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2013/08/28/policias-comunitarios-mantienen-bloqueo-carretero-en-guerrero |website=Mexico.cnn.com|title=Policías comunitarios retiran bloqueo carretero en Guerrero tras 23 horas |date=August 28, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112212400/http://mexico.cnn.com/nacional/2013/08/28/policias-comunitarios-mantienen-bloqueo-carretero-en-guerrero |archive-date=November 12, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107 |title=Database - Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP) |access-date=January 22, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062922/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107 |archive-date=June 3, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Lm3zb">{{cite web|url=http://www.informador.com.mx/mexico/2012/360388/6/el-narco-en-mexico-recurre-a-violencia-sin-precedentes-onu.htm|title=El narco en México recurre a violencia sin precedentes: ONU|work=EL INFORMADOR|access-date=April 23, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="ReferenceC">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603062922/http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/gpcountry.php?id=107|url-status=dead|archive-date=June 3, 2013|title=Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)|date=June 3, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="businessinsider.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/dea-maps-of-mexican-cartels-in-the-us-2016-12|title=These maps show how Mexican cartels dominate the U.S. drug market|website=Businessinsider.com|date=December 15, 2016}}</ref>
<ref name="QwP8a">{{cite web|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mexican-cartel-guide-2015-12|title=Here are the powerful Mexican drug cartels that operate in the U.S.|website=Businessinsider.com}}</ref>
<ref name="q2pTF">{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2011/06/01/136829224/el-salvador-fears-ties-between-cartels-street-gangs|title=El Salvador Fears Ties Between Cartels, Gangs|website=Npr.org}}</ref>
<ref name="oVZ66">{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/americas/mexican-drug-cartels-reach-into-tiny-belize/2011/09/28/gIQA4lxzbL_story.html|title=Mexican drug cartels reach into tiny Belize|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
<ref name="Wilson">{{cite web |url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/publication/Chapter%208-Police%20Reform%20in%20Mexico%2C%20Advances%20and%20PErsistent%20Obstacles.pdf/ |title=Police Reform in Mexico Advances and Persisytyent Obstacles |last=Sabet |first=Daniel |publisher=WilsoN center Research Organization |date=April 26, 2014 |website=Wilson center |access-date=August 27, 2022}}</ref>
<ref name="LA">{{cite news |title=Four Gunmen Die in Clash with Mexican Troops |date=March 4, 2010 |work=Latin American Herald Tribune |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=352959&CategoryId=14091 |access-date=March 5, 2010}}</ref>
<ref name="kPa0i">{{cite web|last=Washington |first=The |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2009/mar/03/100000-foot-soldiers-in-cartels/ |title=EXCLUSIVE: 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels |work=The Washington Times |date=March 3, 2009 |access-date=June 29, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="aw0kh">{{cite web|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/93311 |title=Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city |publisher=Americanchronicle.com |access-date=June 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120527050834/http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/93311 |archive-date=May 27, 2012}}</ref>
<ref name="JcAk7">{{cite news |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,504139,00.html |title=U.S. Says Threat of Mexican Drug Cartels Approaching 'Crisis Proportions' |publisher=Foxnews.com |access-date=June 29, 2013 |date=March 3, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518200239/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,504139,00.html |archive-date=May 18, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="El Universal">{{cite news |first=Marcos |last=Muedano |title=El sexenio deja 395 militares muertos y 137 desaparecidos |date=November 23, 2012 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/884857.html |work=El Universal |access-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="Police Reform">{{cite news|title=W.M. Consulting: Knowledge is Security |year=2012 |url=https://sites.google.com/site/policereform/leap-mexico/narco-killings |work=Police Reform |access-date=December 31, 2013}}</ref>
<ref name="VSED7">{{cite news |title=México cuenta más muertos por la "violencia extrema" |publisher=BBC Mundo |date=January 12, 2011 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/noticias/2011/01/110112_mexico_muertos_narco_balance_2010_irm.shtml |access-date=January 1, 2014 |language=es}}</ref>
<ref name="informe 2010">{{cite news |title=Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia |date=April 13, 2010 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/672485.html |work=El Universal |access-date=April 14, 2010 |language=es}}</ref>
<ref name="2vI58">{{cite news |first=José Luis |last=Ruiz |title=Guerra al narco asfixia penales |date=January 10, 2011 |url=http://www.eluniversal.com.mx/notas/736097.html |work=El Universal |access-date=January 10, 2011 |language=es}}</ref>
}}
{{Konflik pasca-Perang Dingin di Amerika}}
{{Konflik pasca-Perang Dingin di Amerika}}


Revisi per 24 Februari 2023 13.39

Perang Narkoba Meksiko

Tentara setelah penembakan di Apatzingán, Michoacán.
Tanggal11 Desember 2006 (2006-12-11) – Saat ini
(17 tahun, 6 bulan, 1 minggu dan 1 hari)
LokasiSeluruh wilayah Meksiko,dengansesekali melintasi perbatasan internasional Texas, Arizona, New Mexico, dan California,[9][10]dan juga ke negara-negara Amerika Tengah dan Selatan El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Belize, Venezuela, Colombia, and Guatemala[11][12][13]
Status Berlangsung
Pihak terlibat

Meksiko Mexico

Konsultasi dan dukungan pelatihan oleh:

Amerika Serikat Amerika Serikat melalui Mérida Initiative
Kolombia Colombia melalui Polisi Nasional Kolombia
Australia Australia melalui Polisi Federal Australia[3]
Kanada Canada melalui Angkatan Kepolisian Kerajaan Kanada's Anti-Crime Capacity Building Program (ACCBP)[4]

Kartel:

Tokoh dan pemimpin
Kekuatan

 Mexico

  • 368,000 Polisi[14]
  • 260,000 Tentara[15]
  • 70,000 Garda Nasional
 Cartels:
100,000+ [16][17][18]
Korban
 Mexico:
400 prajurit tewas dan 137 hilang [19]
4.038 polisi federal, negara bagian, dan kota terbunuh [20]
66 anggota Policía Comunitaria tewas [21]
Tentara revolusi Populer:
2 anggota Terbunuh[22]		 Kartel:
12,456 anggota kartel terbunuh(2006–2010)[23]
121,199 anggota kartel ditahan(2006-2009)[24]
8,500 anggota kartel dihukum(2006-2010)[25]

Perang Narkoba Meksiko adalah konflik bersenjata antara kartel narkoba dan pemerintah Meksiko. Peperangan ini menyebabkan penangkapan beberapa figur penting pada perdagangan narkoba. Meksiko merupakan rute utama kokain dan narkoba ilegal lainnya memasuki Amerika Serikat dan Kanada.[26][27][28] Kolombia merupakan produsen kokain utama.[29]

Pranala luar

Referensi

  1. ^ "Policías comunitarios retiran bloqueo carretero en Guerrero tras 23 horas". Mexico.cnn.com. August 28, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal November 12, 2013. 
  2. ^ "How Mexico's vguerrilla army stayed clear of organized crime". www.insightcrime.org. January 9, 2012. 
  3. ^ A new post combating an ever-evolving threat. Australian Federal Police (AFP). May 11, 2018.
  4. ^ "Security". 
  5. ^ "Database - Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)". Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 3, 2013. Diakses tanggal January 22, 2013. 
  6. ^ a b c d e f g "Database – Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP)". June 3, 2013. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal June 3, 2013. 
  7. ^ "Las alianzas criminales del CJNG para expandirse en México". 
  8. ^ "El narco en México recurre a violencia sin precedentes: ONU". EL INFORMADOR. Diakses tanggal April 23, 2016. 
  9. ^ "These maps show how Mexican cartels dominate the U.S. drug market". Businessinsider.com. December 15, 2016. 
  10. ^ "Here are the powerful Mexican drug cartels that operate in the U.S." Businessinsider.com. 
  11. ^ "El Salvador Fears Ties Between Cartels, Gangs". Npr.org. 
  12. ^ "Mexican drug cartels reach into tiny Belize". The Washington Post. 
  13. ^ "Why is Honduras so violent". Insight Crime. October 2015. 
  14. ^ Sabet, Daniel (April 26, 2014). "Police Reform in Mexico Advances and Persisytyent Obstacles". Wilson center. WilsoN center Research Organization. Diakses tanggal August 27, 2022. 
  15. ^ "Four Gunmen Die in Clash with Mexican Troops". Latin American Herald Tribune. March 4, 2010. Diakses tanggal March 5, 2010. 
  16. ^ Washington, The (March 3, 2009). "EXCLUSIVE: 100,000 foot soldiers in Mexican cartels". The Washington Times. Diakses tanggal June 29, 2013. 
  17. ^ "Mexico Federal Troops and police rush into Juarez to try and retake the city". Americanchronicle.com. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 27, 2012. Diakses tanggal June 29, 2013. 
  18. ^ "U.S. Says Threat of Mexican Drug Cartels Approaching 'Crisis Proportions'". Foxnews.com. March 3, 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal May 18, 2013. Diakses tanggal June 29, 2013. 
  19. ^ Muedano, Marcos (November 23, 2012). "El sexenio deja 395 militares muertos y 137 desaparecidos". El Universal. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2013. 
  20. ^ "W.M. Consulting: Knowledge is Security". Police Reform. 2012. Diakses tanggal December 31, 2013. 
  21. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Diakses tanggal January 9, 2021. 
  22. ^ "UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program". ucdp.uu.se. Diakses tanggal January 9, 2021. 
  23. ^ "México cuenta más muertos por la "violencia extrema"" (dalam bahasa Spanyol). BBC Mundo. January 12, 2011. Diakses tanggal January 1, 2014. 
  24. ^ "Oficial: más de 22 mil 700 muertos por violencia". El Universal (dalam bahasa Spanyol). April 13, 2010. Diakses tanggal April 14, 2010. 
  25. ^ Ruiz, José Luis (January 10, 2011). "Guerra al narco asfixia penales". El Universal (dalam bahasa Spanyol). Diakses tanggal January 10, 2011. 
  26. ^ "Progress in Mexico drug war is drenched in blood". Associated Press. March 10, 2009. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2009-03-15. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-01. 
  27. ^ "High U.S. cocaine cost shows drug war working: Mexico". Reuters. September 14, 2007. Diakses tanggal 2009-04-01. 
  28. ^ Sullivan, Mark P., ed. (December 18), "CRS Report for Congress" (PDF), Mexico - U.S. Relations: Issues for Congress (PDF), Congresional Research Service, hlm. 2, 13, 14, diakses tanggal 2009-04-01 
  29. ^ "US anti-drug campaign 'failing'". BBC News. 2004-08-06. 


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