Kerapu: Perbedaan antara revisi
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'''Kerapu''' adalah nama ikan dari sejumlah jenis : |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = Groupers |
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| image = Epinephelus malabaricus.jpg |
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| image_width = 250px |
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| image_caption = [[Malabar grouper]], ''Epinephelus malabaricus'' |
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| regnum = [[Animal]]ia |
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| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] |
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| classis = [[Actinopterygii]] |
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| ordo = [[Perciformes]] |
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| familia = [[Serranidae]] |
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| subfamilia = '''Epinephelus|Epinephelinae''' |
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera |
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| subdivision = |
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''[[Acanthistius]]''<br /> |
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''[[Alphestes]]''<br /> |
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''[[Anyperidon]]''<br /> |
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''[[Caprodon]]''<br /> |
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''[[Cephalopholis]]''<br /> |
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''[[Chromileptes]]''<br /> |
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''[[Dermatolepis]]''<br /> |
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''[[Epinephelus]]''<br /> |
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''[[Gonioplectrus]]''<br /> |
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''[[Gracila]]''<br /> |
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''[[Hypoplectrodes]]''<br /> |
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''[[Liopropoma]]''<br /> |
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''[[Mycteroperca]]''<br /> |
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''[[Niphon]]''<br /> |
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''[[Paranthias]]''<br /> |
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''[[Plectropomus]]''<br /> |
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''[[Saloptia]]''<br /> |
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''[[Triso]]''<br /> |
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''[[Variola (Serranidae)|Variola]]'' |
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}} |
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'''Kerapu''' adalah nama ikan dari sejumlah [[:en:genus|genus]] dalam subkeluarga ''Epinephelinae'' dari [[:en:family (biology|keluarga]] ''[[Serranidae]]'' dari orde ''[[Perciformes]]''. |
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Di Indonesia ditemukan antara lain : |
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*[[Kerapu bebek]] atau kerapu tikus (''Chromileptes altivelis''), |
*[[Kerapu bebek]] atau kerapu tikus (''Chromileptes altivelis''), |
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*[[Kerapu harimau]] (''Epinephelus fuscoguttatus''), |
*[[Kerapu harimau]] (''Epinephelus fuscoguttatus''), |
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*[[Kerapu kayu]] (''Epinephelus tauvina''), |
*[[Kerapu kayu]] (''Epinephelus tauvina''), |
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*[[Kerapu sunuk]] atau kerapu merah (''Plectropomus leopardus'') |
*[[Kerapu sunuk]] atau kerapu merah (''Plectropomus leopardus''). |
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Tidak semua ''Serranidae'' adalah kerapu. Dalam keluarga ini juga termasuk ''[[:en:sea bass]]''. Nama "kerapu" biasanya diberi kepada ikan dari salah satu dari dua jenis besar ''[[Epinephelus]]'' dan ''[[Mycteroperca]]''. Di samping itu, species yang di klasifikasi dalam jenis kecil ''Anyperidon'', ''Cromileptes'', ''Dermatolepis'', ''Gracila'', ''Saloptia'' dan ''Triso'' juga diberi nama "kerapu". Ikan dari jenis ''Plectropomus'' disebut "[[kerapu sunuk]]". Semua jenis ini diklasifikasi dalam subkeluarga ''Epiphelinae''. However, some of the hamlets (genus ''Alphestes''), the hinds (genus ''Cephalopholis''), the [[lyretail]]s (genus ''Variola'') and some other small genera (''Gonioplectrus'', ''Niphon'', ''Paranthias'') are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper". Nonetheless, the word "groupers" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae. |
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== Name Origin == |
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The word "grouper" comes from the word for the fish, most widely believed to be from the [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] name, ''garoupa''. The origin of this name in Portuguese is believed to be from an indigenous South American language. |
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In New Zealand and Australia, the name for several species of Grouper is referred to as Groper, as the ''Epinephelus lanceolatus'' [[Queensland Groper]]. In the Middle East, the fish is known as Hammour, and is widely eaten, especially in the [[Persian Gulf]] region. |
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Groupers are found a lot more in Florida than they are found anywhere else. |
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== Basic Description == |
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Groupers are [[Teleostei|teleosts]], typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon, though obviously in such a large group species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the [[pharynx]]. They habitually eat [[fish]], [[octopus]], [[crab]], and [[lobster]]. They lie in wait, rather than chasing in open water. According to the film-maker [[Graham Ferreira]], there is at least one record, from Mozambique, of a human being killed by one of these fish. |
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Their mouth and [[gill]]s form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouth to dig into sand in order to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. Their gill [[muscle]]s are so powerful that it is nearly impossible to pull them out of their cave if they feel attacked and extend them in order to lock themselves in. |
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There is some research indicating that roving coral groupers (''Plectropomus pessuliferus'') sometimes cooperate with [[moray eel|giant morays]] in hunting<ref>[http://biology.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0040431 Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea]</ref>. |
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== Reproduction == |
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Most fish spawn between May and August. They are [[protogynous]] [[hermaphrodite]], i.e. the young are predominantly female but transform into males as they grow larger. They grow about a kilogram per year. Generally they are adolescent until they reach three kilograms, when they become female. At about 10 to 12 kg they turn to male. Usually, males have a ''[[Harem (zoology)|harem]]'' of three to fifteen females in the broader region. In the rare case that no male exists close by, the largest female turns faster. Most males look much wilder and bigger than females, even if they happen to be smaller{{Fact|date=May 2008}} (compare [[cattle|bull]] to [[cow]], or [[rooster]] to [[hen]], or [[lion]] to [[lioness]]). |
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== Modern Use == |
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Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are now [[fish farming|farmed]]. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are generally sold alive in markets. Any species are popular fish for [[fishing|sea-angling]]. Some species are small enough to be kept in [[aquarium|aquaria]], though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly. |
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==Ukuran== |
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Sebuah surat kabar sempat melaporkan bahwa seekor kerapu seberat 396,8 pon pernah tertangkap di laut dekat [[Pulau Sembilan]] di [[Selat Melaka]] Selasa 15 January 2008.<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/1/17/nation/20035627&sec=nation Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10,000<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>. (Image at [http://thestar.com.my/archives/2008/1/17/nation/19gr.jpg]) |
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Sebuah surat kabar dari [[Shenzhen]] ([[Cina]]) pernah melaporkan seekor kerapu dengan panjang 1,8 meter yang menelan seekor [[:en:Whitetip reef shark|hiu]] dengan panjang 1 meter di aquarium [[Fuzhou Sea World]]. <ref>[http://www.sznews.com/news/content/2006-03/30/content_70954.htm 海底"血案":巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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<gallery> |
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Image:blue-spotted.grouper.arp.jpg|Peacock grouper (''Cephalopholis argus'') |
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Image:Coral grouper.jpg|Coral grouper (''Cephalopholis miniata'') |
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Image:Malabar grouper melb aquarium.jpg|Malabar Grouper (''Epinephelus malabaricus''), [[Melbourne Aquarium]] |
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File:Cephalopholis argus at Kona.jpg|''Cephalopholis argus'' in Kona |
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</gallery> |
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Species of grouper include: |
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*[[Black grouper]] ''Mycteroperca bonaci'' |
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*[[Comet grouper]] ''Epinephelus morrhua'' |
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*[[Gag grouper]] ''Mycteroperca microlepis'' |
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*[[Giant grouper]] ''Epinephelus lanceolatus'' |
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*[[Goliath grouper]] ''Epinephelus itajara'' |
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*[[Miniata grouper]] ''Cephalopholis miniata'' |
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*[[Nassau grouper]] ''Epinephelus striatus'' |
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*[[Saddletail grouper]] ''Epinephelus daemelii'' |
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*[[Scamp grouper]] AKA [[Broomtail Grouper]] ''Mycteroperca phenax'' |
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*[[Warsaw grouper]] ''Epinephelus nigritus'' |
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*[[White grouper]] ''Epinephelus aeneus'' |
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*[[Yellowfin grouper]] ''Myceroperca venenosa'' |
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==Referensi== |
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* The Grouper is depicted on the reverse side of the 100-[[Brazilian Real|Brazilian Reais]] banknote. |
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* In the [[Philippines]], the Grouper is commonly known as "Lapu-Lapu," named after the [[Lapu-Lapu|national hero]] who killed [[Ferdinand Magellan]] in the [[Battle of Mactan]]. |
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* In Aruba, the 500 [[Aruban Guilder]] Banknote, also features a Grouper in one of its faces |
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* In the original [[Drunken Master]] starring [[Jackie Chan]] , steamed grouper is one of the many dishes Chan's character requests during an attempted meal-theft. |
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*In ''Buck 50'', a song from [[Ghostface Killah]]'s album ''[[Supreme Clientele]]'' produced by [[RZA]] and featuring [[Method Man]], [[Cappadonna]], and [[Redman (rapper)|Redman]], Ghost confesses to eating grouper in a room in [[Cancun]]. |
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==Catatan== |
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<references/> |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.click2cook.com/recipe.asp?recipe=125 Grilled Hammour Recipe] |
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*ARKive - [http://www.arkive.org/species/GES/fish/Cromileptes_altivelis/ images and movies of the humpback grouper ''(Chromileptes altivelis)''] |
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[[Category:Serranidae]] |
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[[Category:Portuguese loanwords]] |
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[[ca:nero]] |
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[[de:Zackenbarsche]] |
[[de:Zackenbarsche]] |
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[[en:Grouper]] |
[[en:Grouper]] |
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[[es:Epinephelinae]] |
[[es:Epinephelinae]] |
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[[fr:Mérou]] |
[[fr:Mérou]] |
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[[hr:Kirnja]] |
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[[he:דקר (דג)]] |
[[he:דקר (דג)]] |
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[[ |
[[id:Kerapu]] |
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[[it:Epinephelinae]] |
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[[nl:Tandbaarzen]] |
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[[ja:ハタ (魚類)]] |
[[ja:ハタ (魚類)]] |
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[[lt:Akmeniniai ešeriai]] |
[[lt:Akmeniniai ešeriai]] |
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[[pl:Strzępielowate]] |
[[pl:Strzępielowate]] |
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[[pt:Garoupa]] |
[[pt:Garoupa]] |
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[[ru:Груперы]] |
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[[zh:石斑魚]] |
[[zh:石斑魚]] |
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Revisi per 29 Juni 2009 14.58
Artikel atau sebagian dari artikel ini mungkin diterjemahkan dari Kerapu di en.wiki-indonesia.club. Isinya masih belum akurat, karena bagian yang diterjemahkan masih perlu diperhalus dan disempurnakan. Jika Anda menguasai bahasa aslinya, harap pertimbangkan untuk menelusuri referensinya dan menyempurnakan terjemahan ini. Anda juga dapat ikut bergotong royong pada ProyekWiki Perbaikan Terjemahan. (Pesan ini dapat dihapus jika terjemahan dirasa sudah cukup tepat. Lihat pula: panduan penerjemahan artikel) |
Groupers | |
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![]() | |
Malabar grouper, Epinephelus malabaricus | |
Klasifikasi ilmiah | |
Kerajaan: | |
Filum: | |
Kelas: | |
Ordo: | |
Famili: | |
Subfamili: | Epinephelus
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Genera | |
Acanthistius |
Kerapu adalah nama ikan dari sejumlah genus dalam subkeluarga Epinephelinae dari keluarga Serranidae dari orde Perciformes.
Di Indonesia ditemukan antara lain :
- Kerapu bebek atau kerapu tikus (Chromileptes altivelis),
- Kerapu harimau (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus),
- Kerapu kayu (Epinephelus tauvina),
- Kerapu sunuk atau kerapu merah (Plectropomus leopardus).
Tidak semua Serranidae adalah kerapu. Dalam keluarga ini juga termasuk en:sea bass. Nama "kerapu" biasanya diberi kepada ikan dari salah satu dari dua jenis besar Epinephelus dan Mycteroperca. Di samping itu, species yang di klasifikasi dalam jenis kecil Anyperidon, Cromileptes, Dermatolepis, Gracila, Saloptia dan Triso juga diberi nama "kerapu". Ikan dari jenis Plectropomus disebut "kerapu sunuk". Semua jenis ini diklasifikasi dalam subkeluarga Epiphelinae. However, some of the hamlets (genus Alphestes), the hinds (genus Cephalopholis), the lyretails (genus Variola) and some other small genera (Gonioplectrus, Niphon, Paranthias) are also in this subfamily, and occasional species in other serranid genera have common names involving the word "grouper". Nonetheless, the word "groupers" on its own is usually taken as meaning the subfamily Epinephelinae.
Name Origin
The word "grouper" comes from the word for the fish, most widely believed to be from the Portuguese name, garoupa. The origin of this name in Portuguese is believed to be from an indigenous South American language.
In New Zealand and Australia, the name for several species of Grouper is referred to as Groper, as the Epinephelus lanceolatus Queensland Groper. In the Middle East, the fish is known as Hammour, and is widely eaten, especially in the Persian Gulf region.
Groupers are found a lot more in Florida than they are found anywhere else.
Basic Description
Groupers are teleosts, typically having a stout body and a large mouth. They are not built for long-distance fast swimming. They can be quite large, and lengths over a meter and weights up to 100 kg are not uncommon, though obviously in such a large group species vary considerably. They swallow prey rather than biting pieces off it. They do not have many teeth on the edges of their jaws, but they have heavy crushing tooth plates inside the pharynx. They habitually eat fish, octopus, crab, and lobster. They lie in wait, rather than chasing in open water. According to the film-maker Graham Ferreira, there is at least one record, from Mozambique, of a human being killed by one of these fish.
Their mouth and gills form a powerful sucking system that sucks their prey in from a distance. They also use their mouth to dig into sand in order to form their shelters under big rocks, jetting it out through their gills. Their gill muscles are so powerful that it is nearly impossible to pull them out of their cave if they feel attacked and extend them in order to lock themselves in.
There is some research indicating that roving coral groupers (Plectropomus pessuliferus) sometimes cooperate with giant morays in hunting[1].
Reproduction
Most fish spawn between May and August. They are protogynous hermaphrodite, i.e. the young are predominantly female but transform into males as they grow larger. They grow about a kilogram per year. Generally they are adolescent until they reach three kilograms, when they become female. At about 10 to 12 kg they turn to male. Usually, males have a harem of three to fifteen females in the broader region. In the rare case that no male exists close by, the largest female turns faster. Most males look much wilder and bigger than females, even if they happen to be smaller[butuh rujukan] (compare bull to cow, or rooster to hen, or lion to lioness).
Modern Use
Many groupers are important food fish, and some of them are now farmed. Unlike most other fish species which are chilled or frozen, groupers are generally sold alive in markets. Any species are popular fish for sea-angling. Some species are small enough to be kept in aquaria, though even the small species are inclined to grow rapidly.
Ukuran
Sebuah surat kabar sempat melaporkan bahwa seekor kerapu seberat 396,8 pon pernah tertangkap di laut dekat Pulau Sembilan di Selat Melaka Selasa 15 January 2008.[2]. (Image at [1])
Sebuah surat kabar dari Shenzhen (Cina) pernah melaporkan seekor kerapu dengan panjang 1,8 meter yang menelan seekor hiu dengan panjang 1 meter di aquarium Fuzhou Sea World. [3]
-
Peacock grouper (Cephalopholis argus)
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Coral grouper (Cephalopholis miniata)
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Malabar Grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), Melbourne Aquarium
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Cephalopholis argus in Kona
Species of grouper include:
- Black grouper Mycteroperca bonaci
- Comet grouper Epinephelus morrhua
- Gag grouper Mycteroperca microlepis
- Giant grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus
- Goliath grouper Epinephelus itajara
- Miniata grouper Cephalopholis miniata
- Nassau grouper Epinephelus striatus
- Saddletail grouper Epinephelus daemelii
- Scamp grouper AKA Broomtail Grouper Mycteroperca phenax
- Warsaw grouper Epinephelus nigritus
- White grouper Epinephelus aeneus
- Yellowfin grouper Myceroperca venenosa
Referensi
- The Grouper is depicted on the reverse side of the 100-Brazilian Reais banknote.
- In the Philippines, the Grouper is commonly known as "Lapu-Lapu," named after the national hero who killed Ferdinand Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
- In Aruba, the 500 Aruban Guilder Banknote, also features a Grouper in one of its faces
- In the original Drunken Master starring Jackie Chan , steamed grouper is one of the many dishes Chan's character requests during an attempted meal-theft.
- In Buck 50, a song from Ghostface Killah's album Supreme Clientele produced by RZA and featuring Method Man, Cappadonna, and Redman, Ghost confesses to eating grouper in a room in Cancun.
Catatan
- ^ Interspecific Communicative and Coordinated Hunting between Groupers and Giant Moray Eels in the Red Sea
- ^ Whopper of a grouper bought for RM10,000
- ^ 海底"血案":巨型石斑鱼一口吞下白鳍鲨