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Baris 180: Baris 194:
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Revisi terkini sejak 27 Juni 2023 08.39

Pertempuran Dun Nechtain
Bagian dari Konflik Pikt-Northumbria
Tanggal20 Mei 685
LokasiTidak diketahui
dekat Dunnichen, Angus; alternatif, dekat Dunachton, Badenoch.
Hasil Kemenangan Pikt
Pihak terlibat
Pikt Northumbria
Tokoh dan pemimpin
Bridei III Ecgfrith 

Pertempuran Dun Nechtain atau Pertempuran Nechtansmere (bahasa Gaelik Skotlandia: Blàr Dhùn Neachdain, bahasa Irlandia Kuno: Dún Nechtain, bahasa Wales Kuno: Gueith Linn Garan, bahasa Wales: Gwaith Llyn Garan, bahasa Inggris Kuno: Nechtansmere) adalah sebuah konflik yang berlangsung pada 20 Mei 685 antara Raja Bridei III dari Pikt melawan Raja Ecgfrith dari Northumbria dan menghasilkan kekalahan telak yang terakhir.

Berupaya untuk memperkuat hegemoni yang dilakukan oleh para pendahulunya atas Pikt, Ecgfrith pergi ke wilayah Pikt melawan saran dari para penasihatnya. Dia terperangkap ke dalam penyergapan saat mengejar pasukan Pikt yang berpura-pura mundur. Konfrontasi itu merenggut nyawa sebagian besar tentara Northumbria Utara, serta Ecgfrith sendiri. Berkat pertempuran ini, Pikt selanjutnya memastikan kemerdekaan mereka terhadap Northumbria.

Sejak awal ke-XIX, medan pertempuran telah berlokasi di Dunnichen, Angus. Sebuah teori alternatif yang lebih baru mengusulkan untuk menempatkannya lebih jauh ke utara, di Dunachton, Badenoch.

Konteks[sunting | sunting sumber]

Northumbria perlahan-lahan meluas ke utara sepanjang abad ke-VII. Tawarikh Tigernach mencatat pengepungan Etain pada 638[1], sebuah peristiwa yang umumnya dianggap sebagai pengambilalihan Edinburgh (Din Eidyn) oleh Raja Oswald dari Northumbria[2] (634-642), yang menaklukkan wilayah Gododdin di selatan Forth[3]. Di utara sungai meluas wilayah Pikt, yang mencakup kerajaan Fortriu di utara Mounth dan area Pikt lain antara Mounth dan Forth[4]. Kronikus Northumbria Beda Venerabilis, yang menulis pada awal abad ke-VIII, menegaskan bahwa Oswald menempatkan Pikt di bawah kendalinya dan bahwa situasi ini berlanjut di bawah penggantinya, Oswiu[5] (642-670).

Tak lama setelah kenaikan takhta Ecgfrith, putra dan penerus Oswiu, Pikt bangkit melawan Northumbria. Pasukan mereka bentrok pada 671 di Pertempuran Dua Sungai, sebuah peristiwa yang dilaporkan pada abad ke-VIII di Vita Sancti Wilfrithi. Dengan bantuan sub-raja Beornhæth (mungkin penguasa Pikt selatan[6]), Ecgfrith menghancurkan Pikt di Fortriu. Mungkin karena kekalahan inilah raja mereka Drest VI dipecat pada tahun yang sama dan digantikan oleh Bridei III.[7]

Hegemoni Northumbria mulai runtuh pada akhir 670-an. Ælfwine dari Deira. Pada 679, Northumbria menderita kekalahan melawan Mercia di mana Ælfwine, saudara Ecgfrith terbunuh[8]. Catatan sejarah Irlandia menyebutkan pengepungan di Dunnottar pada 680 dan Dundurn pada 682[9]. Dalam kedua kasus tersebut para penyerang tidak disebutkan, tetapi mereka mungkin adalah pasukan Bridei. Serangan-serangan ini mengancam kedaulatan Ecgfrith atas wilayah tersebut.

Tidak ada sumber yang memberikan alasan untuk serangan Ecgfrith di Forth pada 685, tetapi tujuannya mungkin untuk menegaskan kembali hegemoni Northumbria atas Pikt. Catatan paling rinci tentang betrokan itu adalah Beda Venerabilis dalam bukunya Historia Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum, tetapi sangat singkat. Tawarikh Irlandia dan Historia Brittonum memberikan beberapa detail tambahan.

Menurut Beda, Ecgfrith pergi ke wilayah Pikt melawan anjuran para penasihatnya, yang ketuanya di antaranya Uskup Kutbertus. Pasukan Pikt Bridei berpura-pura mundur, tetapi lebih baik memancing pasukan Northumbria untuk menyergap. Bentrokan terjadi pada hari Sabtu, 20 Mei 685 di dekat sebuah danau di pegunungan, di tempat yang oleh sumber-sumber disebut Nechtansmere (dalam bahasa Inggris Kuno), Linn Garan (dalam bahasa Wales Kuno) atau Dún Nechtain (dalam bahasa Irlandia Kuno). Ini adalah bencana bagi para penyerbu: pasukan Northumbria dihancurkan dan Raja Ecgfrith dibunuh.

Konsekuensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Kekalahan Ecgfrith di Dun Nechtain membuat kekuatan Northumbria terhenti di Inggris utara. Beda melaporkan bahwa Pikt mendapatkan kembali kendali atas daerah yang sebelumnya diduduki oleh Northumbria dan Skotlandia dari Dál Riata. Ini juga menunjukkan bahwa orang-orang Northumbria yang tidak melarikan diri dari wilayah Pikt dibunuh atau dijadikan budak.[10]

Pertempuran itu juga mengakibatkan ditinggalkannya Keskupan Pikt Northumbria di Abercon, di pantai selatan Firth of Forth, yang didirikan pada 681 oleh divisi keuskupan Northumbria. Uskup Trumuinus dan para rahibnya berlindung di Whitby. Ekspansi Katolik di Skotlandia juga terhenti.[10]

Bahkan jika pertempuran lain antara Pikt dan Northumbria sesudahnya (misalnya pada 697, di mana Berhtred, putra Beornhæth, terbunuh)[11], Dun Nechtain menandai momen ketika Pikt dengan pasti mengamankan kemerdekaan mereka dari tetangga mereka di Selatan.[12]

Catatan[sunting | sunting sumber]

  1. ^ Annals of Tigernach T640.1; Woolf (2001)
  2. ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, III: VI (Oswald "brought under his dominion all the nations and provinces of Britain, which are divided into four languages, viz. the Britons, the Picts, the Scots, and the English.")
  3. ^ Jackson 1959; Woolf 2001
  4. ^ Woolf 2006, Fraser 2009, hlm. 184
  5. ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History, III: XXIV Oswiu "subdued the greater part of the Picts to the dominion of the English" in 658.
  6. ^ Fraser 2009, hlm. 201
  7. ^ Fraser 2009, hlm. 201–202
  8. ^ Annals of Ulster U680.4
  9. ^ Annals of Ulster U681.5; Fraser (2009) p. 214 Annals of Ulster U.683.3
  10. ^ a b Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXVI
  11. ^ Annals of Ulster 698.2
  12. ^ Bede, Ecclesiastical History IV: XXVI; Colgrave p. 43; Cummins (2009) p. 107; Fraser (2009) p. 216

Referensi[sunting | sunting sumber]

Pranala luar[sunting | sunting sumber]