Aleksandria: Perbedaan antara revisi
Tampilan
Konten dihapus Konten ditambahkan
Tidak ada ringkasan suntingan Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
k Bot: Memperbaiki pengalihan ganda ke Aleksandria, Mesir Tag: Perubahan target pengalihan |
||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
#ALIH [[Aleksandria, Mesir]] |
|||
{{Infobox settlement |
|||
| official_name = Aleksandria |
|||
| native_name = |
|||
{{collapsible list |
|||
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; |
|||
| title = {{resize|1.25em|{{lang|ar|الإسكندرية}}}} ([[Bahasa Arab|Arab]]) |
|||
| {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal; |
|||
| rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = [[Bahasa Arab Baku Modern|Arab Baku]]: | data1 = {{transl|ar|ALA-LC|al-ʾIskandariyya}} |
|||
| rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = [[Bahasa Arab Mesir|Arab Mesir]]: | data2 = {{transl|arz|Eskenderiyya}} |
|||
}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{collapsible list |
|||
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; |
|||
| title = {{lang|cop|ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ}}, {{lang|cop|ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ}} ([[Bahasa Koptik|Koptik]]) |
|||
| {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal; |
|||
| rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = {{lang|cop|ⲁⲗⲉⲝⲁⲛⲇⲣⲓⲁ}}: | data1 = {{transl|cop|Alexandria}} |
|||
| rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = {{lang|cop|ⲣⲁⲕⲟϯ}}: | data2 = {{transl|cop|Rakodī}} |
|||
}} |
|||
}} |
|||
{{collapsible list |
|||
| titlestyle = background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%; |
|||
| title = {{lang|ell|Αλεξάνδρεια}} ([[Bahasa Yunani|Yunani]]) |
|||
| {{Infobox | subbox=yes | bodystyle=font-size:75%;font-weight:normal; |
|||
| rowclass1 = mergedrow | label1 = {{lang|ell|Αλεξάνδρεια}}: | data1 = {{transl|ell|Alexandria}} |
|||
| rowclass2 = mergedrow | label2 = {{lang|ell|Ρακώτις}}: | data2 = {{transl|ell|Rhakotis}} |
|||
}} |
|||
}} |
|||
| settlement_type = [[Metropolis]] |
|||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage |
|||
| photo1a = Suez canalst-Alexandria, Egypt.jpg |
|||
| photo2a = Alexandria, Egypt (26543517029).jpg |
|||
| photo3a = Coast of Alexandria, A view From Bibliotheca Alexandrina, Egypt.jpg |
|||
| photo3b = Stanly Bridge - Alexandria.jpg |
|||
| photo4a = View of Bibliotheca Alexandrina.jpg |
|||
| photo4b = El-Montazah_Palace_1.jpg |
|||
| spacing = 2 |
|||
| size = 280 |
|||
| color = transparent |
|||
| border = 0 |
|||
}} |
|||
| image_caption = '''Searah jarum jam dari atas:'''<br/> |
|||
Pemandangan distrik Shatby dan jalan Terusan Suez, kaki langit distrik timur (Sharq), Jembatan Stanley, Istana Montaza, [[Bibliotheca Alexandrina]] dan patung [[Ptolemaios II Philadelphus]], Planetarium Science Center (dengan corniche di latar belakang). |
|||
| image_flag = Flag of Alexandria.svg |
|||
| flag_link = Mercusuar Aleksandria |
|||
| image_blank_emblem = Coat_of_Arms_-_Alexandria,_Egypt.png |
|||
| blank_emblem_type = Lambang |
|||
| blank_emblem_size = 100px |
|||
| blank_emblem_alt = Egyptian goddess [[Isis]] (left), standing on a ship in the [[Alexandria Port|harbour]], and looking towards the [[lighthouse of Alexandria]] (right), while she is holding a [[papyrus]] on which Alexandria has recorded the secrets of Science and wisdom throughout the ages. |
|||
| nicknames = ''Penghubung [[Laut Tengah]]'', ''Mutiara Laut Tengah'', ''Aleks'' |
|||
| motto = <!-- images and maps -----------> |
|||
| image_map = |
|||
| map_caption = |
|||
| pushpin_map = Egypt |
|||
| pushpin_mapsize = |
|||
| pushpin_map_caption = Lokasi di Mesir |
|||
<!-- Location ------------------> |
|||
| pushpin_relief = 1 |
|||
| coordinates = {{coord|31|12|N|29|55|E|region:EG|display=inline,title}} |
|||
| subdivision_type = [[Negara]] |
|||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Mesir}} |
|||
| subdivision_type1 = Kegubernuran |
|||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Kegubernuran Aleksandria|Aleksandria]] |
|||
| established_title = Didirikan |
|||
| established_date = 331 SM |
|||
| established_title1 = Didirikan oleh |
|||
| established_date1 = [[Aleksander Agung]] |
|||
<!-- Area ---------------------> |
|||
| government_footnotes = |
|||
| government_type = |
|||
| leader_title = Gubernur |
|||
| leader_name = Elsherif<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/Alex/english/gov.html |title=Alexandria Governor |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180212104601/http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/Alex/English/gov.html |archive-date=12 February 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
| leader_title1 = |
|||
| leader_name1 = |
|||
| unit_pref = Metrik |
|||
| area_footnotes = |
|||
| area_magnitude = |
|||
| area_total_km2 = 2679<!-- ALL fields dealing with a measurements are subject to automatic unit conversion--> |
|||
| area_land_km2 = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--> |
|||
<!-- Population -----------------------> |
|||
| elevation_footnotes = |
|||
| elevation_m = 5 |
|||
| elevation_ft = <!-- Area/postal codes & others --------> |
|||
| population_total = 5,200,000 |
|||
| population_as_of = October 2018<ref>{{cite web |title=الجهاز المركزي للتعبئة العامة والإحصاء |url=http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx |website=www.capmas.gov.eg |accessdate=27 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001165920/http://www.capmas.gov.eg/Pages/populationClock.aspx |archive-date=1 October 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> |
|||
| population_density_km2 = auto |
|||
| population_density_sq_mi = |
|||
| population_metro = |
|||
| population_density_metro_km2 = |
|||
| population_density_metro_sq_mi = |
|||
| population_blank1_title = |
|||
| population_blank1 = |
|||
| population_density_blank1_km2 = |
|||
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = <!-- General information ---------------> |
|||
| population_note = |
|||
| postal_code_type = Kode pos |
|||
| postal_code = 21500 |
|||
| area_code = (+20) 3 |
|||
| website = [http://www.alexandria.gov.eg/ Alexandria.gov.eg] |
|||
| footnotes = |
|||
| mapsize = |
|||
|<!-- Politics -----------------> |
|||
| timezone = EST |
|||
| utc_offset = +2 |
|||
| timezone_DST = |
|||
| utc_offset_DST = |
|||
| blank_name = |
|||
| blank_info = |
|||
| blank1_name = |
|||
| blank1_info = |
|||
| population_demonym = {{lang-ar|إسكندراني}} |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Aleksandria''' ({{lang-ar|الإسكندرية|Al-Iskandariyyah}}; {{lang-el|Ἀλεξάνδρεια|Alexándreia}}; {{lang-cop|Rakotə}}) adalah [[pelabuhan]] utama di [[Mesir]], dan kota terbesar kedua di negara tersebut, dan juga ibu kota pemerintahan [[Kegubernuran Aleksandria]] yang terletak di pantai [[Laut Tengah]]. Kota ini terletak pada koordinat {{coor dm id|31|12|N|29|15|E}}, 208 km di sebelah barat laut [[Kairo]], memiliki populasi 3.341.000.<ref>{{cite web|date=n.d.|title=Alexandria|url=http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alexandria?showCookiePolicy=true|publisher=Collins Dictionary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611050208/http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/alexandria?showCookiePolicy=true|archive-date=11 June 2015|accessdate=24 September 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
Aleksandria merupakan tempat penguasa [[dinasti Ptolemaik|Ptolemaik]] Mesir yang dengan cepat menjadi kota termegah dari dunia [[Periode Helenistik|Helenistik]]; menjadi nomor dua setelah [[Roma]] dalam luas dan kekayaan. Tetapi, setelah pendirian Kairo oleh penguasa Islam Mesir pada zaman pertengahan statusnya sebagai ibu kota negara berakhir, dan mengalami kemunduran, yang pada akhir periode [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah|Utsmaniyah]] menyusut hingga menjadi desa perikanan kecil belaka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-08-10|title=Travel in Egypt: Alexandria|url=https://www.arabacademy.com/travel-egypt-alexandria/|website=Arab Academy|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-19}}</ref> |
|||
Aleksandria didirikan sekitar tahun 331 SM oleh [[Aleksander Agung]], [[Daftar raja Makedonia kuno|raja]] dari [[Makedonia (kerajaan kuno)|Makedonia]] dan pemimpin [[Liga Korinthos|Liga Khorintos]] [[Yunani Kuno|Yunani]], selama penaklukan terhadap [[Kekaisaran Akhemeniyah]]. Sebuah desa Mesir bernama Rhacotis ada di lokasi tersebut dan tumbuh menjadi kawasan Mesir di Aleksandria. Aleksandria berkembang pesat menjadi pusat penting peradaban Helenistik dan tetap menjadi ibu kota [[Kerajaan Ptolemaik|Mesir Ptolemeus]] dan [[Aegyptus (provinsi Romawi)|Mesir Romawi dan Bizantium]] selama hampir 1.000 tahun, sampai [[penaklukan Mesir oleh Muslim]]. Pada tahun 641 M, ketika sebuah ibu kota baru didirikan di [[Fustat]] (kemudian diserap ke Kairo). Aleksandria Yunani terkenal karena [[Mercusuar Aleksandria]] (''Pharos''), salah satu dari [[Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia Kuno]], [[Perpustakaan Aleksandria|Perpustakaan Besar]] (yang terbesar di dunia kuno); dan [[Nekropolis]], salah satu dari [[Tujuh Keajaiban Dunia|Tujuh Keajaiban Abad Pertengahan]]. Aleksandria adalah pusat pendidikan dan kebudayaan dunia [[Laut Tengah|Mediterania]] kuno untuk sebagian besar [[Periode Helenistik|zaman Helenistik]] dan [[Abad Kuno Akhir|zaman kuno akhir]]. Aleksandria pernah menjadi kota terbesar di dunia kuno sebelum akhirnya diambil alih oleh [[Roma]].<ref name="FPAl">{{cite web|date=23 December 2014|title=The Lighthouse Dims|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/23/lighthouse-dims-egypt-alexandria-salafists-mubarak-sisi-longform/|work=[[Foreign Policy]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170309071911/https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/12/23/lighthouse-dims-egypt-alexandria-salafists-mubarak-sisi-longform/|archive-date=9 March 2017|access-date=5 March 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> |
|||
Kota ini merupakan pusat utama [[Kekristenan]] awal dan merupakan pusat [[Patriark Aleksandria|Patriarkat Aleksandria]], yang merupakan salah satu pusat utama Kekristenan di [[Kekaisaran Romawi Timur]]. Di dunia modern, [[Gereja Ortodoks Koptik Aleksandria|Gereja Ortodoks Koptik]] dan [[Gereja Ortodoks Yunani Aleksandria|Gereja Ortodoks Yunani]] di Aleksandria sama-sama mengklaim warisan kuno ini.<ref name="PollardReid2007">{{cite book|author1=Justin Pollard|author2=Howard Reid|date=30 October 2007|url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofalexan0000poll|title=The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-14-311251-8|page=[https://archive.org/details/risefallofalexan0000poll/page/2 2]-7|url-access=registration}}</ref> |
|||
Setelah penaklukan Mesir oleh Arab pada 641 M, kota ini dijarah dan kehilangan signifikansinya sebelum muncul kembali pada era modern. Sejak akhir abad ke-18, Aleksandria menjadi pusat utama industri perkapalan internasional dan salah satu pusat perdagangan terpenting di dunia, karena memperoleh keuntungan dari koneksi darat yang mudah antara [[Laut Tengah|Laut Mediterania]] dan [[Laut Merah]], dan perdagangan menguntungkan kapas Mesir.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fideler|first=David|date=1993-01-01|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sboJPPCBpuQC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=alexandria+arabic+name&source=bl&ots=o66x-Jn5Ed&sig=ACfU3U269ZqM6cYz3Mk2W3AZj1y-bPyUCw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY-vmA-sDpAhU3JjQIHSb_DicQ6AEwE3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=alexandria%20arabic%20name&f=false|title=Alexandria 2|publisher=Red Wheel/Weiser|isbn=978-0-933999-97-8|language=en}}</ref> |
|||
== Lihat pula == |
|||
* [[Perpustakaan Aleksandria]] |
|||
* [[Kairo]] |
|||
* [[Kairo Baru|Kairo Baru (New Cairo)]] |
|||
* [[Kegubernuran Kairo]] |
|||
* [[Ismailiyah, Mesir|Ismailiyah (kota)]] |
|||
* [[Kota 10 Ramadhan|Kota 10 Ramadhan (kota)]] |
|||
* [[Giza|Giza (kota)]] |
|||
== Referensi == |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
== Bacaan lebih lanjut == |
|||
*A. Bernand, ''Alexandrie la Grande'' (1966) |
|||
*A. J. Butler, ''The Arab Conquest of Egypt'' (2nd. ed., 1978) |
|||
*P.-A. Claudel, ''Alexandrie. Histoire d'un mythe'' (2011) |
|||
*A. De Cosson, ''Mareotis'' (1935) |
|||
*J.-Y. Empereur, ''Alexandria Rediscovered'' (1998) |
|||
*E. M. Forster, ''Alexandria A History and a Guide'' (1922) (reprint ed. M. Allott, 2004) |
|||
*P. M. Fraser, ''Ptolemaic Alexandria'' (1972) |
|||
*M. Haag, ''Alexandria: City of Memory'' (2004) [20th-century social and literary history] |
|||
* M. Haag, ''Vintage Alexandria: Photographs of the City 1860–1960'' (2008) |
|||
*M. Haag, ''Alexandria Illustrated'' |
|||
*R. Ilbert, I. Yannakakis, ''Alexandrie 1860–1960'' (1992) |
|||
*R. Ilbert, ''Alexandrie entre deux mondes'' (1988) |
|||
*[[Judith McKenzie]] et al., ''The Architecture of Alexandria and Egypt, 300 B.C.–A.D. 700.'' (Pelican History of Art, Yale University Press, 2007) |
|||
* Philip Mansel, ''Levant: Splendour and Catastrophe on the Mediterranean'', London, John Murray, 11 November 2010, hardback, 480 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-7195-6707-0}}, New Haven, Yale University Press, 24 May 2011, hardback, 470 pages, {{ISBN|978-0-300-17264-5}} |
|||
*Don Nardo, ''A Travel Guide to Ancient Alexandria'', Lucent Books. (2003) |
|||
*V. W. Von Hagen, ''The Roads that Led to Rome'' (1967) |
|||
== Pranala luar == |
|||
{{commons}} |
|||
{{wikivoyage|Alexandria}} |
|||
* [https://new.darbahora.com/https://new.darbahora.com/ اخبار العالم والوطن العربى]{{Pranala mati|date=Mei 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{en}} [http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/index.html Tentang Aleksandria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050318061250/http://ce.eng.usf.edu/PHAROS/Alexandria/index.html |date=2005-03-18 }} |
|||
* {{en}} [http://www.sevenwondersworld.com/wonders_of_world_lighthouse_alexandria.html Seven Wonders of the world: Lighthouse of Alexandria] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050307033223/http://www.sevenwondersworld.com/wonders_of_world_lighthouse_alexandria.html |date=2005-03-07 }} |
|||
* {{en}} [http://www.unesco.org/csi/pub/source/alex5.htm Mostafa el-Abbadi on the pivotal place of Alexandria in Greek and Roman era trade networks] |
|||
* {{en}} [http://st-takla.org/Alexandria-1.html More about Alexandria at St. Takla Church] |
|||
[[Kategori:Kota di Mesir]] |
|||
[[Kategori:Kota di Jalur Sutra]] |
Revisi per 8 Desember 2023 00.29
Mengalihkan ke: