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* [[Penyakit infeksi]], contohnya [[COVID-19]], <ref name="Rod2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C | title = Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 34| pages = 101623| date = 13 March 2020 | pmid = 32179124| doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 | pmc = 7102608 }}</ref> [[demam berdarah dengue]], [[Penyakit virus Ebola|Ebola]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[penyakit Lyme]], [[demam berbintik rocky mountain]], [[Sifilis#Sekunder|sifilis sekunder]], [[malaria]], [[mononukleosis infeksiosa]], serta infeksi pada kulit seperti [[bisul]] dan [[furunkel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Levy|first2=Pierre-Yves|last3=Dupont|first3=Hervé Tissot|last4=Chicheportiche|first4=Colette|last5=Tamalet|first5=Catherine|last6=Gastaut|first6=Jean-Albert|last7=Salducci|first7=Jacques|date=January 1993|title=Q fever and HIV infection|url=http://journals.lww.com/00002030-199301000-00012|journal=AIDS|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012|pmid=8442921|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Neil|last2=Nakiyingi|first2=Jessica|last3=Lugada|first3=Eric|last4=Watera|first4=Christine|last5=Whitworth|first5=James A. G.|last6=Gilks|first6=Charles F.|date=May 2001|title=Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults|url=https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222192422/https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|archive-date=2022-02-22|journal=AIDS|volume=15|issue=7|pages=899–906|doi=10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010|pmid=11399962|s2cid=25470703|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=D. L.|last2=Weisfeld|first2=J. S.|last3=Webb|first3=P. A.|last4=Johnson|first4=K. M.|last5=Cairns|first5=T.|last6=Berquist|first6=H.|date=1980-09-01|title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978|journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=142|issue=3|pages=372–376|doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372|pmid=7441008|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Heinz|last2=Geisbert|first2=Thomas W|date=March 2011|title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever|journal=The Lancet|volume=377|issue=9768|pages=849–862|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8|pmid=21084112|pmc=3406178|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oakley|first1=Miranda S.|last2=Gerald|first2=Noel|last3=McCutchan|first3=Thomas F.|last4=Aravind|first4=L.|last5=Kumar|first5=Sanjai|date=October 2011|title=Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=10|pages=442–449|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004|pmid=21795115|issn=1471-4922}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colunga-Salas|first1=Pablo|last2=Sánchez-Montes|first2=Sokani|last3=Volkow|first3=Patricia|last4=Ruíz-Remigio|first4=Adriana|last5=Becker|first5=Ingeborg|date=2020-09-17|title=Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=9|pages=e0238496|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238496|pmid=32941463|pmc=7497999|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538496C|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* [[Penyakit infeksi]], contohnya [[COVID-19]], <ref name="Rod2020">{{cite journal | vauthors = Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C | title = Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis | journal = Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease | volume = 34| pages = 101623| date = 13 March 2020 | pmid = 32179124| doi = 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623 | pmc = 7102608 }}</ref> [[demam berdarah dengue]], [[Penyakit virus Ebola|Ebola]], [[gastroenteritis]], [[HIV]], [[influenza]], [[penyakit Lyme]], [[demam berbintik rocky mountain]], [[Sifilis#Sekunder|sifilis sekunder]], [[malaria]], [[mononukleosis infeksiosa]], serta infeksi pada kulit seperti [[bisul]] dan [[furunkel]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raoult|first1=Didier|last2=Levy|first2=Pierre-Yves|last3=Dupont|first3=Hervé Tissot|last4=Chicheportiche|first4=Colette|last5=Tamalet|first5=Catherine|last6=Gastaut|first6=Jean-Albert|last7=Salducci|first7=Jacques|date=January 1993|title=Q fever and HIV infection|url=http://journals.lww.com/00002030-199301000-00012|journal=AIDS|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=81–86|doi=10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012|pmid=8442921|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=French|first1=Neil|last2=Nakiyingi|first2=Jessica|last3=Lugada|first3=Eric|last4=Watera|first4=Christine|last5=Whitworth|first5=James A. G.|last6=Gilks|first6=Charles F.|date=May 2001|title=Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults|url=https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222192422/https://journals.lww.com/aidsonline/Fulltext/2001/05040/Increasing_rates_of_malarial_fever_with.10.aspx|archive-date=2022-02-22|journal=AIDS|volume=15|issue=7|pages=899–906|doi=10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010|pmid=11399962|s2cid=25470703|issn=0269-9370}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Heymann|first1=D. L.|last2=Weisfeld|first2=J. S.|last3=Webb|first3=P. A.|last4=Johnson|first4=K. M.|last5=Cairns|first5=T.|last6=Berquist|first6=H.|date=1980-09-01|title=Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978|journal=Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=142|issue=3|pages=372–376|doi=10.1093/infdis/142.3.372|pmid=7441008|issn=0022-1899}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Feldmann|first1=Heinz|last2=Geisbert|first2=Thomas W|date=March 2011|title=Ebola haemorrhagic fever|journal=The Lancet|volume=377|issue=9768|pages=849–862|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8|pmid=21084112|pmc=3406178|issn=0140-6736}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oakley|first1=Miranda S.|last2=Gerald|first2=Noel|last3=McCutchan|first3=Thomas F.|last4=Aravind|first4=L.|last5=Kumar|first5=Sanjai|date=October 2011|title=Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever|journal=Trends in Parasitology|volume=27|issue=10|pages=442–449|doi=10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004|pmid=21795115|issn=1471-4922}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Colunga-Salas|first1=Pablo|last2=Sánchez-Montes|first2=Sokani|last3=Volkow|first3=Patricia|last4=Ruíz-Remigio|first4=Adriana|last5=Becker|first5=Ingeborg|date=2020-09-17|title=Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=15|issue=9|pages=e0238496|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0238496|pmid=32941463|pmc=7497999|bibcode=2020PLoSO..1538496C|issn=1932-6203|doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Penyakit [[imunologi|imunologis]], contohnya [[polikondritis kambuhan]],<ref name="Puechal 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C | title = Relapsing polychondritis | journal = Joint, Bone, Spine | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–24 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24556284 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 }}</ref> [[hepatitis autoimun]], [[granulomatosis dengan poliangitiis]], [[penyakit Horton]], [[penyakit radang usus]], [[penyakit Kawasaki]], [[lupus eritematosus sistemik|lupus]], [[sarcoidosis]], dan [[penyakit Still onset dewasa|penyakit Still]].
* Penyakit [[imunologi|imunologis]], contohnya [[polikondritis kambuhan]],<ref name="Puechal 2014">{{cite journal | vauthors = Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C | title = Relapsing polychondritis | journal = Joint, Bone, Spine | volume = 81 | issue = 2 | pages = 118–24 | date = March 2014 | pmid = 24556284 | doi = 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001 }}</ref> [[hepatitis autoimun]], [[granulomatosis dengan poliangitiis]], [[penyakit Horton]], [[penyakit radang usus]], [[penyakit Kawasaki]], [[lupus eritematosus sistemik|lupus]], [[sarcoidosis]], dan [[penyakit Still onset dewasa|penyakit Still]].
* Kerusakan jaringan dengan penyebab seperti [[pendarahan otak]], [[rabdomiolisis traumatis]], [[hemolisis]], [[infark]], [[rabdomiolisis]], dan [[pembedahan]]. <ref>{{Citation |last=Arnhold |first=Jürgen |title=Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |work=Cell and Tissue Destruction |pages=249–287 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |isbn=9780128163887 |s2cid=209284148 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Arnhold, Jürgen |title=Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders |date=28 August 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-816388-7 |oclc=1120070914}}</ref>
* Kerusakan jaringan dengan penyebab seperti [[pendarahan otak]], [[rabdomiolisis traumatis]], [[hemolisis]], [[infark]], [[rabdomiolisis]], dan [[pembedahan]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Arnhold |first=Jürgen |title=Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |work=Cell and Tissue Destruction |pages=249–287 |publisher=Elsevier |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7 |isbn=9780128163887 |s2cid=209284148 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |author=Arnhold, Jürgen |title=Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders |date=28 August 2019 |publisher=Elsevier Science |isbn=978-0-12-816388-7 |oclc=1120070914}}</ref>
* [[Kanker]], khususnya kanker darah seperti [[leukemia]] dan [[limfoma]]. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Cancer {{!}} Do I Have Cancer?|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=www.cancer.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Kanker]], khususnya kanker darah seperti [[leukemia]] dan [[limfoma]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Signs and Symptoms of Cancer {{!}} Do I Have Cancer?|url=https://www.cancer.org/cancer/cancer-basics/signs-and-symptoms-of-cancer.html|access-date=2020-06-20|website=www.cancer.org|language=en}}</ref>
* [[Gangguan metabolik]], seperti [[pirai]] dan [[porfiria]];<ref>{{Cite book |author=Centerwall, Willard R. |title=Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation |date=1965 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau |oclc=392284}}</ref> dan<ref>{{Citation |title=Metabolic Disorder |date=2020-02-07 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/7344b1 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/7344b1 |s2cid=42063856 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref>
* [[Gangguan metabolik]], seperti [[pirai]] dan [[porfiria]];<ref>{{Cite book |author=Centerwall, Willard R. |title=Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation |date=1965 |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau |oclc=392284}}</ref> dan<ref>{{Citation |title=Metabolic Disorder |date=2020-02-07 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/7344b1 |work=Definitions |publisher=Qeios |doi=10.32388/7344b1 |s2cid=42063856 |access-date=2022-04-22}}</ref>
* Penyakit genetik, contohnya [[penyakit Fabry]].<ref name=Harrisons20th>{{cite book | author = Dinarello CA, Porat R | date = 2018 | chapter = Chapter 15: Fever | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | edition = 20th | volume = 1-2 |veditors= Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J |location=New York, NY | publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn=9781259644030 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030 | access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref>
* Penyakit genetik, contohnya [[penyakit Fabry]].<ref name=Harrisons20th>{{cite book | author = Dinarello CA, Porat R | date = 2018 | chapter = Chapter 15: Fever | title = Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine | edition = 20th | volume = 1-2 |veditors= Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J |location=New York, NY | publisher=McGraw-Hill | isbn=9781259644030 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=XGQntQEACAAJ&q=9781259644030 | access-date = 31 March 2020}}</ref>


Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Laura |title=Blood transfusions and the immune system |date=2005 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/ |language=en}}</ref>
Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Dean |first1=Laura |title=Blood transfusions and the immune system |date=2005 |publisher=National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2265/ |language=en}}</ref>


[[Tumbuh gigi]] pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M | title = Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 137 | issue = 3 | pages = e20153501 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26908659 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-3501 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221014525/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
[[Tumbuh gigi]] pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M | title = Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis | journal = Pediatrics | volume = 137 | issue = 3 | pages = e20153501 | date = March 2016 | pmid = 26908659 | doi = 10.1542/peds.2015-3501 | url = http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160221014525/http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/16/peds.2015-3501 | df = dmy-all | url-status = live | archive-date = 21 February 2016 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
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=== Manfaat dan kerugian demam ===
=== Manfaat dan kerugian demam ===
Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.<ref name="kiek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI |title=Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review |journal=Australian Critical Care |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23199670 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9917881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D |date=September 1998 |title=Role of fever in disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=856 |issue=1 |pages=224–33 |bibcode=1998NYASA.856..224K |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08329.x |pmid=9917881 |s2cid=12408561}}</ref> Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.<ref name="SepticReview2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Drewry |first1=Anne M. |last2=Ablordeppey |first2=Enyo A. |last3=Murray |first3=Ellen T. |last4=Stoll |first4=Carolyn R. T. |last5=Izadi |first5=Sonya R. |last6=Dalton |first6=Catherine M. |last7=Hardi |first7=Angela C. |last8=Fowler |first8=Susan A. |last9=Fuller |first9=Brian M. |last10=Colditz |first10=Graham A. |year=2017 |title=Antipyretic Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=806–813 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000002285 |pmc=5389594 |pmid=28221185}}</ref> Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa [[vertebrata]] [[hewan berdarah panas|berdarah panas]] menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. <ref name="VUB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL |date=June 2005 |title=Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful? |journal=Shock |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=516–20 |pmid=15897803}}</ref> Pada [[sepsis]], pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal. <ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Rumbus |first1=Z |last2=Matics |first2=R |last3=Hegyi |first3=P |last4=Zsiboras |first4=C |last5=Szabo |first5=I |last6=Illes |first6=A |last7=Petervari |first7=E |last8=Balasko |first8=M |last9=Marta |first9=K |last10=Miko |first10=A |last11=Parniczky |first11=A |last12=Tenk |first12=J |last13=Rostas |first13=I |last14=Solymar |first14=M |last15=Garami |first15=A |title=Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0170152 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170152 |pmid=28081244|pmc=5230786 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1270152R |doi-access=free }}</ref>
Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.<ref name="kiek">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI |title=Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review |journal=Australian Critical Care |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=130–5 |date=August 2013 |pmid=23199670 |doi=10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004 |url=}}</ref><ref name="pmid9917881">{{cite journal |vauthors=Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D |date=September 1998 |title=Role of fever in disease |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=856 |issue=1 |pages=224–33 |bibcode=1998NYASA.856..224K |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08329.x |pmid=9917881 |s2cid=12408561}}</ref> Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.<ref name="SepticReview2017">{{Cite journal |last1=Drewry |first1=Anne M. |last2=Ablordeppey |first2=Enyo A. |last3=Murray |first3=Ellen T. |last4=Stoll |first4=Carolyn R. T. |last5=Izadi |first5=Sonya R. |last6=Dalton |first6=Catherine M. |last7=Hardi |first7=Angela C. |last8=Fowler |first8=Susan A. |last9=Fuller |first9=Brian M. |last10=Colditz |first10=Graham A. |year=2017 |title=Antipyretic Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients |journal=Critical Care Medicine |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=806–813 |doi=10.1097/CCM.0000000000002285 |pmc=5389594 |pmid=28221185}}</ref> Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa [[vertebrata]] [[hewan berdarah panas|berdarah panas]] menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. <ref name="VUB">{{cite journal |vauthors=Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL |date=June 2005 |title=Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful? |journal=Shock |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=516–20 |pmid=15897803}}</ref> Pada [[sepsis]], pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal.<ref>{{cite journal|display-authors=3 |last1=Rumbus |first1=Z |last2=Matics |first2=R |last3=Hegyi |first3=P |last4=Zsiboras |first4=C |last5=Szabo |first5=I |last6=Illes |first6=A |last7=Petervari |first7=E |last8=Balasko |first8=M |last9=Marta |first9=K |last10=Miko |first10=A |last11=Parniczky |first11=A |last12=Tenk |first12=J |last13=Rostas |first13=I |last14=Solymar |first14=M |last15=Garami |first15=A |title=Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2017 |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=e0170152 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0170152 |pmid=28081244|pmc=5230786 |bibcode=2017PLoSO..1270152R |doi-access=free }}</ref>


== Referensi ==
== Referensi ==

Revisi per 21 Februari 2024 13.43

Demam
Termometer kedokteran analog yang menunjukan suhu 38,7 °C atau 101,7 °F
ICD-10ICD10 R 50 r 50
ICD-9ICD9 780.6
DiseasesDB18924
MedlinePlus003090
eMedicinemed/785
MeSHD005334

Demam adalah suatu keadaan saat suhu badan melebihi 37 °C yang disebabkan oleh penyakit atau peradangan. Demam juga merupakan pertanda bahwa sel darah putih sedang melawan suatu virus atau bakteri. Anak yang memiliki suhu tinggi berkepanjangan dapat menyebabkan kejang demam. Demam yang melebihi tiga hari mungkin merupakan malaria atau penyakit yang disebabkan oleh nyamuk lainnya. Penanganan demam biasanya dengan diberikan obat antipiretik seperti parasetamol atau ibuprofen.

Demam memang menjadi sebuah masalah yang hampir semua orang pasti mengalaminya, bahkan gejala demam ini telah memakan banyak korban jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Terdapat banyak cara yang dapat digunakan untuk menurunkan suhu tubuh saat demam. Salah satunya adalah minum air hangat, tempelkan handuk basah di bagian kepala atau dahi sebagai kompres, mandi air hangat serta beristirahat total ataupun mengonsumsi makanan bergizi.

Gejala

Seseorang mengalami demam ketika suhu tubuh naik di atas kisaran normal. Selain kenaikan suhu, beberapa gejala dan tanda di bawah ini dapat menjadi gejala tambahan, antara lain: berkeringat, kedinginan dan/atau menggigil, sakit kepala, nyeri otot, kehilangan selera makan, sifat mudah marah, dehidrasi, dan kelemahan umum.

Anak-anak antara usia 6 bulan hingga 5 tahun berkemungkinan mengalami kejang demam. Kira-kira sepertiga dari anak-anak yang mengalami kejang demam akan mengalami kejang lainnya, paling umum dalam 12 bulan kemudian.

Diagnosis banding

Demam merupakan gejala umum dari banyak kondisi medis:

Demam dapat terjadi karena reaksi terhadap produk darah yang tidak cocok saat transfusi darah.[15]

Tumbuh gigi pada bayi tidak menyebabkan terjadinya demam.[16]

Fungsi demam

Fungsi terkait sistem imun

Demam membantu kerja sistem kekebalan tubuh manusia.[17] Patogen yang membutuhkan rentang suhu yang sempit untuk bereproduksi akan terhambat proses reproduksinya. Selain itu, bertambahnya suhu tubuh saat demam akan meningkatkan laju reaksi-reaksi imunologis yang penting.[18] Demam membantu proses penyembuhan dengan beberapa mekanisme.

Manfaat dan kerugian demam

Respon demam terhadap penyakit infeksi dianggap memiliki sifat protektif, sedangkan demam pada kasus noninfektif dapat bersifat maladaptif.[21][22] Berbagai studi masih belum konsisten mengenai apakah pengobatan untuk mengontrol suhu tubuh saat demam akan menambah atau mengurangi risiko kematian.[23] Sebuah studi yang menggunakan subjek berupa vertebrata berdarah panas menunjukkan bahwa demam membuat hewan-hewan tersebut pulih dari infeksi atau penyakit kritis dengan lebih cepat. [24] Pada sepsis, pasien dengan demam memiliki tingkat kematian yang lebih rendah daripada pasien dengan suhu tubuh normal.[25]

Referensi

  1. ^ Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, Villamizar-Peña R, Holguin-Rivera Y, Escalera-Antezana JP, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Bonilla-Aldana DK, Franco-Paredes C (13 March 2020). "Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis". Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 34: 101623. doi:10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101623. PMC 7102608 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32179124. 
  2. ^ Raoult, Didier; Levy, Pierre-Yves; Dupont, Hervé Tissot; Chicheportiche, Colette; Tamalet, Catherine; Gastaut, Jean-Albert; Salducci, Jacques (January 1993). "Q fever and HIV infection". AIDS (dalam bahasa Inggris). 7 (1): 81–86. doi:10.1097/00002030-199301000-00012. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 8442921. 
  3. ^ French, Neil; Nakiyingi, Jessica; Lugada, Eric; Watera, Christine; Whitworth, James A. G.; Gilks, Charles F. (May 2001). "Increasing rates of malarial fever with deteriorating immune status in HIV-1-infected Ugandan adults". AIDS. 15 (7): 899–906. doi:10.1097/00002030-200105040-00010. ISSN 0269-9370. PMID 11399962. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2022-02-22. 
  4. ^ Heymann, D. L.; Weisfeld, J. S.; Webb, P. A.; Johnson, K. M.; Cairns, T.; Berquist, H. (1980-09-01). "Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever: Tandala, Zaire, 1977-1978". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 142 (3): 372–376. doi:10.1093/infdis/142.3.372. ISSN 0022-1899. PMID 7441008. 
  5. ^ Feldmann, Heinz; Geisbert, Thomas W (March 2011). "Ebola haemorrhagic fever". The Lancet. 377 (9768): 849–862. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60667-8. ISSN 0140-6736. PMC 3406178 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 21084112. 
  6. ^ Oakley, Miranda S.; Gerald, Noel; McCutchan, Thomas F.; Aravind, L.; Kumar, Sanjai (October 2011). "Clinical and molecular aspects of malaria fever". Trends in Parasitology. 27 (10): 442–449. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.06.004. ISSN 1471-4922. PMID 21795115. 
  7. ^ Colunga-Salas, Pablo; Sánchez-Montes, Sokani; Volkow, Patricia; Ruíz-Remigio, Adriana; Becker, Ingeborg (2020-09-17). "Lyme disease and relapsing fever in Mexico: An overview of human and wildlife infections". PLOS ONE. 15 (9): e0238496. Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1538496C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0238496 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 7497999 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 32941463. 
  8. ^ Puéchal X, Terrier B, Mouthon L, Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Guillevin L, Le Jeunne C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis". Joint, Bone, Spine. 81 (2): 118–24. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001. PMID 24556284. 
  9. ^ Arnhold, Jürgen (2020), "Cell and Tissue Destruction in Selected Disorders", Cell and Tissue Destruction, Elsevier, hlm. 249–287, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816388-7.00009-7, ISBN 9780128163887, diakses tanggal 2022-04-22 
  10. ^ Arnhold, Jürgen (28 August 2019). Cell and tissue destruction: mechanisms, protection, disorders. Elsevier Science. ISBN 978-0-12-816388-7. OCLC 1120070914. 
  11. ^ "Signs and Symptoms of Cancer | Do I Have Cancer?". www.cancer.org (dalam bahasa Inggris). Diakses tanggal 2020-06-20. 
  12. ^ Centerwall, Willard R. (1965). Phenylketonuria: an inherited metabolic disorder associated with mental retardation. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Welfare Administration, Children's Bureau. OCLC 392284. 
  13. ^ "Metabolic Disorder", Definitions, Qeios, 2020-02-07, doi:10.32388/7344b1, diakses tanggal 2022-04-22 
  14. ^ Dinarello CA, Porat R (2018). "Chapter 15: Fever". Dalam Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo, J. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. 1–2 (edisi ke-20th). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9781259644030. Diakses tanggal 31 March 2020. 
  15. ^ Dean, Laura (2005). Blood transfusions and the immune system (dalam bahasa Inggris). National Center for Biotechnology Information (US). 
  16. ^ Massignan C, Cardoso M, Porporatti AL, Aydinoz S, Canto G, Mezzomo LA, Bolan M (March 2016). "Signs and Symptoms of Primary Tooth Eruption: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (3): e20153501. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-3501 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 26908659. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 21 February 2016. 
  17. ^ Schaffner A (March 2006). "Fieber – nützliches oder schädliches, zu behandelndes Symptom?" [Fever–useful or noxious symptom that should be treated?]. Therapeutische Umschau (dalam bahasa Jerman). 63 (3): 185–88. doi:10.1024/0040-5930.63.3.185. PMID 16613288. 
  18. ^ Fischler MP, Reinhart WH (May 1997). "[Fever: friend or enemy?]". Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift (dalam bahasa Jerman). 127 (20): 864–70. PMID 9289813. 
  19. ^ a b c d Craven RF, Hirnle CJ (2003). Fundamentals of Nursing: Human Health and FunctionPerlu mendaftar (gratis) (edisi ke-4th). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781758185. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2020. 
  20. ^ Lewis SM, Dirksen SR, Heitkemper MM (2005). Medical-Surgical Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems (edisi ke-6th). Amsterdam, NL: Elsevier-Health Sciences. ISBN 9780323031059. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2020. 
  21. ^ Kiekkas P, Aretha D, Bakalis N, Karpouhtsi I, Marneras C, Baltopoulos GI (August 2013). "Fever effects and treatment in critical care: literature review". Australian Critical Care. 26 (3): 130–5. doi:10.1016/j.aucc.2012.10.004. PMID 23199670. 
  22. ^ Kluger MJ, Kozak W, Conn CA, Leon LR, Soszynski D (September 1998). "Role of fever in disease". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 856 (1): 224–33. Bibcode:1998NYASA.856..224K. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb08329.x. PMID 9917881. 
  23. ^ Drewry, Anne M.; Ablordeppey, Enyo A.; Murray, Ellen T.; Stoll, Carolyn R. T.; Izadi, Sonya R.; Dalton, Catherine M.; Hardi, Angela C.; Fowler, Susan A.; Fuller, Brian M.; Colditz, Graham A. (2017). "Antipyretic Therapy in Critically Ill Septic Patients". Critical Care Medicine. 45 (5): 806–813. doi:10.1097/CCM.0000000000002285. PMC 5389594 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 28221185. 
  24. ^ Su F, Nguyen ND, Wang Z, Cai Y, Rogiers P, Vincent JL (June 2005). "Fever control in septic shock: beneficial or harmful?". Shock. 23 (6): 516–20. PMID 15897803. 
  25. ^ Rumbus, Z; Matics, R; Hegyi, P; et al. (2017). "Fever Is Associated with Reduced, Hypothermia with Increased Mortality in Septic Patients: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0170152. Bibcode:2017PLoSO..1270152R. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0170152 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMC 5230786 alt=Dapat diakses gratis. PMID 28081244. 

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