Nakba: Perbedaan antara revisi
k Menambahkan terminologi dari artikel Wikipedia bahasa Inggris |
Infobox Tag: Suntingan perangkat seluler Suntingan peramban seluler Suntingan seluler lanjutan |
||
Baris 1: | Baris 1: | ||
{{Infobox civilian attack |
|||
| title = Nakba |
|||
| location = [[Mandat Palestina]] |
|||
| date = |
|||
| partof = [[Konflik Arab–Israel]] |
|||
| image = Man see school nakba.jpg |
|||
| caption = Seorang warga Palestina mengawasi sebuah sekolah di kamp pengungsi, 1948. |
|||
| target = [[Orang Palestina|Orang Arab Palestina]] |
|||
| type = [[Pembersihan etnis]], [[pemindahan paksa]], [[perampasan hak milik]], [[pembunuhan massal]], [[perang biologis]] |
|||
| fatalities = |
|||
| victims = 750.000+ orang Arab Palestina diusir |
|||
| perpetrators = {{flag|Israel|name=Negara Israel}} |
|||
* [[File:Haganah Symbol.svg|13px|link=]] [[Haganah]] |
|||
* [[File:Irgun.svg|15px|link=]] [[Irgun]] |
|||
* [[File:Logo of the Lehi movement.svg|15px|link=]] [[Lehi (kelompok)|Lehi]] |
|||
| motive = * [[Zionisme]] |
|||
* [[Rasisme anti-Arab]] |
|||
}} |
|||
{{Nakba}} |
{{Nakba}} |
||
'''Nakba''' ({{lang-ar|النكبة|translit=an-Nakbah|lit="bencana" atau "malapetaka"}}),<ref name="Ghanim">{{cite news |author=Honaida Ghanim |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=22 |year=2009 |pages=23–39|jstor=40608203 }}</ref> juga dikenal sebagai '''Malapetaka Palestina''', adalah penghancuran masyarakat dan tanah air Palestina. pada tahun 1948, dan pemindahan permanen sebagian besar orang [[Bangsa Palestina|Arab Palestina]].<ref name=Webman29>{{harvnb|Webman|2009|p=29|ps=: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."}}</ref><ref name=Sadi175>{{harvnb|Sa'di|2002|p=175|ps=: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."}}</ref> Istilah ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tahun 1948 dan penganiayaan, pemindahan, dan pendudukan Palestina yang sedang berlangsung, baik di [[Pendudukan Tepi Barat oleh Israel|Tepi Barat yang diduduki]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]], maupun di [[Kamp pengungsi Palestina|kamp-kamp pengungsi Palestina]] di seluruh wilayah tersebut.<ref>[[Hanan Ashrawi]], [http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304060303/http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm |date=4 March 2021 }}, Durban (South Africa), 28 August 2001. [[World Conference Against Racism]], Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances: "a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, "apartheid, racism, and victimization" (original emphasis).</ref><ref>[[Saeb Erekat]], 15 May 2016, [[Haaretz]], [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042245/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 |date=26 February 2021 }}, "The two-part makeup of the Nakba was borne through the destruction of Palestine and the construction of Israel. It encompasses around 350,000 internally displaced Palestinian citizens of Israel. It is seen through a racist legislative framework which legitimized the theft of Palestinian refugee land as enumerated in the Absentee Property Law... For Palestinians worldwide, the Nakba was not merely a day in history 68 years ago, but an entire system of daily forced subjugation and dispossession culminating in today’s Apartheid regime."</ref><ref name=SadiAbuL10>{{harvnb|Sa'di|Abu-Lughod|2007|p=10|ps=: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."}}</ref><ref name=Manna87>{{harvnb|Manna'|2013|p=87|ps=: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."}}</ref>{{sfn|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|p=33, footnote 4|ps=: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"}} |
'''Nakba''' ({{lang-ar|النكبة|translit=an-Nakbah|lit="bencana" atau "malapetaka"}}),<ref name="Ghanim">{{cite news |author=Honaida Ghanim |title=Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba |journal=[[International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society]] |volume=22 |year=2009 |pages=23–39|jstor=40608203 }}</ref> juga dikenal sebagai '''Malapetaka Palestina''', adalah penghancuran masyarakat dan tanah air Palestina. pada tahun 1948, dan pemindahan permanen sebagian besar orang [[Bangsa Palestina|Arab Palestina]].<ref name=Webman29>{{harvnb|Webman|2009|p=29|ps=: "The Nakba represented the defeat, displacement, dispossession, exile, dependence, insecurity, lack of statehood, and fight for survival of the Palestinians."}}</ref><ref name=Sadi175>{{harvnb|Sa'di|2002|p=175|ps=: "for Palestinians, Al-Nakbah represents, among many other things, the loss of the homeland, the disintegration of society, the frustration of national aspirations, and the beginning of a hasty process of destruction of their culture."}}</ref> Istilah ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tahun 1948 dan penganiayaan, pemindahan, dan pendudukan Palestina yang sedang berlangsung, baik di [[Pendudukan Tepi Barat oleh Israel|Tepi Barat yang diduduki]] dan [[Jalur Gaza]], maupun di [[Kamp pengungsi Palestina|kamp-kamp pengungsi Palestina]] di seluruh wilayah tersebut.<ref>[[Hanan Ashrawi]], [http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210304060303/http://www.i-p-o.org/palestine-ashrawi.htm |date=4 March 2021 }}, Durban (South Africa), 28 August 2001. [[World Conference Against Racism]], Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances: "a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, "apartheid, racism, and victimization" (original emphasis).</ref><ref>[[Saeb Erekat]], 15 May 2016, [[Haaretz]], [https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226042245/https://www.haaretz.com/opinion/.premium-israel-must-recognize-its-responsibility-for-the-nakba-1.5383272 |date=26 February 2021 }}, "The two-part makeup of the Nakba was borne through the destruction of Palestine and the construction of Israel. It encompasses around 350,000 internally displaced Palestinian citizens of Israel. It is seen through a racist legislative framework which legitimized the theft of Palestinian refugee land as enumerated in the Absentee Property Law... For Palestinians worldwide, the Nakba was not merely a day in history 68 years ago, but an entire system of daily forced subjugation and dispossession culminating in today’s Apartheid regime."</ref><ref name=SadiAbuL10>{{harvnb|Sa'di|Abu-Lughod|2007|p=10|ps=: "For Palestinians, still living their dispossession, still struggling or hoping for return, many under military occupation, many still immersed in matters of survival, the past is neither distant nor over. Unlike many historical experiences discussed in the literature on trauma, such as the Blitz, the merciless bombing of Hamburg and Dresden by the Allies at the closing stage of World War II, the Holocaust, the Algerian War of Independence, or the World Trade Center attack, which lasted for a limited period of time (the longest being the Algerian war of independence, lasting eight years), the Nakba is not over yet; after almost sixty years neither the Palestinians nor Israelis have yet achieved a state of normality; the violence and uprooting of Palestinians continues."}}</ref><ref name=Manna87>{{harvnb|Manna'|2013|p=87|ps=: "Contrary to what many think, particularly in Israel, the Nakba was not a one-time event connected to the war in Palestine and its immediate catastrophic repercussions on the Palestinians. Rather, and more correctly, it refers to the accumulated Palestinian experience since the 1948 war up to the present. After the Oslo agreements in 1993, there were hopes that the stateless Palestinian people would soon earn freedom and independence. However, the failure of the peace process to end the Israeli occupation and allow the birth of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel pushed the Palestinians back to square one. Furthermore, the erup- tion of a new cycle of violence which began in September 2000 added new dimensions to the disintegration of Palestinian society. For many Palestinians, these more recent events are adding new chapters and new meanings to the long-lived catastrophe since 1948."}}</ref>{{sfn|Bashir|Goldberg|2018|p=33, footnote 4|ps=: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"}} |
Revisi terkini sejak 16 Mei 2024 16.34
Nakba | |
---|---|
Bagian dari Konflik Arab–Israel | |
![]() Seorang warga Palestina mengawasi sebuah sekolah di kamp pengungsi, 1948. | |
Lokasi | Mandat Palestina |
Sasaran | Orang Arab Palestina |
Jenis serangan | Pembersihan etnis, pemindahan paksa, perampasan hak milik, pembunuhan massal, perang biologis |
Korban | 750.000+ orang Arab Palestina diusir |
Pelaku | ![]() |
Motif |
Nakba (bahasa Arab: النكبة, translit. an-Nakbah, har. '"bencana" atau "malapetaka"'),[1] juga dikenal sebagai Malapetaka Palestina, adalah penghancuran masyarakat dan tanah air Palestina. pada tahun 1948, dan pemindahan permanen sebagian besar orang Arab Palestina.[2][3] Istilah ini digunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tahun 1948 dan penganiayaan, pemindahan, dan pendudukan Palestina yang sedang berlangsung, baik di Tepi Barat yang diduduki dan Jalur Gaza, maupun di kamp-kamp pengungsi Palestina di seluruh wilayah tersebut.[4][5][6][7][8]
Peristiwa dasar Nakba terjadi selama dan segera setelah perang Palestina 1948, termasuk 78% dari Mandat Palestina yang dinyatakan sebagai Israel, eksodus 700.000 orang Palestina, depopulasi terkait dan penghancuran lebih dari 500 desa Palestina dan selanjutnya penghapusan geografis, penyangkalan hak Palestina untuk kembali, penciptaan pengungsi permanen Palestina dan "penghancuran masyarakat Palestina".[9][10][11][12]
Pada tahun 1998, Yasser Arafat mengusulkan agar warga Palestina menandai peringatan 50 tahun Nakba yang mendeklarasikan 15 Mei, sehari setelah kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948, sebagai Hari Nakbah, meresmikan tanggal yang telah digunakan secara tidak resmi sejak tahun 1949.[13][14]
Nakba sangat memengaruhi budaya Palestina dan merupakan simbol dasar identitas Palestina, bersama dengan "Handala", keffiyeh, dan kunci simbolis. Tak terhitung banyaknya buku, lagu dan puisi yang telah ditulis tentang Nakba.[15] Penyair Palestina Mahmoud Darwish menggambarkan Nakba sebagai "masa kini yang panjang yang menjanjikan untuk berlanjut di masa depan."[16][17]
Dalam film dan sastra
[sunting | sunting sumber]Farha, sebuah film tentang Nakba yang disutradarai oleh sutradara Yordania Darin Sallam, terpilih sebagai perwakilan resmi Yordania untuk kategori Film Feature Internasional Academy Awards 2023. Sebagai tanggapan, Avigdor Lieberman, Menteri Keuangan Israel, memerintahkan bendahara untuk menarik dana pemerintah untuk Teater Al Saraya Jaffa di mana film tersebut dijadwalkan untuk diproyeksikan.[18]
Implikasi jangka panjang
[sunting | sunting sumber]Implikasi jangka panjang paling penting dari Nakba bagi rakyat Palestina adalah hilangnya tanah air mereka, fragmentasi dan marginalisasi komunitas nasional mereka, dan transformasi mereka menjadi orang tanpa kewarganegaraan.[19]
Terminologi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Istilah Nakba pertama kali digunakan untuk peristiwa tahun 1948 oleh Constantin Zureiq, seorang profesor sejarah di American University of Beirut, dalam bukunya yang berjudul Macnā an-Nakba (Makna Bencana).[20] Zureiq menulis bahwa "aspek tragis dari Nakba berkaitan dengan fakta bahwa ini bukanlah kemalangan biasa atau kejahatan sementara, tetapi sebuah Bencana pada hakikatnya, salah satu yang paling sulit yang pernah diketahui oleh bangsa Arab dalam sejarah mereka yang panjang. "[1] Sebelum tahun 1948, "Tahun Bencana" di kalangan bangsa Arab merujuk pada tahun 1920, ketika kekuatan kolonial Eropa memecah belah Kekaisaran Ottoman menjadi beberapa negara bagian yang terpisah-pisah sesuai dengan pilihan mereka sendiri.[21]
Kata ini digunakan lagi satu tahun kemudian oleh penyair Palestina Burhan al-Deen al-Abushi.[1] Murid-murid Zureiq kemudian mendirikan Gerakan Nasionalis Arab pada tahun 1952, salah satu gerakan politik Palestina pasca-Nakbah yang pertama. Dalam ensiklopedia enam jilid Al-Nakba: Nakbat Bayt al-Maqdis Wal-Firdaws al-Mafqud (Malapetaka: Malapetaka Yerusalem dan Surga yang Hilang) yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1958-60, [22] Aref al-Aref menulis: "Bagaimana saya bisa menyebutnya selain Nakbah? Ketika kami bangsa Arab pada umumnya dan bangsa Palestina pada khususnya, menghadapi bencana (Nakba) yang tidak pernah kami hadapi selama berabad-abad, tanah air kami disegel, kami [diusir] dari negara kami, dan kami kehilangan banyak putra-putra tercinta."[1] Muhammad Nimr al-Hawari juga menggunakan istilah Nakba pada judul bukunya Sir al Nakba (Rahasia dibalik Bencana) yang ditulis pada tahun 1955. Penggunaan istilah ini telah berkembang dari waktu ke waktu.[23]
Pada awalnya, penggunaan istilah Nakba di kalangan warga Palestina tidak bersifat universal. Sebagai contoh, bertahun-tahun setelah 1948, para pengungsi Palestina di Lebanon menghindari dan bahkan secara aktif menolak penggunaan istilah ini, karena istilah ini memberikan keabadian pada situasi yang mereka anggap hanya sementara, dan mereka sering bersikeras untuk disebut sebagai "pengungsi yang kembali".[24] Pada tahun 1950-an dan 1960-an, istilah yang mereka gunakan untuk menggambarkan peristiwa tahun 1948 termasuk al-'ightiṣāb ("pemerkosaan"), atau lebih halus, seperti al-'aḥdāth ("kejadian"), al-hijrah ("pengungsian"), dan lammā sharnā wa-tla'nā ("saat kami menghitamkan wajah dan pergi"). [25] Narasi Nakba dihindari oleh kepemimpinan Organisasi Pembebasan Palestina (PLO) di Lebanon pada tahun 1970-an, dan memilih narasi revolusi dan pembaharuan.[24] Ketertarikan terhadap Nakba oleh organisasi-organisasi yang mewakili para pengungsi di Lebanon melonjak pada tahun 1990-an karena adanya persepsi bahwa hak kembali para pengungsi dapat dinegosiasikan sebagai imbalan atas kenegaraan Palestina, dan keinginan untuk mengirimkan pesan yang jelas kepada masyarakat internasional bahwa hak ini tidak dapat ditawar.[24]
Lihat juga
[sunting | sunting sumber]Referensi
[sunting | sunting sumber]Catatan
[sunting | sunting sumber]Sitasi
[sunting | sunting sumber]- ^ a b c d Honaida Ghanim (2009). "Poetics of Disaster: Nationalism, gender, and social change among Palestinian poets in Israel after Nakba". International Journal of Politics, Culture, and Society. 22. hlm. 23–39. JSTOR 40608203.
- ^ Webman 2009, hlm. 29
- ^ Sa'di 2002, hlm. 175
- ^ Hanan Ashrawi, Address by Ms. Hanan Ashrawi Diarsipkan 4 March 2021 di Wayback Machine., Durban (South Africa), 28 August 2001. World Conference Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia, and Related Intolerances: "a nation in captivity held hostage to an ongoing Nakba, as the most intricate and pervasive expression of persistent colonialism, "apartheid, racism, and victimization" (original emphasis).
- ^ Saeb Erekat, 15 May 2016, Haaretz, Israel Must Recognize Its Responsibility for the Nakba, the Palestinian Tragedy Diarsipkan 26 February 2021 di Wayback Machine., "The two-part makeup of the Nakba was borne through the destruction of Palestine and the construction of Israel. It encompasses around 350,000 internally displaced Palestinian citizens of Israel. It is seen through a racist legislative framework which legitimized the theft of Palestinian refugee land as enumerated in the Absentee Property Law... For Palestinians worldwide, the Nakba was not merely a day in history 68 years ago, but an entire system of daily forced subjugation and dispossession culminating in today’s Apartheid regime."
- ^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, hlm. 10
- ^ Manna' 2013, hlm. 87
- ^ Bashir & Goldberg 2018, hlm. 33, footnote 4: "In Palestinian writings the signifier “Nakba" came to designate two central meanings, which will be used in this volume interchangeably: (1) the 1948 disaster and (2) the ongoing occupation and colonization of Palestine that reached its peak in the catastrophe of 1948"
- ^ Masalha 2012, hlm. 3.
- ^ Dajani 2005, hlm. 42: "The nakba is the experience that has perhaps most defined Palestinian history. For the Palestinian, it is not merely a political event — the establishment of the state of Israel on 78 percent of the territory of the Palestine Mandate, or even, primarily a humanitarian one — the creation of the modern world's most enduring refugee problem. The nakba is of existential significance to Palestinians, representing both the shattering of the Palestinian community in Palestine and the consolidation of a shared national consciousness."
- ^ Sa'di & Abu-Lughod 2007, hlm. 3: "For Palestinians, the 1948 War led indeed to a "catastrophe." A society disintegrated, a people dispersed, and a complex and historically changing but taken for granted communal life was ended violently. The Nakba has thus become, both in Palestinian memory and history, the demarcation line between two qualitatively opposing periods. After 1948, the lives of the Palestinians at the individual, community, and national level were dramatically and irreversibly changed."
- ^ Khalidi, Rashid I. (1992). "Observations on the Right of Return". Journal of Palestine Studies. 21 (2): 29–40. doi:10.2307/2537217. JSTOR 2537217.
Only by understanding the centrality of the catastrophe of politicide and expulsion that befell the Palestinian people - al-nakba in Arabic - is it possible to understand the Palestinians' sense of the right of return
- ^ Schmemann, Serge (15 May 1998). "MIDEAST TURMOIL: THE OVERVIEW; 9 Palestinians Die in Protests Marking Israel's Anniversary". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 5 March 2022. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2021.
We are not asking for a lot. We are not asking for the moon. We are asking to close the chapter of nakba once and for all, for the refugees to return and to build an independent Palestinian state on our land, our land, our land, just like other peoples. We want to celebrate in our capital, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem, holy Jerusalem.
- ^ Gladstone, Rick (15 May 2021). "An annual day of Palestinian grievance comes amid the upheaval". The New York Times. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 15 May 2021. Diakses tanggal 15 May 2021.
- ^ Masalha 2012, hlm. 11.
- ^ Darwish 2001.
- ^ Williams 2009, hlm. 89.
- ^ Arria, Michael (6 December 2022). "Netflix faces Israeli backlash over Nakba film". Mondoweiss. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 7 December 2022. Diakses tanggal 7 December 2022.
- ^ Manna' 2013, hlm. 91.
- ^ Zureiq 1948.
- ^ Antonius, George (1979) [1946], The Arab awakening: the story of the Arab national movement, Putnam, hlm. 312, ISBN 978-0-399-50024-4, diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 Januari 2023, diakses tanggal 22 April 2021,
Tahun 1920 memiliki nama yang buruk dalam sejarah Arab: disebut sebagai Tahun Malapetaka (cĀm al-Nakba). Tahun itu menjadi saksi pemberontakan bersenjata pertama yang terjadi sebagai protes terhadap penyelesaian pasca-Perang Dunia II yang dipaksakan oleh Sekutu terhadap negara-negara Arab. Pada tahun itu, reaksi serius terjadi di Suriah, Palestina, dan Irak
- ^ Masalha 2012, hlm. 213-214.
- ^ Webman 2009, hlm. 30: Mengutip Azmi Bishara pada tahun 2004: "Ini adalah batu Sisyphus kita, dan tugas untuk mendorongnya telah diwariskan dari satu gerakan ke gerakan lainnya, dan dalam setiap kasus tidak lama setelah para ideolog gerakan berseru, 'Saya menemukannya! Definisi kita tentang nakbah telah berubah dengan setiap ideologi baru dan setiap definisi baru yang mengharuskan perubahan sarana."
- ^ a b c Sa'diAbu- & Lughod 2007, hlm. 253-254.
- ^ Sa'diAbu- & Lughod 2007, hlm. 253–254.
Sumber
[sunting | sunting sumber]- Alon, Shir (2019). "No One to See Here: Genres of Neutralization and the Ongoing Nakba". Arab Studies Journal. Georgetown University. 27 (1): 91–117. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 22 December 2022.
- Vescovi, Thomas (15 January 2015). La mémoire de la Nakba en Israël: Le regard de la société israélienne sur la tragédie palestinienne. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2-336-36805-4. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Baumgarten, Helga (2005). "The Three Faces/Phases of Palestinian Nationalism, 1948–2005". Journal of Palestine Studies. 34 (4): 25–48. doi:10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.25. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2005.34.4.25.
- Zureiq, Constantin (1956). The Meaning of the Disaster. Khayat's College Book Cooperative. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021. (Original Arabic version: Zureiq, Constantin (1948). وصف الكتاب. دار العلم للملايين.)
- Sa'di, Ahmad H.; Abu-Lughod, Lila (2007). Nakba: Palestine, 1948, and the Claims of Memory. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-13579-5.
- Nashef, Hania A.M. (30 October 2018). Palestinian Culture and the Nakba: Bearing Witness. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-351-38749-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Masalha, Nur (9 August 2012). The Palestine Nakba: Decolonising History, Narrating the Subaltern, Reclaiming Memory. Zed Books Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84813-973-2. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Bashir, Bashir; Goldberg, Amos (13 November 2018). The Holocaust and the Nakba: A New Grammar of Trauma and History. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54448-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Wermenbol, Grace (31 May 2021). A Tale of Two Narratives: The Holocaust, the Nakba, and the Israeli-Palestinian Battle of Memories. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-108-84028-6. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Caplan, Neil (2012). "Victimhood in Israeli and Palestinian National Narratives". Bustan: The Middle East Book Review. 3 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1163/187853012x633508. JSTOR 10.1163/187853012x633508.
- Khoury, Nadim (January 2020). "Postnational memory: Narrating the Holocaust and the Nakba". Philosophy & Social Criticism. 46 (1): 91–110. doi:10.1177/0191453719839448.
- Sa'di, Ahmad H. (2002). "Catastrophe, Memory and Identity: Al-Nakbah as a Component of Palestinian Identity". Israel Studies. 7 (2): 175–198. doi:10.2979/ISR.2002.7.2.175. JSTOR 30245590.
- Manna', Adel (2013). "The Palestinian Nakba and Its Continuous Repercussions". Israel Studies. 18 (2): 86–99. doi:10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86. JSTOR 10.2979/israelstudies.18.2.86.
- KOLDAS, UMUT (2011). "The 'Nakba' in Palestinian Memory in Israel". Middle Eastern Studies. 47 (6): 947–959. doi:10.1080/00263206.2011.619354. JSTOR 23054253.
- Sayigh, Rosemary (1 November 2013). "On the Exclusion of the Palestinian Nakba from the 'Trauma Genre'". Journal of Palestine Studies. 43 (1): 51–60. doi:10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51. JSTOR 10.1525/jps.2013.43.1.51.
- Lentin, Ronit (19 July 2013). Co-memory and melancholia: Israelis memorialising the Palestinian Nakba. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-1-84779-768-1. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Al-Hardan, Anaheed (5 April 2016). Palestinians in Syria: Nakba Memories of Shattered Communities. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-54122-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Dajani, Omar (2005). "Surviving Opportunities". Dalam Tamara Wittes Cofman. How Israelis and Palestinians Negotiate: A Cross-cultural Analysis of the Oslo Peace Process. US Institute of Peace Press. ISBN 978-1-929223-64-0. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Webman, Esther (25 May 2009). "The Evolution of a Founding Myth: The Nakba and Its Fluctuating Meaning". Dalam Meir Litvak. Palestinian Collective Memory and National Identity. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-62163-3. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 2 April 2021.
- Schulz, Helena Lindholm (2003). The Palestinian Diaspora: Formation of Identities and Politics of Homeland. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-26821-9. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 7 April 2021.
- Masalha, Nur (2008). "Remembering the Palestinian Nakba: Commemoration, Oral History and Narratives of Memory" (PDF). Holy Land Studies. 7 (2): 123–156. doi:10.3366/E147494750800019X. Project MUSE 255205. Diarsipkan dari versi asli (PDF) tanggal 3 June 2022. Diakses tanggal 30 April 2022.
- Darwish, Mahmoud (10–16 May 2001). "Not to begin at the end". Al-Ahram Weekly (533). Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2 December 2001.
- Williams, Patrick (2009). "'Naturally, I reject the term "diaspora"': Said and Palestinian Dispossession". Dalam M. Keown, D. Murphy and J. Procter. Comparing Postcolonial Diasporas. Palgrave Macmillan UK. ISBN 978-0-230-23278-5. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 14 January 2023. Diakses tanggal 23 April 2021.